Sociology Final Exam-2

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The World Health Organization states that about ___________ people in the world suffer from poor health caused by poverty.

1 billion

According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago?

250,000 years ago

Research on extramarital sex shows that about ____________ of married men and about __________ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.

75 percent; 90 percent

Critics of Erik H. Erikson's theory of personality point out that

All of the above are correct

Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections?

All of the above are correct

Read the following statements about minorities. Which statement is NOT correct?

All people in a minority category are socially disadvantaged

The global region that has seen the greatest reduction of poverty is

Asia

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social-conflict approach?

Because people construct social reality differently, one group's views of sexuality may well differ from another's.

"New social movements" tend to be about bread-and-butter economic issues.

False

According to Robert K. Morten, social patterns are always good, and have the same effect on all members of a society.

False

Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children.

False

Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people.

False

Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same expectations of their children.

False

One indicator of male privilege in the United States is the fact that men, on average, outlive women.

False

People around the world display much the same outward appearance, wearing the same clothing and decorating their bodies in the same way.

False

Positivist sociology is based on what Max Weber called Verstehen and seeks to discover the subjective meanings that are "out there."

False

Recent welfare reform has greatly reduced the poverty rate in the United States.

False

Single parenting is more common among Asian Americans than among African Americans.

False

The People's Republic of China stands out as a classless society.

False

The U.S. health care system may be accurately described as "socialized medicine."

False

The exact same elements of life are defined as sacred throughout the world.

False

Ferdinand Tonnies described modernity as the loss of

Gemeinschaft

A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is

Immanuel Wallerstein

Which of the following statements about rape is NOT true?

In most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker

The class-society theory of modernity draws its inspiration from which of the following sociologists?

Karl Marx

E. Digby Baltzell's study, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia, showed that a very high number of top achievers listed in the Dictionary of America came from

Massachusetts

Which of the following categories of Hispanics in the United States is largest in terms of population size?

Mexican Americans

__________________ refers to social patterns brought on by the Industrial Revolution.

Modernity

Read the following statements about social mobility in the United States. Which statement is CORRECT?

More than half young people between 18 and 24 are living at home with parents

Advancing medical technology has attacked infectious disease in poor countries with what result?

Populations have increased rapidly

__________ is a way of understanding the world based on a scientific approach to knowledge.

Positivism

The observation that many familiar aspects of U.S. culture came from other lands was made by

Ralph Linton

Who was the U.S. sociologist who expanded the understanding of social functions by discussing the differences between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?

Robert K. Morten

According to Comte, the kind of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes widespread during the ____________ of societal development.

Scientific stage

A status set refers to all the social positions a person holds at any given time.

True

Feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men.

True

If you were to study Canada, our neighbor to the north, you would find its culture to be more collective than the culture of the United States.

True

In Japan a larger share of students graduate from high school than in the United States.

True

In everyday conversation, women tend to maintain more eye contact than men do.

True

In general, white-collar occupations have more prestige than blue-collar occupations.

True

In simple terms, anticipatory socialization involves learning that helps people prepare for a desired position.

True

Racism is an extreme form of prejudice.

True

Social Stratification involves not just inequality in wealth and power but also beliefs about what types of inequality are or are not fair.

True

The "Seeing Sociology in the News" article in Chapter 1 explains that many workers who lost their jobs in the recent economic recession have decided to attend community colleges.

True

The publication of Alfred Kinsey's first book in d1948 caused a public stir, partly due to the simple fact that scientist were studying sex.

True

What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows in their laboratory research with rhesus monkeys.

True

____________ refers to the total value of all assets, less any debts owed.

Wealth

The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was

William Graham Sumner

The concept "absolute poverty" refers to

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

The Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 is one example of

a natural disaster

The caste history of the United Kingdom is still evident today in the importance people there attach to

accent in speech

A major cause of death among young people in the United States is

accidents

According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain why the United States has a high crime rate by world standards include

an emphasis on individualism and economic success, which weakens families and neighborhoods

The overall social standing of Native Americans today is

below the national average

While being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _________, being in the lower-upper class is more often a matter of ___________.

birth; achievement

W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because

black people are citizens who have a second identity based on their skin color.

Which of the following is and example of a chronic illness?

cancer

Which type of religious organization includes leaders who are formally trained and ordained?

church

According to Karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians leads to

class conflict

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?

cohort

Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers captive by paying them too little to cover their debts?

debt bondage

Secularization refers to the historical

decline in religion and the falling importance of the sacred

As societies generate a greater material surplus, generally they

develop a ruling elite

According to class-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is

economic inequality with most people feeling powerless.

Gender figures into the study of deviance because

every society applies a stronger normative control to females than to males

Compared to the upper class, the middle class in the United States contains

far more racial and ethnic diversity

When examining the concept of cultural relativism, which of the following is NOT correct?

focuses on norms, but not values

Based on scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is caused by

frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged.

The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of

genocide

Carol Gilligan extended Lawrence Kohlberg's research, showing that

girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as right and wrong.

When the first Europeans arrived in the Americas in the fifteenth century, Native Americans

had inhabited this continent for 30,000 years

Controlled for inflation, the average income of African Americans in the United States

has changed little in the last three decades

Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as

high-income countries

Over the course of the last century, although living standards have increased, the extent of global inequality has

increased

The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways:

invention, discovery, and diffusion.

Which of the following is a correct criticism of the structural-functional approach to religion?

it ignores religion's ability to cause social conflict

A fair criticism of the Davis-Moore thesis is the fact that

it is not easy to assess the social importance of various jobs.

The formal ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to

little improvement in the lives of millions of poor, black people.

When describing U.S. society as a modern, class society, sociologists point to

marked social stratification

Which of the following concepts refers to a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

master status

According to the structural-functional approach, the family

might be called the backbone of society

Chapter 8's "Seeing Sociology in the News" article about the American Dream claims that

more than ever before, rich and poor people live in different worlds

The average grades given in U.S. high schools today, compared to those given thirty-five years ago, are

much higher

In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologists are guided by

one or more theoretical approaches

A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?

rehabilitation

Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and hang out with the workers, but must also keep a personal distance to remain objective in order to assess the workers' performance?

role strain

Humor is created when humans

set up double meanings that are conventional and unconventional

The chapter-opening story of passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic shows that

social stratification is sometimes a matter of life and death

The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships is

the experiment

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

While modernization theory focus on _____________, dependency theory focuses on _______________.

the production of wealth; the distribution of wealth

What is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research?

theoretical approach

People who support the school choice movement claim that U.S. public schools perform poorly because

they have no competition

According to W. W. Rostow, nations begin at the __________ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _________.

traditional; high mass consumption

Jonathan Kozol condemns the U.S. educational system for

unequal funding that makes some schools far better than others

Conservative people supporting the welfare reform argued that the old (pre-1996) system

was creating welfare dependency

Adults who abuse children typically

were abused themselves as children

In the process of measurement, reliability refers to

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

Most of today's labor force is involved in

white-collar work

The campus culture of "hooking up" typically involves sex between partners

who know little about each other and have been drinking alcohol


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