Speech 930
From the studies cited in the text, which of the following accurately describes the fear of public speaking?
It is normal to be nervous.
Spatial Organization
Organization according to location or direction
Which of the following represents one of the three key differences between conversation and public speaking?
Public speaking is more prepared than conversation.
According to the text, studying public speaking helps you develop skills that are valuable to employers, such as how to organize your ideas, persuade others, hold listeners' attention, and _____.
ethically adapt information to listeners
First Amendment
the amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech, the first of the ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that are known collectively as the Bill of Rights
Definition by classification
a "dictionary definition" constructed by both placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and differentiating it from all other members of that class
While Marcus feels comfortable using slang with his coworkers, he would never use it in a presentation to the directors. Which aspect of conversation versus public speaking does this represent?
Public speaking is more formal than conversation.
Analytical Listener
Someone who prefers messages that are supported with facts and details
Demographics
Statistical information about population characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, race, gender, educational level, and ideological or religious views
Message
The content of a speech plus the way in which it is said
Declamation
The delivery of an already famous speech
Context
The environment or situation in which a speech occurs
Elocuttion
The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice
Main Ideas
The key points of a speech; subdivisions of the central idea
Critical Thinker(Thinking)
The mental process of making judgments about the conclusions that are presented in what you hear, see, and read
Critical Thinking
The mental process of making judgments about the conclusions that are presented in what you see, hear, and read.
Oral Citation
The oral presentation of such info about a source as the author, title, and year of publication
General Purpose
The overarching goal of a speech: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
Ethnicity
The portion of a persons cultural background that includes such factors as nationality, religion, language, and ancestral heritage, which are shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical region
Written Citation
The presentation in print of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide
Critical Listeners
The process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or importance of the information put forth by a speaker
Disposition
The process of organizing and arranging ideas and illustrations in an orderly speech
Rhetorical Crriticism
The process of using a method or standard to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages
Source
The public speaker
Visual Rhetoric
The use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker makes to achieve the speaking goal
Rhetoric
The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
Channel
The visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
Symbols
Words, images, and behaviors that create meaning
Figurative Analogy
a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share one feature on which the comparison depends
motivated sequence
a five step adaption of the problem-solution pattern; used to organize persuasive speeches
Expert Testimony
an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion
Internal Noise
anything physiological or psychological that interferes with communication
Recency
arrangement of ideas from least important to most important or from weakest to strongest
complexity
arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the simplest to the most complex
One way to manage speech anxiety is to be a(n) _____-centered speaker. channel context audience speaker
audience
Signposts
cues about the relationships between a speaker's ideas
What are the two types of channels used in public speaking?
visual and auditory
At the core of all public speaking is a focus on _____.
your audience
Reciever
A listener or an audience member
Central Idea
A one-sentence summary of a speech
Socioeconomic Status
A person's perceived importance and influence based on factors such as income, occupation, and educational level
Target Audience
A specific segment of an audience that you most want to address or influence
5 Criteria for Ethical Public Speaking
#1) Have a clear, responsible goal #2) Use sound evidence and reasoning #3) Be sensitive to and Tolerant of differences #4) Be honest, don't plagiarize #5) Do your own work/acknowledge your sources
5 Barriers to Effective Listening
#1) Listener Fatigue #2) Personal Concerns #3) Outside Distractions #4) Prejudice #5) Difference between speech rate and thought rate
General order of events a speakers should tho through when preparing a speech
-select and narrow a topic -determine the purpose -develop the central ideas
Speech Act
A behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
Clustering
A concept mapping strategy that illustrates connection between ideas
Specific Purpose
A concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking
Operational Definition
A definition that explains how something works or what is done that describes procedures for observing or measuring the concept being defined
Nonverbal Transition
A facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
Preliminary Bibliography
A list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech. (10-12)
Sedition Act
Congress passed this act as a way to punish those who spoke out against the government
Overall goal of a ___________________ is to make judgments about the conclusions presented to you
Critical Listener
The text suggests that speakers rename their anxiety in order to tame it. How would a speaker do this?
Ryan told herself that her anxious feelings were a sign of excitement and would increase her adrenaline to improve her energy level for the speech.
Accommodation
Sensitivity to the feeling, needs, interests, and backgrounds of others people
Relational-Oriented Listener
Someone who is comfortable listening to others express feelings and emotions
Task-Oriented Listener
Someone who prefers information that is well organized, brief, and precise
Speech Topic
The Key focus of the content of a speech
Pedagogy
The art and science of teaching children
Andragogy
The art of and science of teaching adults
Ethics
The beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
Empowerment
The capacity to influence and potentially lead, gained in part by speaking with competence and confidence
Domain
The category in which a web site is located on the internet. indicated by the last three letters of the sites URL
Blueprint
The central idea of a speech plus a preview of the main ideas
Attend
To focus on incoming information
Encode
To translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols that an audience can recognize
Decode
To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images that constitute a message
Patchwriting
Using someone else's phrases in a speech without acknowledging the source
According to the text, what are the two long-term advantages related to studying public speaking?
empowerment and employment
Jason spoke at the senior citizens' meeting last week. His topic focused on the three best ways to get into college. When his audience seemed to grow listless during the speech, Jason became very nervous and his voice began to shake. What did Jason fail to do to minimize his speech anxiety? memorize his introduction organize his speech consider the audience select a familiar topic
consider the audience
Evan made sure to listen carefully to the human resource manager's presentation. He wanted to make sure he heard everything about the new 401k plan so that he could research it more carefully at home to see if it was relevant to his needs. In this instance, Evan is using _____ thinking skills.
critical
The _____ model of communication is represented by a simple transfer of meaning from a sender to a receiver.
linear
A ringing cell phone, a storm outside the window, or an audience member thinking about upcoming plans are all examples of _____.
noise
chronological organization
organization by time or sequence
Public speaking in the twenty-first century is characterized by _____.
rapidly evolving technology and media such as livestreaming and pre-recorded TED Talks
Which aspect of public speaking involves the use of encoding?
source
Ethical Speech
A speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerrant
Rhetorical Strategies
Methods and techniques used by speakers to achieve their goals
Problem-Solution Organization
Organization focused on a problem and its various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve
Topical Organization
Organization of the natural divisions in a central idea on the basis of recency, primacy, complexity, or the speakers prreference
Cause and Effect Organization
Organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects
External Noises
Physical sounds that interfere with communication
Woking Memory Theory of Listening
A theory that suggests that listeners find it difficult to concentrate and remember when their short-term working memories are full
Code
A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image that an audience can recognize
Vertical Search Engine
A website that indexes world wide web information in a specific field
Ethonocentrism
An assumption that one's own culture and cultural perspectives and methods are superrior to those of others
Credibility
An audiences perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic
Lay Testimony
An opinion or description offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experience
Demographic Audience Analysis
Analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message
Psychological Audience Analysis
Analyzing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develop a clear and effective message
Situational Audience Analysis
Analyzing the time and place of a speech, the audience size and the speaking occasion to develop a clear and effective message
Primacy
Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the most to the least important
Prejudices
Preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message
At what point in the process of public speaking is the speaker likely to feel the least anxiety?
during speech preparation
When a speaker delivers a speech with competence and confidence because they have the resources and information to make a good presentation, that speaker is experiencing _____.
empowerment
There is evidence that suggests being a(n) _____ may be linked to increased apprehension when speaking to others.
perfectionist
Being a skilled _____ will give you an edge over other less skilled individuals, even if those individuals have superior ideas, education, or experience.
public speaker
In the last half of the twentieth century, _____ was the medium through which audiences experienced the most stirring speeches.
television