Speak 4 Verderber - Chapter 14 - Persuasive Speaking

Proposition

a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker's position on the topic

Proposition of Policy

a statement designed to convince the audience that a particular rule, plan, or course of action should be taken

Proposition of Fact

a statement designed to convince the audience that something did or did not occur, is or is not true, or will or will not occur

Proposition of Value

a statement designed to convince your audience that something is good, bad, desirable, undesirable, fair, unfair, moral, immoral, sound, unsound, beneficial, harmful, important, or unimportant

Incremental Change

attempting to move you audience only a small degree in your direction

Speeches to Convince

speeches are designed to refocus or change an audience's belief or attitude **four patterns: statement of reasons, comparative advantages, criteria satisfaction, and refutative

Speeches to Actuate

speeches designed to persuade an audience to take action **three patterns: problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, and motivated sequence

Uninformed

the audience doesn't know enough about a topic to have formed an opinion

Neutral

the audience has some information about a topic but not enough to have formed an opinion

Apathetic

the audience is uninterested in, or indifferent toward your topic

Target Audience

the group of people you most want to persuade

Problem-Cause-Solution

used to add a main point, to the problem-solution patter, that reveals the cause of the problem and then propose a solution designed to alleviate those causes

Refutative

used to arrange the main points according to opposing arguments and then both challenge them and bolster your own

Statement of Reasons

used to confirm propositions of fact by presenting best-supported reasons in a meaningful order

Comparative Advantages

used to convince other that something has more value or is better than any of the alternatives

Problem-Solution

used to explain the nature of a problem and propose a solution -problem, solution, action

What are the five ethical guidelines that speakers should follow for their persuasive speech?

1. Advocate the genuine beliefs of the speaker 2. Provide choice 3. Use representative supporting information 4. Use emotional appeals conscientiously 5. Honestly present the speaker's credibility

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

used to motivate the audience to act -combines the problem-solution pattern with explicit appeals 1. Attention step (intro) -pique curiosity -build credibility -identify goal -preview main points 2. Need step -explore problem -use evidence to point out unsatisfactory conditions -describe the problem's implications -say how the audience might be instrumental in changing the situation 3. Satisfaction step -explain the proposed solution -show step-by-step how the solution will satisfy the previously-stated needs -mention successful uses of this solution -refute any objections 4. Visualization step -imagine what happens if the solution is put into place -visualize what happens if the solution is rejected 5. Action appeal step (conclusion) -emphasize specific actions you advocate -state/restate your own commitment and action that you've taken -offer a direct call to action for the audience (what to do/how) -conclude w/ a quote, story, or element that uses pathos

Criteria Satisfaction

used to seek agreement on criteria that should be considered when evaluating a particular proposition and show how the proposition satisfies those criteria