SSCI 180 - Study Guide / Test 1
The Pennsylvania Dutch, or the ______, a religious community, are a culturally pluralistic group.
Amish
The fastest-growing group in the United States is ______.
Asian and Pacific Islanders
The single largest ancestry group in the United States is ______.
German American
It was ______ who concluded that U.S. society in the 1960s actually incorporated not three but four melting pots, each of which was internally subdivided by social class.
Gordon
One of the first to support pluralism, newspaper editor ______ argued in The Nation in 1915 that the existence of separate ethnic groups--even with separate cultures, religions, and languages--could be quite consistent with a democratic political system.
Horace Kallen
Which of the following best illustrates a middleman minority?
Korean American grocery stores dispersed throughout an area
______ immigrant groups who were ethnically similar to the dominant group generally experienced a lower degree of ethnocentric rejection.
Northern and Western European
Movement from acculturation to integration was smoother for immigrants from ______ when compared to other groups.
Norway, the Netherlands, and England
A politician states in a campaign speech, "It is inevitable that our group differences will disappear as we grow and mature as a society." This statement echoes the thinking of ______.
Robert Park
Discrimination and prejudice do not necessarily occur together.
TRUE
The goal of separatism is for the group to sever all ties with the larger society.
TRUE
Which of the following is a difference in contact situations between Native American tribes and the Spanish versus the English?
The Spanish found large, well-organized social systems and therefore found it useful to adapt to Aztec practices.
What makes social constructions significant?
They are used to create differences in power.
The thinking aspect of prejudice is called ______.
cognitive prejudice
Ethnic succession refers to the process in which ______.
groups were pushed to more favorable statuses by those who arrived later
Over the past century, American sociologists have been very concerned with assimilation as a result of ______.
the mass immigration from Europe to the United States between the 1820s and the 1920s
Stratification refers to ______.
the unequal distribution of valued goods and services
Recent advances in biological research show that ______.
there is more variation within traditional gender categories than between groups
Women can be viewed as a minority group because ______.
they have less property, prestige, and power in our society
Which of the following is a component of modern racism?
using selective perception to ignore processes that sustain inequality
Henry Kissinger, the 56th U.S. Secretary of State, was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger to a family of German Jews. His use of the American name Henry reflects ______.
cultural assimilation
According to the human capital theory, the reason(s) for upward mobility and assimilation is/are ______.
education and training
According to the text, which traditions still have a significant influence on American culture and society?
Anglo-Saxon Protestant traditions
The Black Power, Red Power, Chicanismo, and ethnic revival movements of the 1960s present what challenge to the traditional model of assimilation?
Assimilation processes do not necessarily occur in a linear process.
A decline in willingness to express overt prejudice is an indication that racial inequality will decrease.
FALSE
According to the chapter text, Max Weber thought it was important to analyze stratification within the level of development of a society, such as whether it is an agricultural or postindustrial society.
FALSE
After a century, many descendants of immigrants from Europe migrated far from where their ancestors settled in the United States.
FALSE
Assimilation is often couched in the language of multiculturalism, a term for a variety of programs and ideas that stress mutual respect for all groups and for the multiple heritages that have shaped the United States.
FALSE
Because race and gender are social constructions, they do not have any real significance.
FALSE
Before the American Revolution, the English colonizers acknowledged indigenous tribes as sovereign nations.
FALSE
Human capital theory is inconsistent with American values.
FALSE
Ideological racism is the societal equivalent of individual discrimination.
FALSE
In a typical immigrant chain, European immigrant women would come to America, earn money, and establish themselves. Then, they would send for others from their villages to join them.
FALSE
Sojourners are immigrants who are committed to Americanization.
FALSE
Structural pluralism exists when groups have not acculturated, and each maintains its own identity.
FALSE
The United States is the epitome of a melting pot, where people of different cultures come together to create a unique society.
FALSE
The experiences of White ethnic groups in the United States indicate that the United States desires for other racial groups to assimilate in similar pathways.
FALSE
White ethnicity continues to be a significant social category that shapes access to resources and opportunities.
FALSE
"The most important source of inequality arises from a person's relationship to the means of production." This statement is most likely to be heard from a ______.
Marxist
According to Gordon, integration without acculturation is demonstrated by a group when it has had some material success but has not adopted uniquely American values and norms and/or learned fluent English.
TRUE
According to Robert Blauner, the way in which immigrant and colonized groups come into contact with each other has consequences that persist long after the original contact.
TRUE
Assimilation in the United States has generally been a coercive and one-sided process described as Anglo-conformity.
TRUE
Assimilation is the process in which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially.
TRUE
During acculturation, members of a minority group who immigrate to the United States might adopt the English language, change their eating habits, acquire new value systems, or change their names.
TRUE
Ethnic succession can be observed in the institution of sports. Sports have been appealing to young men in minority groups who have few other resources or opportunities.
TRUE
Gender equality is generally highest in the more developed, industrialized nations of North America and Western Europe.
TRUE
Gordon recognized that in addition to intermarriage within religions, social class and race have also intersected, forming what he called ethclass.
TRUE
Group names are social constructions, created in particular historical situations and reflective of particular power relationships.
TRUE
Group relations in the United States are shaped by economic, social, and political forces beyond our borders.
TRUE
Ideological racism is a belief system that asserts that a particular group is inferior.
TRUE
Max Weber distinguished three different sources of stratification in society.
TRUE
Mexican Americans were able to maintain their cultural heritage due to close proximity to their homeland.
TRUE
Minority groups are usually disadvantaged as a result of the actions of another group or groups who benefit from the arrangement.
TRUE
Prejudice has at least two dimensions: an affective, or emotional, dimension and a cognitive, or thinking, dimension.
TRUE
Racial minority groups have been largely excluded from the melting-pot model of assimilation.
TRUE
Recent trends in immigration can be attributed to global processes, such as globalization.
TRUE
Some degree of ethnocentrism is essential to the maintenance of social solidarity.
TRUE
The awareness of a minority group's members of their differentiation from the dominant group provides a basis for strong bonds and a sense of group solidarity.
TRUE
The persistent inequality experienced by colonized groups is evidence of segmented assimilation.
TRUE
The possession of true femininity and womanhood was limited to White women.
TRUE
The skin color of any group can be traced to adaptations from human migration to different environments.
TRUE
The intersectionality perspective analyzes how multiple statuses link together and form ______.
a matrix of domination
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a minority group?
a pattern of disadvantage or inequality
Based on Park's race relations cycle, African Americans will ______.
become fully assimilated and experience equal treatment
Which set of terms best characterizes the situations African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans experienced as a result of their contact with Anglo-American society?
colonization and paternalism
The Robber's Cave experiment supports the idea that prejudice can be caused by ______.
competition between groups
Based on data from the 1990 census, about half of all married Whites have spouses whose ______ backgrounds do not match their own.
ethnic
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there was a notable increase in the visibility of and interest in White ethnic heritage, an upsurge often referred to as the ______.
ethnic revival
White ethnic identity has become a symbolic ethnicity, meaning that it ______.
has no significant impact on social life
Which of the following theories argues that status attainment is a direct result of education, personal values, skills, and other individual characteristics and abilities?
human capital theory
According to Lenski, inequality in an agricultural society centers on control of ______.
land and labor
Max Weber thought that Marx's ideas about inequality were too ______.`
narrow
A key feature of ______ is a low rate of overt conflict.
paternalism
______ refers to a social system organized around the dominance of men and subordination of women.
patriarchy
Which groups commonly experience what Gordon called acculturation without integration?
racial minority groups
The social or physical characteristics that mark the boundaries between groups are usually ______.
selected for visibility and convenience
By definition, a minority group is always ______.
singled out for differential and unequal treatment
______ refers to how a person is layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess.
social stratification
A(n) ______ includes networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, stratification systems, communities, and families.
social structure
The economic success of enclave and middleman minorities is partly due to ______.
strong ties of cooperation
Subsistence technology refers to ______.
the means by which a society satisfies basic needs
According to the text, the single most important factor in the development of dominantâ€"minority relations is ______.
the nature of the contact situation
Which of the following best illustrates an enclave minority?
Chinatown, located in San Francisco
The descendants of European immigrants can be identified as an ethnic minority group in the contemporary United States.
FALSE
The human capital theory assumes that a person's investment in machinery or new technology is the determining factor of one's status attainment in society.
FALSE
The term vicious cycle refers to the perpetuation of inequality due to cultural adaptations of minority groups.
FALSE
Unlike race, some social differences between genders can be explained by examining differences in biological tendencies.
FALSE
When using the intersectionality perspective, we can make the conclusion that White women are marginalized by their gender in similar ways as Black women.
FALSE
______ is a society-wide belief system that asserts that a particular group is inferior.
Ideological racism
Which of the following groups were most likely to be sojourners?
Italians
One difference in the situations of Mexican Americans and African Americans in the 19th century was that ______.
Mexican Americans were able to retain much more of their culture
The visibility of cultural pluralism among racial minority groups has helped make it more acceptable for European Americans to express their own ethnicity and heritage.
TRUE
Whites benefited from the system of slavery regardless of whether they owned slaves.
TRUE
Which of the following categories is considered a part of the primary sector of social structure?
families
Institutional discrimination is always obvious, overt, and consciously intended.
FALSE
Only the wealthy elite owned slaves.
FALSE
Gender roles and relationships vary across time and from one society to another.
TRUE
