SP Chapter 11

How is temperature relevant to talking about social rejection?

-because it is related to one bodily process that can occur when someone experiences social rejection -lonely people seem to tend to feel more physically cold -and when we feel physically cold, this can actually make us feel more lonely as well

Why do we care so much when someone hurts our feelings?

-because it puts out an implied message that they don't seem to care about the relationship -**and it doesn't matter whether they meant to hurt us, or if they did something without thinking that ended up hurting us

How are attributions and romance related to one another? Why might this be an important relationship?

-because it's been found that women hold different attributions for why they do not reciprocate romantic feelings for men -publicly/the reasons that they give to a man for not going out with them are external and unstable attributions -but their actual reasons for why they are rejecting them (which they privately hold) are actually internal and stable -**important because, when women tell men these inaccurate external, unstable attributions for why they can't/won't go out with them, then the man doesn't often realize that the real reason is actually related to internal, stable reasons, so he is going to be more likely to keep trying to ask her out

How might being rejected by your group prompt you to act more socially acceptably?

-because we tend to want to engage in better behavior if there is the threat or the reality of being expelled/rejected from our own group so that we do not end up getting rejected -and we are also going to typically act much better if we do get rejected and then get reinstated back into the group, so that we do not screw up our chances again and get kicked out for good

What are the different ways that individuals can fulfill their need to belong?

-friendships -romantic relationships -being part of a group or organization

Discuss the importance of shared experiences, with regards to the formation of interpersonal relationships.

-having shared experiences with another person is a factor that can actually lead us to feel more positively towards that person, and can help to spark a relationship between the people -and the shared experience could be either positive or negative, and still help to lead to the formation of a relationship between them -**it's related to the idea of the mere exposure effect and the fact that we tend to more strongly like things that are more familiar to us

When are exceptions to the findings that people are generally more attracted to those similar to them found?

-if the person has low self-control, because it's been found that actually those with low self-control tend to try to choose partners who have high self-control, rather than choosing someone who is similar to them and also has low self-control

More generally, what factors tend to get others to like us more?

-if we are attractive -if we are friendly and nice -if we are more similar to the other person -if we provide some type of benefit or favor to the other person -if we reciprocate -if we mimic some of the behaviors they do

In what circumstances does physical attractiveness tend to be an important factor?

-in romantic settings, because we tend to be more attracted to those we find beautiful and good-looking, and we also tend to fall prey to *the "what is beautiful is good" effect* -in school, because more attractive kids tend to be more popular, and teachers also tend to show a preference for kids who are considered more attractive -babies show a preference and spend more time looking at attractive faces -those who are attractive do better in job interviews -those who are attractive are more likely to receive help in an emergency

What causes someone to feel lonely?

-it can be about both, and/or the quality and quantity of the relationships you have -because it could be that you have a sufficient amount of relationships, but the quality is lacking in them and they are not satisfying -it could be that you just don't really have any/enough close relationships and you want more -**but it is most often because you do not have close, satisfying relationships, so that it is more often the quality, rather than quantity, of relationships that is the culprit of one's loneliness

What physical impacts can loneliness have on a person?

-it can make them have worse sleep, and they are more likely to lie awake or wake up throughout the night -it can make them feel more chronically tired -they take longer to heal from injury and illness and stress -they are more likely to drink more alcohol and eat more -they are more likely to get stressed and less likely to be able to cope with it healthily and effectively

Why might ostracism occur?

-it could be used by some as a way to essentially punish someone who has done something socially unacceptable, rude, or offensive -because it may be a more attractive option of punishing the other person because it conserves more energy than actually taking the time to try to confront the person who did something badly

What is the relationship between aggression and rejection? Explain.

-it is a somewhat reciprocal relationship -that is because it has been found that those who are repeatedly rejected by others are more likely to act aggressively, both towards those who rejected them and even towards people who haven't done anything to them -but it can also work the other way, too, in that acting aggressively can lead you to become rejected by others -however, it has been found that sometimes those who act more aggressively are sometimes accepted rather than rejected

True or false: social acceptance is a purely human concern.

False! All social animals have a fundamental need to belong and to be accepted.

True or false: spouses more often than not are quite opposite from one another.

False! Instead, it's been found that a lot of spouses are actually quite similar to each other in several different ways. In particular, it has been found that spouses tend to be similar in intelligence, SES, education, and attractiveness.

True or false: people have a relatively easy time being able to break off relationships.

False! Instead, our need to belong makes it so that we are really reluctant to end relationships, even when they no longer serve any purpose for us. But we really dislike admitting that a close relationship we had is coming to an end. And this is thought to also be the reason why a lot of couples who are breaking up say that they should be friends, despite the fact that few exes actually end up remaining friends.

Why does it matter that we form relationships with others?

-because by forming relationships with others, this allows us to actually be engaged in our culture, and when we are engaged in the culture, this allows us to be able to actually utilize the benefits that come from being part of the culture -plus, belonging with others is a natural need we have, and so when it goes unfulfilled, this can actually have negative consequences for our chances of survival, reproduction, and quite frankly our sanity

Describe the typical physical reaction that occurs when someone is socially rejected. Why is this important?

-**the way the body responds to social rejection/social pain is similar to the way it responds to physical pain... -typically, it starts out as a feeling of numbness, like the way really severe physical pain actually temporarily decreases sensation to the body -and the same areas that become activated when in physical pain are used with social pain and rejection as well -**and this response is also important because it could explain why someone who is rejected might end up doing something antisocial that causes further rejection; because, when they are feeling emotionally numb, they might not realize that what they are doing is driving others away from them -**plus the temporary numbness can interfere with a person's normal psych functioning and cause them to have poorer self-regulation and reasoning

What is stalking? Why is it significant?

-**this is one negative effect that can occur because of unrequited love -**and women are much more likely to be the victim of stalking, compared to men -that is when the person who was rejected starts to continually try to date, frighten, or even harass the one who rejected them

What is rejection sensitivity? Why is it significant?

-**this is one of the inner reactions that can occur as a result of being repeatedly ostracized by others -that is when you come to develop an expectation that others are going to reject you too, so that you become really hypersensitive to the potential to be rejected again -and it is also important because it can actually lead you to get further rejected because it makes you less likely to want to open up and get close to them, which can lead them to then reject you, which further increases your rejection sensitivity

To most people, what is considered one of the most valued traits to have in a social relationship? Why might this be?

-Trustworthiness -that is because, with trustworthiness, that means that you can realistically expect the other person to reciprocate and do something for you after you have done something positive for them

How might culture be influential in determining standards of beauty?

-because it could depend on the level of food scarcity in the culture -that's because it is thought that in cultures where food is scarce, this could lead them to be more influenced to believe that women who are a little bit heavier are considered more attractive because it signifies that they are richer and healthier than the really thin women

How important is morality in the formation of relationships?

-it is actually a pretty darn big deal -it's been found that people tend to be happier in long-term relationships if they are in a relationship with someone who is moral, as opposed to more unscrupulous and immoral in their behaviors -and how moral a person is perceived to be is often a bigger factor in whether someone is going to like you or not than whether they perceive you as being sociable, funny, or warm because in order to form a long-lasting relationship, there has to be trust, and trust is founded on having moral traits

What is the propinquity effect? Why does it occur, and why is it significant?

-it is basically the mere exposure effect, because it is how we tend to grow to like people that we get to see on a more regular basis -and it's also been found that, if we disliked them initially, then we grow to dislike them more if we see them on a regular basis -it's thought to help us grow to like others that we initially felt neutrally or positively towards because seeing them on a regular basis makes them more familiar to us, and we naturally tend to like things that are more familiar to us -**significant because it has actually been found to be reliable

What is the primary reason for why an adult might be socially rejected? Why might this be?

-it is primarily due to being deviant in some way that is considered important or meaningful to the group -that is because groups tend to find those who are deviant as being a threat to the group, particularly if they are in the group as opposed to some outsider being deviant -**because if someone within your same group is being deviant, then this is threatening to the unity of your group

What is a reason proposed for why humans have such large brains?

-it is thought that it might be because it helps us to better maintain and keep track of our relationships and our increasingly complicated social networks/groups

Is our desire to belong thought to be a naturally driven or a culturally driven force? Explain.

-it is thought to be a natural need that we have, and it is thought to have originated in our evolutionary pasts -that is because it's believed that those who had a stronger need to belong way back when were better able to survive and reproduce because they were more intentional about trying to form relationships with others -and because we depend so heavily on others to be able to survive, and we put people first to help us be better able to understand our worlds, having a stronger need to belong was very beneficial

What reason has been proposed for why people stay in abusive relationships?

-it is thought to be related to our need to belong -that is because we are wired to try to get together and connect with others, rather than try to separate ourselves from others, and we really dislike when an interpersonal relationship is ending, so we try to avoid admitting that it is ending

How does unrequited love affect a person's self-esteem? How can they repair these effects?

-it often causes a blow to their self-esteem -usually the best way to try to increase self-esteem again after an instance of romantic rejection is by finding a new lover

What does the reinforcement theory say? How is it related to attraction and rejection?

-it proposes that people and animals do a behavior again, and will do it more frequently than other behaviors, if we are rewarded for doing it -this is related to the idea of attraction and rejection because some have proposed that, based on using the principles of the reinforcement theory, we are going to more strongly like others who reward us in some way, either by providing us with some benefit or by making us feel good, so that we like them more than others -**and it has actually been found that "rewarding" others, particularly by doing favors for them, is an effective way to get them to like you more -**and "rewarding" them with praise and compliments is a reliable way to get others to like you more as well

Describe what the matching hypothesis proposes. Why does this matter?

-it proposes that we tend to try to pair up with those who are of a similar level of physical attractiveness as us, both with our friends and with our lovers -**important because it has been found to be widely true for both friends and lovers, and for same-sex and opposite-sex relationships -**and it helps to show how the saying "opposites attract" is really not all that true, and that actually similarity is a big factor that leads to people being attracted to each other

Is the saying that opposites attract true? Explain why or why not, and describe the reasons proposed for why it is or is not true.

-it's actually been found that this is not often the case, and instead, those who are more similar are more likely to be attracted to each other -it's been found that we even sometimes try to get others to like us more just by making them think that we are more similar to them than we might actually be -and the reason proposed for why this occurs is thought to be because people way back when who were more attracted to those more similar to them and who were part of their own group had a better chance of reproducing, whereas those who were more attracted to those in different groups and who were otherwise different than them were less likely to be trusted by the group, which means they were less likely to be accepted into the group, and this then reduced their chances of reproduction -plus, it is thought that we kind of learn early on to love those more similar to us as a result of being within our families, and our family members are typically pretty similar to us, which basically serves as our basis for how to love others

What effects result from solitary confinement? Why does this matter?

-it's been found that putting inmates in solitary confinement causes significant mental distress for them, so much so that they actually go so far as to try to communicate with other inmates by doing things like talking into the toilet -and this helps to represent just how important it is for us to connect with others and form relationships and communicate with each other, and how humans do not fare well when they are loners

Discuss how reciprocity is relevant to the discussion of social attraction.

-it's been found to be an important factor in attraction between people -that is because it's been found that, sometimes, when we know someone likes us, this can lead us to start liking them as well, and this reciprocal liking has been found to be culturally universal -plus, it is thought that reciprocation can contribute to perceived similarity between individuals, which can further increase how attracted a person is to the other person -and reciprocal liking is beneficial to us and helps us be better able to form social networks and relationships because it promotes relationships more to try to engage with people who like us and reciprocate positive feelings towards us than to try to engage with those who dislike us

Is belongingness considered a want or a need for humans? Explain.

-it's considered a need -that's because a want is something that makes our quality of life better but we can still survive without it, whereas a need is something that we can't live without -and it has been found that belongingness is actually a need for humans, rather than only a want -it's been found that we need to belong in order to experience mental health and physical health; those who don't belong have health problems and a higher risk of dying -plus, if we don't belong, then we are at great risk of feeling like life has lost meaning

With online dating, men tend to ____ their _____, and women tend to ____ their _____.

-men tend to overstate their height -women tend to understate their weight

Is it accurate to say that our attraction to others who are similar to us is cultural, rather than social? Why or why not?

-no, it is not! it's more accurate to say that it is social -this means that this attraction to similar others is not unique to humans, and instead has been found among many other animals who are considered to be social animals -and it is believed that social animals originally had a greater affinity for those who are more similar to them because it allowed them to better and more effectively form groups to help them be better able to get together and live together -plus, culture tends to put more value and emphasis on diversity among individuals, so it is not believed to be part of our cultural aspects of who we are

What gender differences have been found with instances of unrequited love?

-overall, most single people experience it at least once a year -but more specifically with gender differences... -men tend to have more experiences of being rejected, whereas women tend to be the ones who are rejecting

Does familiarity help or hurt relationships? Why?

-particularly if we started out initially liking (or at least feeling neutrally towards) the person, then familiarity is going to be helpful to the relationship, and we tend to like things that are more familiar to us -the reason for why we are attracted to things that are familiar is thought to be related to evolution, and how familiar things helped to provide us with a stable environment and therefore help to promote more stable relationships with those in our environments -and having these stable relationships proved beneficial to our survival, which led us to continue to prefer things that are more familiar

What is the difference between social acceptance and social exclusion?

-social acceptance means that people like you, respect you, and approve of you, which prompts them to include you more and allow you into the group -whereas social exclusion is the opposite, because it is when others leave you out and keep you out of the group -with social acceptance, it enables you to be able to form relationships with those other individuals, but social exclusion prevents you from being able to form bonds with them

What are the different types of loneliness that can occur?

-temporary loneliness, like when you move somewhere new and you have to establish new relationships after you've left your old ones behind -chronic loneliness, which can last for months and even years, and isn't showing any signs of stopping any time soon

Define what loneliness is. Why might it be important?

-that is a negative, painful feeling that we can experience whereby we want to have more contact or connections with others than we currently have -it's important because it has been found that those who are lonely really do not differ in terms of attractiveness or intelligence, as compared to those who are not lonely

What is unrequited love? Why does it matter?

-that is an experience in which one person loves the other, but the other does not have the same feelings -**significant because the emotions that the ones being rejected and the ones rejecting have as a result are very different -those who are being rejected kind of have more fluctuating emotions, whereby they go through a range of emotions and, while they do experience negative emotions, they also are able to reflect back on the good parts of it all -but if you are the one rejecting, then typically you reflect back on it and can only recall bad things, no good things

Describe what happens with the what is beautiful is good effect. Why is it important?

-that is the assumption we make whereby we think that someone who is physically attractive must also have a lot of other positive traits as well -**important because physical attractiveness is often a big factor that gets other people to like you more, and people tend to show a heavy preference for those who are attractive

Describe what the bad apple effect is. Why is it significant?

-that is the idea that says, when one person is doing something deviant, then this can inspire others to act deviantly and in nonconforming ways, too -it's based on the idea that "one bad apple spoils the whole barrel" -**significant because this is one reason for why a group might reject a person; because the group is going to reject you if you are deviant because they might worry that you will inspire others to be deviant, too

Describe what the need to belong is. Why is it significant?

-that is the way that social and cultural animals have this natural desire to try to create and maintain close, long-lasting relationships with other individuals -**it's significant because it motivates us to want to try to relate to others and to stick close to them, and it leads us to avoid living alone -**and it can make us not want to end a relationship, even when the relationship really isn't serving us in any way and there is no real purpose of continuing the relationship, and this is also important because it can actually prompt people to stay in unhealthy, even dangerous, relationships

What happens with the social allergy effect? Why is it significant?

-that is when you are in a relationship, and the longer you are with them and around them, the more annoying their irritating habits become -**significant because it provides an exception to the propinquity effect and mere exposure effect, and how we tend to come to like someone the more that we are around them and the more familiar they become to us

What does it mean if someone has high self-monitoring? Why does self-monitoring matter?

-that means that they are better able to change their behaviors to fit the situation that they are in; so they can kind of mold themselves to fit well in the situation they are in -**important because it's been found that those who are higher in self-monitoring tend to have more fluctuating relationships and feelings towards people they have relationships with, but those who are lower in self-monitoring tend to care more about their more permanent feelings and relationships they have

What does it mean if someone is ostracized? Why is it significant?

-that means that they are excluded, rejected, and ignored by other people -**significant because it has a strong hold on our emotions, because we feel bad even when we are ostracized for even just a few minutes, and it shows how much we value being accepted by others

What is attraction? Why does it matter?

-that refers to any factor that draws at least two or more people together -it is important because it can be a catalyst that helps to form a lasting relationship between the individuals, because it can prompt them to come together and then to start liking each other as a result of being together -and because social attraction is often the starting point for forming bonds between individuals, this can then lead to better ability to survive and reproduce if they are able to form these bonds -and by forming bonds, then this also allows us to be able to gain and maintain social acceptance so that we can retain our place within a group, again thereby promoting our survival and reproductive abilities

What is ingratiation? Why is it important?

-that refers to the things that people actively do to try to get someone else to like them -it is important because it's been found that we are pretty intuitive at understanding what tends to work and what doesn't in getting others to like us, so ingratiation kind of comes pretty naturally to us -and it is also important because ingratiation can help to breed attraction, which can help us form relationships with others

What are the proposed factors that lead us to pair up with others? Describe each.

-that we choose to pair up and form relationships with those that are similar to us, and that we are highly motivated to form relationships based on trying to find those who are similar to us -others have proposed that it is more about disliking and rejecting those who we feel are different than us, more so than being focused on liking those we perceive as more similar to us; because some believe that we start off assuming that the person is similar to us, but then we start to seek out a different person to form a relationship with when we find dissimilarities between us and this original person

How is the duplex mind related to social rejection?

-the automatic system seems to be responsible for getting us to more automatically have a preference for people who are more similar to us, and makes us more automatically reject those that we perceive as being different -but we can use the deliberate system to help override those automatic impulses and take the time to have contact with those that are different from us, thereby potentially leading us to like them more

What determines the severity for when a person is in a relationship with someone else and the other person does something to hurt their feelings?

-the degree of hurt feelings is based on how much you care about the relationship -and it is also influenced on how clear of a sign their behavior was that shows that the other person doesn't care as much about the relationship

What can help buffer the negative behavioral effects that can occur when a person is socially rejected?

-they are less likely to act so aggressively, and instead are more likely to act more positively and prosocially, when they still have some chance of being accepted into the group or to another group -also, if someone acts kindly towards the person who has been rejected, this can help to potentially prevent the rejected individual from acting aggressively

What might occur for a person who did the rejecting, in a situation of unrequited love? Why might this happen, and what can they do about it?

-they are likely going to feel guilty -that is because humans are hardwired to try to create and keep relationships, rather than end and reject them, and so they are going to feel bad and it is going to be hard for them to say no to someone else's offer of love -to try to decrease their feelings of guilt, they could try to convince themselves that the pain the other person is feeling from being rejected is not actually their fault, because it is not like they tried to lead the person on, so they didn't give any signals that they loved them

Assess the accuracy of this statement: a lot of people are genuine loners.

-this is not true! -there is a lot of doubt, based on recent research, that believes no one can truly or naturally be a loner -that is because it is believed that humans have a fundamental need to belong, and if this need is not ever fulfilled or not fulfilled adequately, then it can lead to significant stress and distress for the individual

Assess the accuracy of this statement: reciprocal liking never fails.

-this is not true! -while it is true that in many cases, knowing that someone likes us can lead us to start liking them more too, this is not always going to be the case -in fact, reciprocal liking seems to be more effective in friendships more so than in romantic relationships because with romantic relationships, there is sometimes unrequited love where you do not reciprocate the same feelings towards the other person, which can lead their liking towards you to seem more of a nuisance and problem than lead you to like them more

Assess the accuracy of this statement: we are more likely to reject a nonconformist when they are within our group, as opposed to if they are in a different group.

-this is true! -we tend to be more rejecting of people who are not conforming when they are within the same group as us because we tend to see them as being a threat to our group's unity -and we are also more likely to be more critical of something negative that someone within our own group did, compared to someone in an outgroup; and are also more positive towards someone in our own group when they do something good as compared to someone in an outgroup

How does the need to belong for a social animal differ from the need to belong seen with cultural animals?

-with social animals, they are like cultural animals in that they thrive in groups, but they differ because social animals have more of a herd instinct, whereby they all live together in a group, but they all basically do the same types of behaviors within that group -whereas with cultural animals, they live in groups, but these groups are much more complex because instead of a herd mentality, there are actually distinct roles that each person in the group has

More generally, what physical traits are often considered more attractive in men? In women?

-women tend to determine a man's attractiveness based on his clothing (if he is wearing nicer, more modern clothes, this is more attractive), and broader shoulders are also seen as more attractive -hour-glass figures tend to be considered more attractive in women

Can we be rewarded into liking someone more? Explain.

-yes indeed! -it's been found that doing favors for people and giving them praise are two effective and reliable means to get them to like us more -and the reason this is thought to work is related to classical conditioning, because when we provide the person with something pleasant like favors and praise, then they start to associate us with those pleasant things, which can make them come to like us more

Do the interpersonal relationships we try to form ever have limits? Explain.

-yes they do! -while it is true that we have a big desire to belong and form close relationships, we also have a limit for the number of relationships that is going to satisfy this need, rather than feeling like we just always need to be making more friendships and relationships -it's been found that we actually tend to be quite satisfied so long as we can have 4-6 close relationships

What are the primary reasons for why a child might be socially rejected?

1. because they are acting aggressively 2. because they withdraw from others 3. because they act deviantly 4. because they look or seem different

What negative effects can social rejection have on a person's behaviors?

1. decreased reasoning abilities 2.. decreased self-regulation abilities 3. act more on their selfish impulses, rather than inhibit them, and so they tend to be less likely and willing to make sacrifices for others 4. makes them more likely to be more skeptical and avoidant with others when first having new interactions 5. tend to act less generously and cooperatively 6. more willing to cheat or break rules 7. if they are repeatedly rejected, it can cause them to act more aggressively

What are the components involved in our need to belong? Describe each.

1. having a desire to have regular, ideally positive, social contacts that are actually satisfying for us 2. having a relationship that is ongoing and stable, whereby each individual involved has a mutual concern for each other -**and it's important to remember that you have to have both components, otherwise your relationships are only going to be partially satisfying, but it is going to feel like something is still missing

What negative effects can occur because of unrequited love?

1. it can hurt the rejected individual's self-esteem 2. it can lead the rejected individual to stalk the one who rejected them 3. it can make the one who rejected the other person feel guilty

What inner reactions can occur as a result of being ostracized by others?

1. it can lead to experiencing negative emotions 2. it can lead to decreased self-esteem 3. it can cause you to become ill 4. it can lead you to become depressed and possibly suicidal 5. it can make you feel like life is kind of meaningless 6. it can cause you to develop an eating disorder and other self-destructive behaviors 7. it can lead to feeling helpless 8. it can cause you to develop rejection sensitivity 9. it produces certain physical reactions in the body in response 10. it affects their behaviors

In what ways does online dating differ from more traditional dating?

1. online dating significantly increases the total pool of potential partners that a person can be introduced to, whereas dating in person can sometimes limit the total number of people you might be able to meet 2. online dating can make it much easier to meet people, and meet a lot of people 3. with online dating, you get to talk to the person online before you actually speak in person, so that you can kind of start to form the relationship more and get to know them a lot more before you ever even meet 4. with online dating, there are sites that actually help you find a partner who should be compatible for you, through the use of things like algorithms 5. with online dating, people are better able to lie about some trait(s) of theirs 6. due to the high volume of people that you can meet with online dating, it can actually decrease the amount of effort you put into getting to know any one individual

What are some ways that a person might be able to reduce their feelings of loneliness?

1. particularly for men (but not so much for women), they can join a group or organization 2. they may form attachments to people in the media and celebrities, feeling a sort of "friendship" to them 3. forming relationships with nonhuman creatures, like plants and other animals (dogs!)

What are some positive behavioral effects that can occur as a result of experiencing social rejection?

1. people can sometimes become more focused on social cues and on other people, and can make them try to seek out new friendships and relationships 2. for some, it can actually make them more creative

How are social rejection and social acceptance similar among humans and other animals?

1. we all try to seek social acceptance 2. we all try to avoid social rejection 3. we care about attractiveness in others 4. we prefer those who offer us some type of benefit, reward, etc. in the relationship 5. we often dislike those who are deviant to the group 6. we have romantic and mating relationships

How are social rejection and social acceptance different among humans and other animals?

1. we make use of language to help us form and maintain our relationships 2. we can find areas of similarity and difference among each other that are much more complex and varied than other animals (like religion, political stance, etc.) 3. we spend significantly more time trying to get into and stay within a social group 4. our social groups tend to have a greater emphasis on what makes us diverse, whereas other social animals tend to focus on what makes them part of the herd 5. our relationships become more legitimate when they are recognized by others in the culture 6. we formalize romantic and sexual relationships 7. we have formal systems in place that prevent people (usually) from hurting offspring 8. society works to try to protect people from being abused by their partners

What is a strong predictor of one's loneliness?

Being far away from one's home

True or false: the motivation to try to belong has been found to be a widely Western phenomenon.

False! Instead, the need to belong has actually been found to be culturally universal, which suggests that it is a fundamental trait shared by all humans and is part of our nature, more so than being culturally learned and culturally dependent.

True or false: lonely people more often than not have poor social skills.

False! It is not that they lack social skills, but instead it is more that they are just not using them as much or as effectively as they could be. And they tend to be not as effective with being able to figure out other people's emotional states.

Assess the accuracy of this statement: in order to have your need to belong fulfilled, all of your relationships have to be close.

False! It's been found that actually, we can fulfill the need to belong so long as we belong to a group or organization of some sort, even if that means that we are not necessarily forming super close relationships with other members in the group. However, it's important to note that this tends to be more satisfying for men than for women.

True or false: all types of relationships help to fulfill our need to belong.

False! The first component involved in our need to belong is to have regular social contacts. But it's been found that only neutral, and especially positive, social contacts, actually fulfill and satisfy the need to belong. If we have negative social contacts whereby we constantly fight and such, then they are not going to be satisfying to us and we are still going to feel that need to belong.

True or false: social rejection can spur everyone to be more creative.

False! While it is true that being socially rejected can increase some people's creativity, it is typically found to be in those who tend to prefer to be more unique and independent from others.

Another name for social exclusion is ____.

Rejection

Another name for rejection is _____.

Social exclusion

What is the most common outcome that occurs from having continual exposure to someone?

We tend to grow to like them more, the more familiar they become to us

True or false: the what is beautiful is good effect is culturally universal.

True and false! It is true that different cultures do tend to make this assumption, but it is false in that different cultures tend to have different criteria for what traits they believe more attractive people will be higher in.

True or false: mimicry has been found to actually be an effective means of getting someone to like you more.

True! And this is thought to be why babies so quickly learn to mimic other people's behaviors, so that they can get others to like them more to have their needs met.

True or false: it's been found that using painkillers when a person experiences social rejection can actually help to decrease the emotional pain they feel.

True! That is because, when they experience social rejection and social pain, the same areas of the brain involved in physical pain experiences become activated.

True or false: women tend to more highly emphasize and care about close relationships with their friends and families more than men.

True! Which is also why men tend to be better able to decrease their loneliness by joining large groups or organizations, whereas this typically isn't as effective for women.

What is one way to help decrease the hurt you may feel from social rejection?

to think greatly about those who do love you