Speech 930

From the studies cited in the text, which of the following accurately describes the fear of public speaking?

It is normal to be nervous.

Spatial Organization

Organization according to location or direction

Which of the following represents one of the three key differences between conversation and public speaking?

Public speaking is more prepared than conversation.

According to the text, studying public speaking helps you develop skills that are valuable to employers, such as how to organize your ideas, persuade others, hold listeners' attention, and _____.

ethically adapt information to listeners

First Amendment

the amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees freedom of speech, the first of the ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that are known collectively as the Bill of Rights

Definition by classification

a "dictionary definition" constructed by both placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and differentiating it from all other members of that class

While Marcus feels comfortable using slang with his coworkers, he would never use it in a presentation to the directors. Which aspect of conversation versus public speaking does this represent?

Public speaking is more formal than conversation.

Analytical Listener

Someone who prefers messages that are supported with facts and details

Demographics

Statistical information about population characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, race, gender, educational level, and ideological or religious views

Message

The content of a speech plus the way in which it is said

Declamation

The delivery of an already famous speech

Context

The environment or situation in which a speech occurs

Elocuttion

The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice

Main Ideas

The key points of a speech; subdivisions of the central idea

Critical Thinker(Thinking)

The mental process of making judgments about the conclusions that are presented in what you hear, see, and read

Critical Thinking

The mental process of making judgments about the conclusions that are presented in what you see, hear, and read.

Oral Citation

The oral presentation of such info about a source as the author, title, and year of publication

General Purpose

The overarching goal of a speech: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

Ethnicity

The portion of a persons cultural background that includes such factors as nationality, religion, language, and ancestral heritage, which are shared by a group of people who also share a common geographical region

Written Citation

The presentation in print of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide

Critical Listeners

The process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or importance of the information put forth by a speaker

Disposition

The process of organizing and arranging ideas and illustrations in an orderly speech

Rhetorical Crriticism

The process of using a method or standard to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages

Source

The public speaker

Visual Rhetoric

The use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker makes to achieve the speaking goal

Rhetoric

The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

Channel

The visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver

Symbols

Words, images, and behaviors that create meaning

Figurative Analogy

a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share one feature on which the comparison depends

motivated sequence

a five step adaption of the problem-solution pattern; used to organize persuasive speeches

Expert Testimony

an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion

Internal Noise

anything physiological or psychological that interferes with communication

Recency

arrangement of ideas from least important to most important or from weakest to strongest

complexity

arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the simplest to the most complex

One way to manage speech anxiety is to be a(n) _____-centered speaker. channel context audience speaker

audience

Signposts

cues about the relationships between a speaker's ideas

What are the two types of channels used in public speaking?

visual and auditory

At the core of all public speaking is a focus on _____.

your audience

Reciever

A listener or an audience member

Central Idea

A one-sentence summary of a speech

Socioeconomic Status

A person's perceived importance and influence based on factors such as income, occupation, and educational level

Target Audience

A specific segment of an audience that you most want to address or influence

5 Criteria for Ethical Public Speaking

#1) Have a clear, responsible goal #2) Use sound evidence and reasoning #3) Be sensitive to and Tolerant of differences #4) Be honest, don't plagiarize #5) Do your own work/acknowledge your sources

5 Barriers to Effective Listening

#1) Listener Fatigue #2) Personal Concerns #3) Outside Distractions #4) Prejudice #5) Difference between speech rate and thought rate

General order of events a speakers should tho through when preparing a speech

-select and narrow a topic -determine the purpose -develop the central ideas

Speech Act

A behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech

Clustering

A concept mapping strategy that illustrates connection between ideas

Specific Purpose

A concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking

Operational Definition

A definition that explains how something works or what is done that describes procedures for observing or measuring the concept being defined

Nonverbal Transition

A facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next

Preliminary Bibliography

A list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech. (10-12)

Sedition Act

Congress passed this act as a way to punish those who spoke out against the government

Overall goal of a ___________________ is to make judgments about the conclusions presented to you

Critical Listener

The text suggests that speakers rename their anxiety in order to tame it. How would a speaker do this?

Ryan told herself that her anxious feelings were a sign of excitement and would increase her adrenaline to improve her energy level for the speech.

Accommodation

Sensitivity to the feeling, needs, interests, and backgrounds of others people

Relational-Oriented Listener

Someone who is comfortable listening to others express feelings and emotions

Task-Oriented Listener

Someone who prefers information that is well organized, brief, and precise

Speech Topic

The Key focus of the content of a speech

Pedagogy

The art and science of teaching children

Andragogy

The art of and science of teaching adults

Ethics

The beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong

Empowerment

The capacity to influence and potentially lead, gained in part by speaking with competence and confidence

Domain

The category in which a web site is located on the internet. indicated by the last three letters of the sites URL

Blueprint

The central idea of a speech plus a preview of the main ideas

Attend

To focus on incoming information

Encode

To translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols that an audience can recognize

Decode

To translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images that constitute a message

Patchwriting

Using someone else's phrases in a speech without acknowledging the source

According to the text, what are the two long-term advantages related to studying public speaking?

empowerment and employment

Jason spoke at the senior citizens' meeting last week. His topic focused on the three best ways to get into college. When his audience seemed to grow listless during the speech, Jason became very nervous and his voice began to shake. What did Jason fail to do to minimize his speech anxiety? memorize his introduction organize his speech consider the audience select a familiar topic

consider the audience

Evan made sure to listen carefully to the human resource manager's presentation. He wanted to make sure he heard everything about the new 401k plan so that he could research it more carefully at home to see if it was relevant to his needs. In this instance, Evan is using _____ thinking skills.

critical

The _____ model of communication is represented by a simple transfer of meaning from a sender to a receiver.

linear

A ringing cell phone, a storm outside the window, or an audience member thinking about upcoming plans are all examples of _____.

noise

chronological organization

organization by time or sequence

Public speaking in the twenty-first century is characterized by _____.

rapidly evolving technology and media such as livestreaming and pre-recorded TED Talks

Which aspect of public speaking involves the use of encoding?

source

Ethical Speech

A speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerrant

Rhetorical Strategies

Methods and techniques used by speakers to achieve their goals

Problem-Solution Organization

Organization focused on a problem and its various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve

Topical Organization

Organization of the natural divisions in a central idea on the basis of recency, primacy, complexity, or the speakers prreference

Cause and Effect Organization

Organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects

External Noises

Physical sounds that interfere with communication

Woking Memory Theory of Listening

A theory that suggests that listeners find it difficult to concentrate and remember when their short-term working memories are full

Code

A verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image that an audience can recognize

Vertical Search Engine

A website that indexes world wide web information in a specific field

Ethonocentrism

An assumption that one's own culture and cultural perspectives and methods are superrior to those of others

Credibility

An audiences perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic

Lay Testimony

An opinion or description offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experience

Demographic Audience Analysis

Analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message

Psychological Audience Analysis

Analyzing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develop a clear and effective message

Situational Audience Analysis

Analyzing the time and place of a speech, the audience size and the speaking occasion to develop a clear and effective message

Primacy

Arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the most to the least important

Prejudices

Preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message

At what point in the process of public speaking is the speaker likely to feel the least anxiety?

during speech preparation

When a speaker delivers a speech with competence and confidence because they have the resources and information to make a good presentation, that speaker is experiencing _____.

empowerment

There is evidence that suggests being a(n) _____ may be linked to increased apprehension when speaking to others.

perfectionist

Being a skilled _____ will give you an edge over other less skilled individuals, even if those individuals have superior ideas, education, or experience.

public speaker

In the last half of the twentieth century, _____ was the medium through which audiences experienced the most stirring speeches.

television