StraighterLine Anatomy and Physiology II - Chapter 19: Blood

hemoglobin measurement

measures the quantity of hemoglobin in blood (normal levels are 13-17 for males and 12-16 for females)

white blood count

measures the white blood cells present

antigen

molecules capable of triggering an immune response by binding to an antibody

hematocrit measurement

percent of blood that is RBCs

Dilution

happens when normal blood flow does not allow a clot to form

During hemoglobin breakdown, ____ is released from the heme of hemoglobin. The remaining structure is converted to _______, which is then converted into _______.

heme; biliverdin; bilirubin

sickle cell anemia

hereditary hemoglobin defect mostly among people of African and Mediterranean descent can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke, rheumatism, or paralysis 1.3% of African Americans have this

infectious mononucleosis

infection of B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus. Usually transmitted by exchange of saliva

When old RBCs (erythrocytes) rupture, the released hemoglobin is ingested by _____. The globin chains of hemoglobin are broken down to individual _____ _____ that are metabolized or used to build new proteins.

macrophages; amino acids

Monocytes are

WBCs (leukocytes) that become a macrophage

neutropils are

WBCs (leukocytes) that phagocytize microorganisms

lymphocytes are

WBCs (leukocytes) that produce antibodies

eosinophils are

WBCs (leukocytes) that release chemicals for inflammation

basophils are

WBCs (leukocytes) that release histamine and heparin. Help clotting.

After hemoglobin breakdown, free bilirubin is transported by ______ in the blood to the ______.

albumin; liver

lymphocytes

the white blood cells that are found in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues. Provide immunity.

Coagulation

thickens and clots the blood. Uses fibrin.

Thrombocytopenia

very low platelet count caused by the destruction of bone marrow from radiation of other outside sources

Blood is XX% Plasma and XX% formed elements.

55% Plasma and 45% Formed Elements

Plasma proteins are XX% albumins, XX% globulins, and XX% fibrinogen.

58% albumins, 38% globulins, and 4% fibrinogen

Plasma is XX% proteins, XX% water, and XX% other solutes.

7% proteins, 91% water and 2% other solutes

Recipient blood type - Preferred Donor - Permissible Donor

A - A - A, O B - B - B, O AB - AB - AB, A, B, O O - O - O

blood type Antigen Antibody A X anti-X B X anti-X AB X X O X X

A - A - anti-B B - B - anti-A AB - A and B - Neither anti-A nor anti-B O - Neither A nor B - Both anti-A and anti-B

Plasma proteins are:

Albumins globulins fibrinogen

Far more people die from unwanted blood clotting than from clotting failure. Why do you think it's important for people with hemophilia not to use aspirin?

Because hemophiliacs' bodies lack the ability to stimulate blood clots and aspirin helps to thin the blood, there is a severe risk of internal bleeding or hemorrhaging taking aspirin.

Plasma other solutes are:

Ions nutrients waste products gases regulatory substances

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Only formed elements that have nuclei

45% of blood is made up of formed elements. Those elements are:

Platelets (250-400 thousand/microliter) white blood cells (leukocytes) (5-9 thousand/microliter) red blood cells (erythrocytes) (4.2-6.2 million/microliter)

______ makes up approximately 95% of the volume of formed elements in blood.

Red blood cells or erythrocytes

anemia

a deficiency (loss, destruction, or inability to produce) of red blood cells inadequate, defective, or decreased hematocrit caused by nutritional deficiencies of iron, folate, or B12

When the antigens on erythrocytes bind with antibodies in the plasma, a. agglutination of erythrocytes occurs. b. hemolysis of leukocytes may occur. c. the antibodies dissolve. d. the blood group changes. e. coagulation occurs.

a. agglunitation of erythrocytes occurs

When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called a. chemotaxis. b. diapedesis. c. margination. d. ameboid movement. e. attraction.

a. chemotaxis

The function of plasmin is to a. hydrolyze fibrin. b. activate factor XII. c. promote platelet plug formation. d. control osmotic pressure of the blood. e. promote the formation of plasma.

a. hydrolyze fibrin

In the platelet release reaction, a. factor XII is activated b. ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated c. activated platelets are connected by fibrinogen d. prostaglandin production is inhibited e. platelets convert to fibrin

b. ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated

When defective erythrocytes are broken down, a. they are removed from the blood by the lungs. b. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin. c. their heme groups are converted into amino acids. d. their iron is excreted into the small intestine. e. their components cannot be recycled.

b. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin

Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis? a. increased environmental O2 levels b. increased erythropoietin levels c. increased blood pH d. increased blood pressure e. increased CO2 levels

b. increased erythropoietin levels

An increased amount of heparin in the blood might a. speed up the clotting process. b. prevent clotting process. c. helps to coagulate the blood. d. enhance the clotting process. e. have no effect on the clotting process.

b. prevent the clotting process

Hemoglobin a. gives white blood cells their color. b. transports oxygen in the blood. c. is normally found in both the plasma and erythrocytes. d. catalyzes the reaction that forms carbonic acid. e. is only used once then decomposed.

b. transports oxygen in the blood

What protein forms a bridge between exposed vessel wall collagen and platelet surface receptors? a. thromboxanes b. von Willebrand factor c. endothelin d. fibrinogen

b. von Willebrand factor

Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence.(1) prothrombin → thrombin(2) fibrinogen → fibrin(3) activation of factor XII(4) formation of prothrombinase a. 4, 3, 1, 2 b. 2, 4, 3, 1 c. 3, 4, 1, 2 d. 3, 2, 4, 1 e. 1, 2, 3, 4

c. 3, 4, 1, 2

Which blood type is considered the universal recipient? a. Type A b. Type B c. Type AB d. Type O

c. Type AB

Which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human? a. adult b. embryonic c. adolescent d. fetal

c. adolescent

Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function? a. fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids b. albumin - helps to fight infection c. globulin - transport and immunity d. globulin - blood clotting

c. globulin - transport and immunity

The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the: a. thrombocytes b. erythrocytes c. leukocytes d. platelets e. RBCs

c. leukocytes

mononucleosis

condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that infects the lymphocytes and causes symptoms of fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

Vascular spasm

constricts a blood vessel. Uses endothelial cells and platelets

Liver cells make conjugated bilirubin which is excreted as part of the bile into the small intestine. Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into bilirubin derivatives, which ____ __ __ _____ __ _____. Some of the bilirubin derivatives are absorbed into the blood and excreted from the _____ in the _____.

contribute to the color of feces; kidneys in the urine

Platelet plug formation

creates an accumulation of platelets. Uses collagen fibers.

Agglutinins are: a. markers on the surface of red blood cells. b. precursors to clotting factors in the plasma. c. complexes of antigens and antibodies. d. antibodies directed against blood cell antigenic markers.

d. antibodies directed against blood cell antigenic markers

The combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is a. carboxyhemoglobin. b. oxyhemoglobin. c. deoxyhemoglobin. d. carbaminohemoglobin.

d. carbaminohemoglobin

Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood? a. blood gases b. nutrients c. lactic acid d. neurotransmitters e. hormones

d. neurotransmitters

The hematocrit is a. an estimate of blood flow/hour. b. the number of WBCs per mm3. c. the amount of hemoglobin by weight in the blood. d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. e. the number of RBCs in the body.

d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood

differential white blood count

determines the percentage of each of the five kinds of white blood cells.

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

do not have nuclei and transport CO2 and O2 to the body

Healing after clot formation involves a. clot retraction. b. repair of the damaged blood vessel by connective tissue cells. c. clot dissolution. d. serum being squeezed out of the clot. e. All of these choices are correct.

e. All of these choices are correct

All of the following describe ways that blood helps maintain homeostasis, except a. stabilizing body fluids. b. transporting carbon dioxide. c. limiting the spread of pathogens. d. transporting nutrients. e. secretion of neuropeptides.

e. secretion of neuropeptides

What are the 5 types of WBCs and their percentages in blood?

neutrophils 60-70% lymphocytes 20-25% monocytes 2-8% eosinophils 2-4$ basophils 0.5%-1%

Red blood count

number of red blood cells per microliter (one-millionth of a liter or 1/1000 of a milliliter or 1 cc in a syringe) of blood

Platelet repulsion

occurs when platelets do not adhere to the smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of undamaged blood vessels

anticoagulants

present in plasma and prevent clotting.

Plasma is:

the liquid portion of blood. It is a pale yellow that consists mainly of water.

hematocrit

the measurement of total blood volume that is composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

After hemoglobin breakdown, iron is transported by _______ in the blood to various tissues for storage or to _____ ______ ______ for making new hemoglobin.

transferrin; red bone marrow

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

widespread clotting of unbroken blood vessels usually caused by slowed blood circulation