Statistical Analysis Chapter 3 Questions

There are several guidelines that one should follow when creating graphs. Which of the following describe these guidelines? 1.) Axes that are numerical should be to the appropriate scale 2.) The more complex the graph the better 3.) Axes should be clearly labeled 4.) Novelty graphs such as pyramid charts introduce ambiguity 5.) Graphs should have a lot of adornments

- Axes that are numerical should be to the appropriate scale - Axes should be clearly labeled - Novelty graphs such as pyramid charts introduce ambiguity

Which of the following graphical depictions displays a numerical data value for each category of an attribute? 1.) Stem and Leaf 2.) Dot Plot 3.) Bar Chart 4.) Column Chart

- Bar Chart - Column Chart

A scatter plot shows what?

- If an obvious association exists between two variables - Pairs of observations (x1,y1) ... (xN,yn) on an X-Y graph.

Which of the following graphical depictions are useful for observing the spread of the data for a single variable? 1.) Scatterplot 2.) Stem and Leaf 3.) Polygon 4.) Histogram 5.) Ogive

- Stem and Leaf - Polygon - Histogram

When constructing bins for a frequency distribution of quantitative data, which of the following principles should generally be followed? 1.) The bin limits should not overlap 2.) Bins should have equal interval widths 3.) The last value of a class should also be the first value of the subsequent class 4.) The lower limit is excluded from the bin and the upper limit is included in MegaStat and Minitab

- The bin limits should not overlap - Bins should have equal interval widths

Tables are frequently used to display data because

- They are the simplest form of data display - A well-designed table can communicate the meaning of data at a glance.

A stem and leaf plot is basically

- a tool used in exploratory data analysis - a tool which uses the digits in each number to create stems and leaves - a frequency tally

Stem and Leaf displays can be used to

- determine central tendency and dispersion - observe individual data points - analyze the small samples of integer data

Characteristics of a bar chart include

- length or height of bar reflects frequency of a category - display horizontal bars when the axis labels are long and there are many categories

Before calculating summary statistics or graphing a data set it is a good idea to

- sort the data if possible - visualize how data was collected - determine if the data is time-series or cross-sectional

A line chart can be used to

- spot trends - display time series data

Excel's pivot table feature

- summarizes discrete numerical data - summarizes categorical data - allows interactive analysis

Sorting data is helpful because

- we can see the frequency of each data value - we can see the range of values

Dot plots can show which features of a data set?

-Variability -Shape -Center

The rectangles of a histogram

1. Are drawn with no space, or gaps, between them. 2. Represent the class width and frequency, or relative frequency, of the respective class. 3. Represent grouped data.

A new dining plan was implemented in a residence hall at State University. Residents were asked to assess the new plan and give a grade of A, B, C, D, or F to the new dining plan. Of 482 residents, 234 gave a grade of A, 148 a grade of B, 87 a grade of C, and 9 a grade of D. There were ____ "F"s.

4

One method of graphical presentation for qualitative data is a

Bar chart

To construct a frequency distribution for qualitative data, the data is split into what?

Categories

Which of the following statements is true? 1.) Bar charts show vertical bars and column charts show horizontal bars 2.) Numerical labels must always be places at the top of each column even when it creates an illegible chart. 3.) Time series data should never be displayed using a column or bar chart. 4.) Column or bar charts can be used to display time series data using the time periods as the category labels.

Column or bar charts can be used to display time series data using the time periods as the category labels.

Histograms can be used to

Determine the shape of the data. Observe the spread or the variability of the data

Which of the following statements is an accurate statement about a bar chart? 1.) Histograms and bar charts are essentially the same graph 2.) The bar chart indicates distribution shape of the data 3.) Generally, there is space between the horizontal bars.

Generally, there is space between the horizontal bars.

Which of the following is NOT a tip for an effective table display? 1.) Always used appropriate rounding of numbers. 2.) Display data in columns as most people find it easier to compare across. 3.) Place detailed tables in an Appendix of your report. 4.) Headings should be detailed and complex in order to be as descriptive as possible.

Headings should be detailed and complex in order to be as descriptive as possible.

Identify the characteristic below that does NOT describe a Pareto chart. 1.) Used to display categorical data 2.) Most common categories appear to the far right on the graph 3.) Show categories in descending order of frequency 4.) Used to show the 80/20 rule

Most common categories appear to the far right of the graph

What type of data cannot be sorted?

Nominal

____ charts are used to sort out the vital few from the trivial many.

Pareto

An Excel ___ table provides interactive analysis of data

Pivot

When constructing a histogram what values/labels go on the horizontal (x) axis and the vertical (y) axis?

Quantitative bin limits on the horizontal axis; frequency or relative frequency on the vertical axis

A ___ ___ is a type of graph that allows researchers to investigate the relationship between two variables.

Scatter plot

Which of the following graphical depictions allows you to examine the relationship between two variables? 1.) Stem-and-leaf diagram 2.) Polygon 3.) Scatterplot 4.) Ogive 5.) Histogram

Scatterplot

A ____ column chart shows the sum of several subtotals in each column.

Stacked

A stacked column chart requires that the column height be a ___ of at least two subtotals.

Sum

Which characteristic below is NOT a rule of thumb for displaying categorical data on a column chart? 1.) Category labels should usually go on the horizontal axis 2.) Non zero origins are used only if needed to provide more detail 3.) The width of each column should be the same 4.) The height of each column should be the same

The height of each column should be the same

A relative frequency distribution for quantitative data identifies

The proportion of observations that occur in each bin

A pie chart is not used to display _____ ______ data.

Time Series

True or False: Line charts can be useful for comparing variables that differ in magnitude or units.

True

Which of the following is NOT a common error one should beware? 1.) Unembellished charts that do no contain sound or animation 2.) Vague Sources 3.) Non-zero origin 4.) Distracting pictures and dramatic titles

Unembellished charts that do no contain sound or animation

Which of the following is NOT a common error in making graphs? 1.) Exaggerating the height of the Y axis 2.) Using 3D feature 3.) Using a logarithmic scale 4.) Using a non-zero origin

Using a logarithmic scale

Print media such as Forbes or NYTimes should not be judged using the same rigorous standards as ____ journals.

academic

An outlier is

an extreme value that is located in the tail of the histogram; might have arise from measurement error; might have arisen from a different cause

One of the primary goals of constructing a frequency distribution for quantitative data is to summarize data

by showing frequency of values that lie within a class or bin

True or False: A dot plot displays individual values of qualitative data

false

The length of a bar or height of a column in a bar or column chart represents the ____ of a category.

frequency, value, or count

If data were collected from a random sample we must allow for ___ error

sampling

A pie chart is a segmented circle who segments must sum to a

total; whole; 100%