Sociology Final Exam-2
The World Health Organization states that about ___________ people in the world suffer from poor health caused by poverty.
1 billion
According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago?
250,000 years ago
Research on extramarital sex shows that about ____________ of married men and about __________ of married women remain faithful to their spouse throughout their married lives.
75 percent; 90 percent
Critics of Erik H. Erikson's theory of personality point out that
All of the above are correct
Which of the following are advantages of community-based corrections?
All of the above are correct
Read the following statements about minorities. Which statement is NOT correct?
All people in a minority category are socially disadvantaged
The global region that has seen the greatest reduction of poverty is
Asia
Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the social-conflict approach?
Because people construct social reality differently, one group's views of sexuality may well differ from another's.
"New social movements" tend to be about bread-and-butter economic issues.
False
According to Robert K. Morten, social patterns are always good, and have the same effect on all members of a society.
False
Dependency theory claims that poverty results from natural processes, such as people having too many children.
False
Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people.
False
Melvin Kohn demonstrated that parents of all social classes have much the same expectations of their children.
False
One indicator of male privilege in the United States is the fact that men, on average, outlive women.
False
People around the world display much the same outward appearance, wearing the same clothing and decorating their bodies in the same way.
False
Positivist sociology is based on what Max Weber called Verstehen and seeks to discover the subjective meanings that are "out there."
False
Recent welfare reform has greatly reduced the poverty rate in the United States.
False
Single parenting is more common among Asian Americans than among African Americans.
False
The People's Republic of China stands out as a classless society.
False
The U.S. health care system may be accurately described as "socialized medicine."
False
The exact same elements of life are defined as sacred throughout the world.
False
Ferdinand Tonnies described modernity as the loss of
Gemeinschaft
A social theorist who contributed to the development of dependency theory by tracing the growth of the capitalist world economy is
Immanuel Wallerstein
Which of the following statements about rape is NOT true?
In most cases of rape, the victim does not know the attacker
The class-society theory of modernity draws its inspiration from which of the following sociologists?
Karl Marx
E. Digby Baltzell's study, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia, showed that a very high number of top achievers listed in the Dictionary of America came from
Massachusetts
Which of the following categories of Hispanics in the United States is largest in terms of population size?
Mexican Americans
__________________ refers to social patterns brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
Modernity
Read the following statements about social mobility in the United States. Which statement is CORRECT?
More than half young people between 18 and 24 are living at home with parents
Advancing medical technology has attacked infectious disease in poor countries with what result?
Populations have increased rapidly
__________ is a way of understanding the world based on a scientific approach to knowledge.
Positivism
The observation that many familiar aspects of U.S. culture came from other lands was made by
Ralph Linton
Who was the U.S. sociologist who expanded the understanding of social functions by discussing the differences between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patterns?
Robert K. Morten
According to Comte, the kind of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes widespread during the ____________ of societal development.
Scientific stage
A status set refers to all the social positions a person holds at any given time.
True
Feminism and the gender-conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men.
True
If you were to study Canada, our neighbor to the north, you would find its culture to be more collective than the culture of the United States.
True
In Japan a larger share of students graduate from high school than in the United States.
True
In everyday conversation, women tend to maintain more eye contact than men do.
True
In general, white-collar occupations have more prestige than blue-collar occupations.
True
In simple terms, anticipatory socialization involves learning that helps people prepare for a desired position.
True
Racism is an extreme form of prejudice.
True
Social Stratification involves not just inequality in wealth and power but also beliefs about what types of inequality are or are not fair.
True
The "Seeing Sociology in the News" article in Chapter 1 explains that many workers who lost their jobs in the recent economic recession have decided to attend community colleges.
True
The publication of Alfred Kinsey's first book in d1948 caused a public stir, partly due to the simple fact that scientist were studying sex.
True
What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows in their laboratory research with rhesus monkeys.
True
____________ refers to the total value of all assets, less any debts owed.
Wealth
The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was
William Graham Sumner
The concept "absolute poverty" refers to
a lack of resources that is life-threatening
The Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 is one example of
a natural disaster
The caste history of the United Kingdom is still evident today in the importance people there attach to
accent in speech
A major cause of death among young people in the United States is
accidents
According to Elliot Currie, factors that explain why the United States has a high crime rate by world standards include
an emphasis on individualism and economic success, which weakens families and neighborhoods
The overall social standing of Native Americans today is
below the national average
While being in the upper-upper class is usually the result of _________, being in the lower-upper class is more often a matter of ___________.
birth; achievement
W.E.B. Du Bois described African Americans as having a "double consciousness" because
black people are citizens who have a second identity based on their skin color.
Which of the following is and example of a chronic illness?
cancer
Which type of religious organization includes leaders who are formally trained and ordained?
church
According to Karl Marx, differences in wealth and power between the capitalists and proletarians leads to
class conflict
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
cohort
Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers captive by paying them too little to cover their debts?
debt bondage
Secularization refers to the historical
decline in religion and the falling importance of the sacred
As societies generate a greater material surplus, generally they
develop a ruling elite
According to class-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is
economic inequality with most people feeling powerless.
Gender figures into the study of deviance because
every society applies a stronger normative control to females than to males
Compared to the upper class, the middle class in the United States contains
far more racial and ethnic diversity
When examining the concept of cultural relativism, which of the following is NOT correct?
focuses on norms, but not values
Based on scapegoat theory, you would conclude that prejudice is caused by
frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged.
The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of
genocide
Carol Gilligan extended Lawrence Kohlberg's research, showing that
girls and boys typically use different standards in assessing situations as right and wrong.
When the first Europeans arrived in the Americas in the fifteenth century, Native Americans
had inhabited this continent for 30,000 years
Controlled for inflation, the average income of African Americans in the United States
has changed little in the last three decades
Japan, Canada, and the nations of Western Europe are all classified as
high-income countries
Over the course of the last century, although living standards have increased, the extent of global inequality has
increased
The text states that cultural change is set in motion in three general ways:
invention, discovery, and diffusion.
Which of the following is a correct criticism of the structural-functional approach to religion?
it ignores religion's ability to cause social conflict
A fair criticism of the Davis-Moore thesis is the fact that
it is not easy to assess the social importance of various jobs.
The formal ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to
little improvement in the lives of millions of poor, black people.
When describing U.S. society as a modern, class society, sociologists point to
marked social stratification
Which of the following concepts refers to a status that has very great importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
master status
According to the structural-functional approach, the family
might be called the backbone of society
Chapter 8's "Seeing Sociology in the News" article about the American Dream claims that
more than ever before, rich and poor people live in different worlds
The average grades given in U.S. high schools today, compared to those given thirty-five years ago, are
much higher
In deciding what questions to ask as they begin research, sociologists are guided by
one or more theoretical approaches
A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?
rehabilitation
Which of the following is involved when a plant supervisor wishes to be a good friend and hang out with the workers, but must also keep a personal distance to remain objective in order to assess the workers' performance?
role strain
Humor is created when humans
set up double meanings that are conventional and unconventional
The chapter-opening story of passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic shows that
social stratification is sometimes a matter of life and death
The method of sociological research best suited to identifying cause-and-effect relationships is
the experiment
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
While modernization theory focus on _____________, dependency theory focuses on _______________.
the production of wealth; the distribution of wealth
What is the term for a basic image of society that guides thinking and research?
theoretical approach
People who support the school choice movement claim that U.S. public schools perform poorly because
they have no competition
According to W. W. Rostow, nations begin at the __________ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _________.
traditional; high mass consumption
Jonathan Kozol condemns the U.S. educational system for
unequal funding that makes some schools far better than others
Conservative people supporting the welfare reform argued that the old (pre-1996) system
was creating welfare dependency
Adults who abuse children typically
were abused themselves as children
In the process of measurement, reliability refers to
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
Most of today's labor force is involved in
white-collar work
The campus culture of "hooking up" typically involves sex between partners
who know little about each other and have been drinking alcohol
