SYD 3020 final exam study questions and quiz answers

Which of the measures of development that Potter, Schmertmann and Cavanaghi include to predict birth rates was NOT calculated from information about individual women in the different micro-regions of the country?

* extent of electrification (Electrification data came from administrative records for the region as a whole, not from summing/averaging information on individual census respondents.) -educational attainment -infant mortality rates -labor force participation

In their Figure 5 showing percentages of women married by age in China and Northwest Europe, Lee and Feng demonstrate that a large share of women remained unmarried even by ages 25 or 30:

* in Europe but not in China (Late/delayed marriage was a widespread feature of life in northwestern Europe for centuries, long before the modern era, while in China all women married at young ages.) - in neither Europe nor China. -in both Europe and China. - in China but not in Europe.

Grant refers to a United Nations report estimating that to stabilize the aging of its population given its current birth and death rates, Italy would need to:

"import" nearly 200 million immigrants by 2050, a ridiculous idea.

If we compare levels of development (from the HDI index) to Total Fertility Rates in 1975,

* -the positive correlation means that the least-developed countries have below-replacement fertility. -the positive correlation means that the most developed countries have below-replacement fertility. -the negative correlation means that the least-developed countries have below-replacement fertility. -the negative correlation means that the most developed countries have below-replacement fertility.

According to the way that Malthus looked at the world, use of contraceptives would be:

* both a vice and a preventive check. (Though he considered them immoral, contraceptives clearly prevent births.) -both a misery and a positive check. -both a vice and a positive check. - both a misery and a preventive check.

Which of the following do Lee and Feng NOT mention as a possible part of the explanation of low marital fertility in China around 1800?

* malnutrition that kept women from conceiving (All the other responses were mentioned as possible factors in low marital fertility, but Lee and Feng never mentioned any possible link between famine and marital fertility.) -young wives with much older husbands -arranged marriages not consummated until later in life -possible folk methods of contraception

Second Demographic Transition theory was NOT intended to explain why some societies in northwestern Europe were experiencing:

* rising death rates among adults. (All the other changes stimulated Lesthaeghe to develop this theory, but he is not trying to explain anything about causes of mortality change.) -birth rates below replacement level. - more childbearing outside marriage. -delays to later ages at marriage.

If the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) remains at 1.5 for several generations, this would mean that each new generation would be:

* three-fourths the size of the previous generation. (A TFR of 1.5 is only three-quarters of the rate of about 2.1 births needed for two parents to replace themselves in the next generation, so the next generation would have only three-quarters as many people as the parents' generation.) -half the size of the previous generation. -the same size as the previous generation. -half-again bigger than the previous generation.

For the "pioneer" society that first begins a fertility transition in a particular cultural region of the world, Mason suggests that the falling birth rates probably can be adequately explained by:

*??? - borrowing/diffusion from neighboring societies - ideosyncratic features of local culture -traditional "classical" transition theory - position in the world economic system

What was the policy of the revolutionary Islamic government in Iran towards family planning programs to limit the birth rate, before and after the 1986 census in the country?

*??? -In favor both before and after 1986 (WRONG) -opposed both before and after 1986 -In favor before 1986, opposed after 1986 -opposed before 1986, in favor after 1986

In regions of the world where population growth rates remain very high, this situation is due to:

*??? -Increasing birth rates combined with death rates that remain low. -falling death rates combined with birth rates that remain high. -Increasing death rates combined with birth rates that remain low. -falling birth rates combined with death rates that remain high.

When the world reaches a point that both birth and death rates stabilize at low levels, Kirk concludes that demographic transition theory will:

*??? -be used to predict renewed population growth. -have no ability to predict what happens after that. -be used to predict population contraction and aging. -shift to concentrate on predicting migration.

Today, about forty years after the Islamic revolution in Iran, the birth rate in the country is:

*??? -below replacement level, indicating population aging and contraction. -almost exactly the same as before the revolution, indicating steady long-term growth. -much higher than before the revolution, indicating explosive long-term growth. -at approximately replacement level, indicating no long-term growth.

Which of the following, according to McNicoll, would be advocated by both Malthus himself and people who today are called "Malthusians?"

*??? -delayed marriage as a preventive check -famine as a positive check -contraceptives as a preventive check - war as a positive check

Compared to historical demographic transitions in Europe, transitions in contemporary less-developed countries have been:

*??? -much faster but with inconsistent links to mortality decline. -much slower and always preceded by mortality decline. -much slower but with inconsistent links to mortality decline. -much faster and always preceded by mortality decline.

When comparing abortion rates to birth rates in Japan, Davis explains that because induced abortions can occur much closer together in time than live births, we must think of one additional abortion as equivalent to:

*??? -only a fraction of one more live birth. -more than one more live birth. - only a fraction of one less live birth. - more than one less live birth.

The interaction effect that Sastry identified between education and clean water meant that infant and child mortality for more-educated compared to less-educated women was:

*??? -significantly higher only when clean water was missing. -significantly lower only when clean water was present. -significantly higher only when clean water was present. - significantly lower only when clean water was missing.

In Sweden in recent decades, compared to the least educated women, the most educated women have experienced:

*??? -slower increaess in both nonmarital births and percent unmarried. -slower increases in nonmarital births but faster increases in percent unmarried. -faster increases in both nonmarital births and percent unmarried. (WRONG) -faster increases in nonmarital births but slower increases in percent unmarried.

Lesthaeghe argues that when a society moves from the first into the second demographic transition, people begin to think in terms of:

*??? -taking care of children instead of taking care of parents. (WRONG) -devoting yourself to your children instead of pursuing personal fulfillment. -taking care of parents instead of taking care of children.. -pursuing personal fulfillment instead of devoting yourself to your children.

When summing up the world situation in terms of progress through the demographic transition at the end of the twentieth century, Kirk concludes that:

*??? -the fertility transition has been largely accomplished but the mortality transition has been uneven and incomplete. -the mortality transition is largely accomplished but the fertility transition has been uneven and incomplete. -both mortality and fertility transitions have been largely accomplished. -both mortality and fertility transitions have been uneven and incomplete.

Lee and Feng suggest that when he wrote about preventive checks to population growth in China, Malthus was:

*??? -wrong about marriage timing but right about fertility control within marriage. -right about both marriage timing and fertility control within marriage. - wrong about both marriage timing and fertility control within marriage. -right about marriage timing but wrong about fertility control within marriage.

An example of a personal-level variable used by Sastry to predict infant survival in Brazil would be:

*??? -years of maternal education from municipal statistical records. -years of maternal education from a household survey. -prevalence of water and sewer connections from municipal statistical records. -prevalence of water and sewer connections from a household survey.

Franklin tells the British that high labor costs keep American manufactures uncompetitive because:

*American workers always have the alternative to get land of their own. (the open frontier meant that american factories had to pay higher wages to keep people on the job) -american factories use more expensive modern technology -American labor unions are stronger than those in English factories. -American health care costs must be added to labor costs like wages.

Which of these problems in demographic research does Mason include in her list of errors that people make with respect to explaining fertility declines?

*Assuming that all declines have the same cause. (Mason believes that different combinations of factors can produce fertility declines in various ways.) -assuming that both high and low fertility can be rational behavior -assuming that social as well as financial costs can prevent birth control -assuming that infant mortality declines can cause fertility declines

How did Malthus feel about the English Poor Laws?

*He criticized them because he thought aid to the poor would just multiply the poor people. (Malthus was afraid that giving food or money to the poor would just lead them to have more poor children. -He criticized them because he thought aid to the poor would slow down population growth. -He praised them because he thought aid to the poor would slow down population growth. -He praised them because he thought aid to the poor would just multiply the poor people.

What did Malthus conclude about utopian socialist ideas of the perfectibility of society, in the light of his principle of population?

*He disagreed with them, because the principle of population made perfectibility impossible. (Population pressure would always wreck any attempt at engineering a perfect society, according to Malthus.) -He disagreed with them, because the principle of poulation made perfectability possible. -He agreed with them, because the principle of population made perfectability possible. -He agreed with them, because the principle of population made perfectability impossible.

How does Lesthaeghe respond to critics who suggest that the second demographic transition is a cultural peculiarity limited to certain parts of Europe?

*He disagrees, saying the SDT applies to the whole world. (Lesthaeghe insists that evidence is growing that the SDT is gradually emerging everywhere in the world.)

How does McNicoll feel about our conclusion from Module 2 that Malthus was a mainstream populationist in favor of population growth?

*He recognizes that Malthus was a populationist who favored growth. (Just as we have seen by reading Malthus ourselves, McNicoll recognizes that Malthus believed in population growth as a sign of virtue and civilization--but saw that this could be difficult to achieve.) -He judged that Malthus was not a populationist because he was against growth. -He judged that Malthus was not a populationist because he favored growth. - He recognized that Malthus was a populationist who was against growth.

In recent decades, concern about birth rates has shifted from a fear that:

*In recent decades, concern about birth rates has shifted from a fear that too low. (People used to worry that developing countries might not be able to start fertility decline, but now more people worry that developed countries may be stuck below replacement fertility.) -low fertility may go higher to a fear that high fertility may go higher. -high fertility may go higher to a fear that low fertility may go higher. -low fertility may be too low to fear that high fertility may not decline.

How did the trends in births and abortions observed in the 1950s by Davis compare to trends in these events in the most recent decades?

*In the 1950s birth and abortion totals moved in opposite directions, but more recently they both declined at the same time. (In the 1950s (and through the 1960s) births and abortions looked like at least partial substitutes for each other in Japan, but since 1970 both births and abortions have been falling continuously.) -During the 1950s birth and abortion totals moved in opposite directions but more recently they both increased at the same time. -During the 1950s birth and abortion totals both increased at the same time, but more recently they moved in opposite directions. -During the 1950s birth and abortion totals both declined at the same time, but more recently they have moved in opposite directions.

Mosk explains that BEFORE any demographic transition ever got started, we observe a history of early, virtually universal marriage for women in:

*Japan but not northwest Europe (The distinctive historial pattern of delayed marriage, dating back well before any demographic transition in northwestern Europe, was an exception to the general rule (which did apply to Japan) of virtually universal, early marriage particularly for women.)

How do the views of Malthus (as McNicoll describes them) compare to the ideas we found in the writings of Giovanni Botero?

*Malthus accepts Botero's recipe for peace and justice, and adds protection of private property. (Malthus stressed private property and capitalism as the most important goals to be pursued by good government, in order to solve the population problem.) -Malthus accepts Botero's recipe of protecting private property, and adds peace and justice. -Malthus rejects Botero's recipe of peace and justice, instead urging the protection of private property. -Malthus rejects Botero's recipe of protecting private property, instead urging peace and justice.

Lesthaeghe and his colleagues built the idea of a second demographic transition on the earlier work about two successive motivations for falling birth rates, suggested by:

*Philippe Aries (Aries' article, "Two Successive Motivations for the Declining Birth Rate in the West," provided the theoretical foundations for Second Demographic Transition theory.)

Which of the following did Malthus NOT allow in his experimental example of Godwin's socialist utopia?

*The passion between the sexes gradually disappears. (Malthus thought that the passion between the sexes would never change, even in socialist utopias--that was part of the problem!) -Benevolence leads people to share everything with each other. -Most people would live in rural areas and small towns. -All people are equal and have healthy, rational amusements.

According to Liang and Ma's Table 1, the size of China's "floating" population in 2000 was:

78.8 million people, or six percent of the total population.

According to the McKinlays, medical measures can explain how much of the 20th-century drop in death rates from the contagious diseases they studied?

*Three percent (Only about three percent of the declines observed in deaths from these causes actually came after the medical advances against each considered disease were discovered and introduced in American society.) - Sixty Percent - NInety-seven percent -Thirty percent

How does the "classical" version of demographic transition theory, as described by Kirk, compare to the ideas of Malthus?

*Transition theory and Malthus both see modernization and prosperity as a possible reason for birth control. (The modernization and prosperity that Malthus liked to call the "conveniences of life" appeared to him and also to transition theorists as something that people might be willing to limit their births in order to enjoy.) -Transition theory sees modernization and prosperity as a possible reason for birth control but Malthus did not. -Neither transition theory nor Malthus see modernization and prosperity as a possible reason for birth control. -Malthus saw modernization and prosperity as a possible reason for birth control but transition theory does not.

Daniel Jordan Smith compared attitudes about family size in Nigeria based on interviews with people from:

*Ubakala village in the southeast and Kano city in the north of the country. (The rural Ubakala respondents lived in the tropical southeast, but migrants to urban Kano city moved to the arid northern region of Nigeria.)

Looking at the red and blue regression lines in Figure 1 of the article, we can say that for most countries, any particular level of development (on the horizontal axis) predicted:

*a lower TFR by 2005 than it had in 1975. (Most countries at nearly all levels of development experienced a general decline in birth rates over this 30 year interval of time.)

Franklin's condemnation of frivolous luxuries illustrates that he was:

*a populationist and believed that population growth should be encouraged. (populationists think more population is a good thing) -not a populationist and believed that population growth should be encouraged. -a populationist and believed that population growth must be stopped. -not a populationist and believed that population growth must be stopped.

The earliest discussion of high and low birth and death rates, such as that by Warren Thompson, presented:

*a typology of groups of countries with high or low rates. (Thompson's "forerunner" article simply classified countries around the world into groups with high or low birth and death rates.) -a historical account of long-term population change. -a classical economic explanation for the transition. -an argument against economic explanations.

According to Botero, the Virtue Nutritive represents:

*a variable outcome depending on social organization -an unlimited potential inherent in human nature -an unlimited potential inherent in social organization -a variable outcome depending on human nature

In their Figure 6 showing birth rates for married women at different ages in NW Europe and East Asia, Lee and Feng illustrate that at the heart of the childbearing ages (25 or 30) marital birth rates were:

*about 400 per thousand in Europe and 200 per thousand in China. (Marital fertility rates in China, as estimated by Lee and Feng from family histories, were only about half as high as rates estimated from historical research in Europe.) -about 400 per thousand in both Europe and China. -about 200 per thousand in both Europe and China. -about 200 per thousand in Europe and 400 per thousand in China.

Compared to the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) in typical societies, the General Fertility Rate (GFR) is usually:

*about four times higher because the GFR includes only women of childbearing ages in the denominator (Both rates have the same birth totals in the numerator, but the TFR includes everybody in the denominator, while the GFR restricts the denominator to only women (without men) in childbearing ages (without children or older women).) -about four times smaller because the CBR includes only women of childbearing ages in the denominator. -about four times larger because the CBR includes only women of childbearing ages in the denominator. -about four times smaller because the GFR includes only women of childbearing ages in the denominator.

Malthus, as described by Lee and Feng, believed that in his day (around 1800) fertility control within marriage that would lead to low birth rates within marriage, was:

*absent in both England and China. ( Malthus knew that once people married in England of his day, little was done to control marital births. He could not imagine that China might restrict fertility within marriage when England did not.) -absent in England but present in China. -present in England but absent in China. -present in both England and China.

When comparing hunter-gatherers, nations of shepherds and agricultural societies, Malthus concluded that:

*agricultural societies were best because they had more preventive checks. (Preventive checks gradually replace positive checks at higher stages of civilization for Malthus.) -hunter-gatherers were best because they had more positive checks. - agricultural societies were best because they had more positive checks. -hunter-gatherers were best because they had more preventive checks.

If we start when each country reaches the critical value of 0.86 on the Human Development Index, as shown in Figure 2, we see that after that point as HDI values continue to rise, Total Fertility Rates:

*also begin to rise, except for Korea and Japan where they keep falling. (At the highest HDI index values, apparently birth rates can begin to rise again. However, east Asian societies like Korea and Japan appear to be exceptions to this "escape route" out of the low-fertility trap.) -continue to fall, especially fast in Korea and Japan. -begin to fall, except for Korea and Japan where they keep rising. -begin to rise, especially fast in Korea and Japan.

According to Botero, the Virtue Generative represents:

*an unlimited potential inherent in human nature -an unlimited potential inherent in social organization -a variable outcome depending on social organization -a variable outcome depending on human nature

Smith suggests that the favoritism to relatives that also figured prominently his his book, Culture of Corruption, can be understood as:

*based on the particularistic tradition of kin-based patronage.(When powerful kinship groups are the building blocks of a culture, loyalty to your relatives is the highest form of moral behavior and everyone expects you to do special favors for them.) -a feature of village life that disappears in urban settings. -caused by the recent influx of multi-national corporations. -part of the heritage of 19th-century British colonialism.

The migrants from Ubakala villages that Smith interviewed in Kano city had to deal with all of the following dislocations EXCEPT:

*being Muslims moving to a Christian region. (The rural Igbo villagers moving to urban Kano where Islam predominates experienced all three of these social dislocations.)

Comparing patterns of economic development (more health care and education) and birth rates for rural and urban areas of Iran, Abbasi-Shavazi and McDonald found that:

*both economic development and fertility decline were faster in rural areas.

Mason explains that Caldwell disagreed with the original version of the theory, because he believed that:

*both high birth rates and low birth rates are rational behavior in different social contexts. (Caldwell said that people always make rational choices, but the options they are choosing from can sometimes make many children just as rational a choice as few children.)

Kingsley Davis chose Japan as a place to study falling birth and death rates because it was:

*both industrialized and non-Western (Since he thought that these demographic changes were due to urbanization, industrialization and related economic forces (rather than to some unique cultural features of the west) he wanted to find a country that had the economic changes without those "Western" cultural features, and see whether the changes could happen there.)

The authors get their measures of fertility and infant mortality from:

*census reports of previous births and deaths. ( The data on births came from a census question asking women whether they had given birth in the previous year, and the data on deaths came from asking whether those births were still alive at the census date.) -original birth and death certificates that they collected. -estimates from national health surveys. - published vital statistics from the Brazilian government.

To estimate the level of fertility in Iran using the "own children" method, Abbasi-Shavazi and McDonald combined data on:

*children from census counts (numerator) with women from census counts (denominator). (Iran lacked full national coverage for reliable vital registration of births, let alone accurate population registries, so the authors had to rely on census counts for both children (to estimate previous births) and women (who had been their mothers).)

Which of the following would be a characteristic of the First rather than the Second demographic transition?

*concentration of childbearing within marriage (In the second demographic transition, childbearing tends to become more dispersed outside marriage, rather than within it.) -childbearing outside marriage -rising share of people who marry late or never -more informal cohabitation before marriage

According to the "new household economics" of Gary Becker and subsequent writers, Kirk says that babies might be viewed as:

*consumer durables ( A "consumer durable" is something that you buy that lasts a long time, but is not used to produce additional products, output or wealth. These economists viewed children as expensive purchases, but did not see any way that parents could use them to produce additional wealth (quite the opposite!) so they had to be consumer goods. Since they last a long time, they were also durable goods.)

When McNicoll remarks that today the concerns of Malthus have been attended to, but through vice rather than moral restraint, he means that population growth is prevented today mainly by:

*contraception and abortion (The countries with the lowest birth rates all have very high levels of contraceptive use.) -delayed marriage -famine and pestilence -violent crime and war

The actual progress of population growth in England from 1798 to 1998 shows that Malthus:

*correctly predicted approximately linear growth of population in each 25-year period. (Population growth was checked and held to linear increase for 200 years after Malthus' Essay.) -incorrectly predicted exponential growth while population increased approximately linearly. -incorrectly predicted linear growth while population increased approximately exponentially. -correctly predicted approximately exponential growth of population in each 25-year period.

Within the network of extended kinship group obligations that Smith explores in Nigeria, the threat posed by the "free rider" problem occurs in cases where:

*couples have too few children to keep the kin group strong. (When large families translate into social power, any family members who don't contribute their share of children are letting everyone else down.) -people have too many children and depend on the government for support. -couples have too many children and depend on relatives for support. -people expect relatives to provide free transportation.

One of the problems that Mason finds with the Princeton Fertility Project study of Europe was its reliance on a:

*decadal time scale (Mason thought that trying to predict the decade when birth and death rates would begin to change was about like trying to predict when earthquakes will happen. We know why and how, but not exactly when.) -annual time scale -millennial time scale -centennial time scale

The difference in denominators of the Total Fertility Rate and the Marital General Fertiity Rate allows Mosk to infer that pre-World War Two fertility in Japan:

*declined slightly and delayed marriage was an important reason why. (While the marital general fertility rate hardly declined at all, the overall TFR dropped by one-sixth; this could only be because the population of unmarried people was expanding as a share of the total denominator for the TFR (but they get left out of the MGFR).

In his Table 1, no matter how he measures Japanese rertility (CBR, GFR, MGFR etc) Mosk finds that birth rates:

*declined slightly before WW2 and very steeply afterwards. (The downward fertility transition proceeded only slowly before the war, but the postwar fertility decline in Japan is one of the largest and fastest ever witnessed.) -declined very steeply before WW2 and slightly afterwards. -declined steeply before WW2 but increased slightly afterwards. -increased slightly before WW2 but declined steeply afterwards.

Which of these is NOT a result Botero traces back to a lack of Virtue Nutritive?

*declining population from below-replacement birth rates -experiencing outbreaks of plagues and famines -invading and taking over territory neighboring societies -sending part of your population to start new colonies

After comparative study, Davis found clear statistical evidence showing that both Japan and Ireland responded to lower infant mortality and rapid population growth by increases in:

*delayed marriage and emigration (Both countries responded by marrying later, and large numbers of people also left both countries.) -induced abortion and contraception -induced abortion and permanent celibacy - emigration and permanent celibacy

Mason's "critical mass" approach to explaining fertility decline reflects her conclusions that:

*different factors can combine to start fertility decline in different settings. (Because every factor linked to fertility decline seems to turn up missing in some cases where declines take place, she concludes that different combinations of factors can start fertility declines in different ways.) -the population must reach a critical mass to start fertility decline in different settings

While most different approaches to explaining fertility decline amount to refinements or modifications of the original "classical" transition theory, the one type of explanation that Mason says offers a completely different and competing theory would be:

*diffusion theory (Diffusion theory suggests that new reproductive behavior can be "borrowed" from other societies, instead of explaining it in terms of changes going on inside a society itself.) -rational choice theory -second demographic transition theory -wealth flow theory

Some states enjoy higher standards of living than others because, according to Malthus, they:

*distract their population from reproducing with the preventive check of cheap luxuries. (Enough cheap luxuries can appeal to our materialistic appetites and distract us from our carnal appetites.) -exploit the raw materials of other states in the world economy to their own advantage. -enjoy superior endowments of natural resources and larger national territories. -inherit a cultural outlook and natural temperament that encourage more hard work.

Under the system of primogeniture prevailing in northwestern Europe for centuries, the timing of marriage tended to be:

*early for eldest sons, but much later for all other men. (Because eldest sons inherited all the land, they could marry early. But all other men had to find another path to success before they could get married, and this took longer.) -earlier for all men than in other interitance systems. -much later for eldest sons, but younger for all other men. -much later for all men than in other inheritance systems.

The Hajnal Line that Mosk describes in his article refers to a boundary between:

*early marriage in southeastern Europe and delayed marriage in northwestern Europe. (John Hajnal detected a systematic difference in the timing of marriage in Europe, with later marriage for centuries to the northwest of a line from Trieste on the Adriatic to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) on the Baltic. Hajnal wasn't studying Japan at all.)

Franklin said that in American colonies, couples averaged:

*eight children but half of them died in childhood (if four children survive from eight births, they will double the number of their two parents)

When he asked about desired numbers of children for Nigerian families, he found averages of:

*eight in Ubakala village and four in Kano city. (The traditional ideal family size in Nigerian villages appears to be at least eight children, but migrants to Kano city had to compromise and desired no more than four on average.) - four in Ubakala village and two in Kano cit - four in Ubakala village and eight in Kano city. -two in Ubakala village and four in Kano city.

Malthus decided that the preventive check of cheap luxuries that distract people from reproducing can best be encouraged by national policies that:

*encourage private property and capitalism. (Malthus thought that capitalism would be the best at producing the cheap luxuries needed to distract people from making too many babies.) -redistribute wealth and luxuries to all citizens. -concentrate investment mostly in agriculture. -emphasize spiritual purity in personal life.

Lee and Feng present new evidence from historical demographic research to show that around 1800, married women in the heart of the childbearing ages on average had about one birth:

*every two years in NW Europe but every four or five years in China. (Lee and Feng's estimates of marital fertility around 1800 were only half as high in China as in northwestern Europe.) -every two years in both NW Europe and China. -every four or five years in NW Europe but every two years in China. -every four or five years in both NW Europe and China.

Mason describes the "classical" form of demographic transition theory as explaining:

*falling birth and death rates as a result of urbanization and industrialization (The demographic transition of falling birth and death rates was attributed to urbanization and industrialization (but nobody ever explained what caused these causes....))

The "stimulus" that Davis identified as causing all the multiphasic responses he observed in Japan was:

*falling mortality (All the multiphasic responses meant to reduce population growth were responding to a fall in death rates, especially infant death rates, that caused that population growth problem in the first place.) -out-migration -in-migration -rising fertility

The article by Potter, Schmertmann and Cavenaghi starts from the observation that in Brazil the Total Fertility Rate:

*fell from 6.3 births per woman in 1960 to 2.7 births per woman in 1991. (The authors study the period from 1960 to 1991, during which they were able to observe nearly all of the fertility decline in Brazil.) -fell from 6.3 births per woman in 1991 to 2.7 births per woman in 2015. -increased from 2.7 births per woman in 1960 to 6.3 births per woman in 1991. -increased from 2.7 births per woman in 1991 to 6.3 births per woman in 2015.

In his original 1798 Essay, Malthus viewed conveniences of life produced by the manufacturing sector as:

*frivolous "silks and laces" that did not really add to national wealth. (The physiocratism of the "French economists" still preoccupied Malthus at the time of his first Essay in 1798.) -causing the appearance of persistent inequality and social classes. -important commodities to export in exchange for more food. -key to developing a taste for luxuries as a preventive check to population.

Which of the following is NOT one of the different approaches that Kirk reviews for explaining why demographic transitions happen?

*genetic theory (Kirk recognizes that all efforts to explain demographic transition have been founded on social and economic change, not on changes in the human organism itself.) -diffusion theory -cultural and ideational theory -economic theory

In developed regions of the world like Europe, North America and East Asia, the concerns of Malthus:

*have been attended to because population growth is very slow. (For a sizeable share of the human race, population growth outstripping the food supply is no longer a serious concern because population grows slowly after the demographic transition is complete.) -have been attended to because population growth is very fast. -remain troubling because population growth is very slow. -remain troubling because population growth is very fast.

According to evidence from the lecture for a range of advanced developed countries including the USA, over the forty years since the McKinlays published their article, here in the United States:

*health care spending increased faster than other countries but life expectancy increased slower than in other countries. (Health care costs have been skyrocketting much faster in the United States than in other countries, but the United States lags farther and farther back in the list of nations ranked by longest life expectancy every year.) -health care spending increased slow than other countries but life expectancy increased faster than in other countries. -both health care spending and life expectancy increased faster than in other countries. -both health care spending and life expectancy increased slower than in other countries.

Compared to rural areas in both the Northeast and South/Southeast regions, urban areas in Brazil had:

*higher development and lower infant/child mortality. (The urban areas of Brazil appear to have been about a decade ahead of the rural areas in terms of infant health and survival throughout the country.)

In parts of Japan where agriculture predominated and there were not a lot of other job prospects, Mosk found the the "child employment" effect might explain a pattern he saw of:

*higher marital fertility in areas with lower population density. (When children are valuable mainly as agricultural labor, families in areas with low population densities tend to have more children because they have to take care of more land per family. At least, that is Mosk's guess.) -lower child poverty in areas with lower population density. -lower marital fertility in areas with lower population density. -higher child poverty in areas with lower population density.

Compared to the South/Southeast regions of Brazil, Sastry found that the population of the Northeast region had a:

*higher percent in poverty and lower percent urban. (The Northeast region around the Amazon delta is less developed than the Southeast, with fewer cities, more poverty, less education, and less infrastructure including things like electricity and clean water.) -higher percent in poverty and higher percent urban. -lower percent in poverty and lower percent urban. -lower percent in poverty and higher percent urban.

The authors speculate that Japan and South Korea seem to be exceptions to the TFR trend above Human Development Index values of 0.86 because they:

*ignore work-family balance and gender equality for women, so birth rates keep falling. (Myrskyla, Kohler and Billari suggest that these East Asian countries are exceptions to the rising birth rates at the highest HDI levels, perhaps because they aren't doing enough to encourage work-family accomondations and gender equality.) -facilitate work-family balance and gender equality for women, so birth rates keep falling. -facilitate work-family balance and gender equality for women, so birth rates start rising. -ignore work-family balance and gender equality for women, so birth rates start rising.

Potter, Schmertmann and Cavenaghi found that more education for women predicted lower birth rates:

*in both urban and rural areas (The strong link between more education for women and lower birth rates held true across all regions of the country and in urban as well as rural areas.)

The authors found that fertility decline in Brazil began:

*in urban areas and the south and spread to rural areas and the north (Fertility decline, like mortality decline, started in urban areas. It also tended to spread from the more-developed south to the less-developed northern part of the country.) -in rural areas and the south and spread to urban areas and the north -in urban areas and the north and spread to rural areas and the south -in rural areas in the north and spread to urban areas and the south

The "employment" effect that Mosk suggests to account for pre-war trends in marriage age in rural Japan predicts that:

*increasing opportunities for young women to work encouraged their parents to keep them unmarried. (When parents controlled the wealth flowing upward from their employed daughters, they hated to see them move off and become part of some other family instead.) -decreasing opportunities for adult women to work encouraged them to have more children. -increasing opportunities for adult women to work caused them to have fewer children. -decreasing opportunities for young women to work encouraged their parents to marry them off early.

When old established states experienced war, pestilence or disasters, Malthus thought that his principle of population:

*insured that they would recover their original populations.(This ability of populations to recover quickly from losses was more evidence for Malthus that population growth was a gift from God.) -allowed their more populous neighbors to take them over. -caused the disasters due to previous over-population. -ceased to operate in such states due to the disasters

The 1986 census of Iran showed that compared to the previous census, during the years of revolutionary turmoil and the war with Iraq the population of Iran had:

*jumped by 39 percent to about 50 million people.

By the time of the 1803 edition of his Essay, Malthus viewed conveniences of life produced by the manufacturing sector as:

*key to developing a taste for luxuries as preventive check to population (Already by 1803 Malthus saw cheap luxuries as a distraction that could be a preventive check on population.) -causing the appearance of persistent inequality and social classes. -important commodities to export in exchange for more food. -frivolous "silks and laces" that did not really add to national wealth.

The "dependency" effect that Mosk suggests to account for pre-war trends in marriage age in rural Japan predicts that people got married:

*later when infant mortality was lower because fewer births were needed to guarantee surviving adult children. (When infant mortality declined, people could marry later and have fewer children, and still be confident that they would have adult children to care for them when they got old.) -earlier when infant mortality was lower because fewer births were needed to guarantee surviving adult children. -later when infant mortality was lower because more births were needed to guarantee surviving adult children. -earlier when infant morality was lower because more births were needed to guarantee surviving adult children.

In the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the government of Japan:

*legalized abortion and the birth rate dropped. ( The new constitution imposed on Japan by the victorious Allies led to further legislation in 1948 legalizing abortion. The birth rate dropped immediately, but also kept on declining even when abortion rates also started to decline....)

In Brazil Sastry found that infant and child deaths were reported:

*less by more educated women and less by women with clean piped water. (Both higher education and access to clean piped water had strong main effects reducing infant and child deaths according to Sastry's model results.)

Compared to the South/Southeast regions of Brazil, Sastry finds that the Northeast region has:

*lower economic development and higher infant/child mortality. (The Northeast region of Brazil, around the Amazon delta, is very poor and economically less developed, so it also has higher infant and child mortality.)

Lesthaeghe suggests that the second demographic transition will lead to people:

*marrying later, which will cause lower fertility (Lesthaeghe predicts that people will postpone marriage in pursuit of personal fulfillment, and that this will mean they start later and have fewer children.)

The McKinlays take issue with one particular explanation that they say was NOT the reason for rapid declines in contagious disease mortality in the early 20th century. The explanation that they say had little or nothing to do with those declines was:

*medical and pharmaceutical advances (The target of the McKinlays' study is the idea that better medicines and advances in medical techniques can explain most or all of the falling death rates of the early 20th century. Instead, they argue that these factors explained almost none of that mortality decline.) - improvements in water and sewer systems - improving diet and nutrition -mutual adaptation of human hosts and pathogens

McNicoll thinks that the label "Malthusian" as applied to people today who are against population growth is:

*mistaken, because Malthus saw population growth as good. (Malthus was a populationist, so it is wrong-headed to call opponents of population growth "Malthusians.") -mistaken, because Malthus saw population growth as bad. - correct, because Malthus saw population growth as good. -correct, because Malthus saw population growth as bad.

Lesthaeghe linked the second demographic transition to the gender revolution and the contraceptive revolution starting a half-century ago. As noted in the lecture, these revolutions can explain:

*more delayed marriage but not more childbearing outside marriage. (While better contraceptives and more independence for women can explain delayed marriage, these changes should have reduced childbearing outside of as well as within marriage.) - more childbearing outside marriage but not more delayed marriage. -neither delayed marriage nor more childbearing outside marriage. -both delayed marriage and more childbearing outside marriage.

Lesthaeghe suggests that the second demographic transition will make births outside marriage:

*more likely, increasing the birth rate (Since marriage becomes less important, unmarried people also can start to have children whenever they feel like it, and this means more births than if this trend did not occur.)

The one possible explanatory factor that Mason thinks might be an exception, and that might ALWAYS be required to start fertility declines, was:

*mortality decline (She doesn't find any cases of falling birth rates where death rates (especially infant death rates) do not also decline. All other factors seem to be missing in at least some cases of fertility decline.) -cultural diffusion -urbanization -industrialization

Comparing the timing of fastest mortality declines and fastest increases in health spending in the United States, the McKinlays show us that:

*mortality declines came mostly before mid-century. and spending increases came mostly after mid-century. (Since most of the declines in deaths from each considered cause happened BEFORE medical advances against it had appeared, it is very difficult to argue that such advances were responsible for the declines in mortality.) -mortality declines came mostly after mid-century, and spending increases came mostly before mid-century. -both mortality declines and spending increases came mostly after mid-century. -both mortality declines and spending increases came mostly before mid-century.

The main argument of the McKinlays about what did or did not cause 20th-century U.S. declines in mortality rests on the fact that:

*most of the mortality declines happened before the advances were discovered. (For most of the considered causes of death, most or all of the declines in death rates had already happened by the time various vaccines and other treatments were discovered.) -most of the declines came in parts of the country with least medical care. -most of the declines came for causes where advances never were discovered. -most of the declines happened after the advances were discovered.

The 1986 census of Iran revealed to the fundamentalist Islamic clerics in control of the country that:

*nearly half the population was under age 14.

By 2005, the relation between Human Development Index levels and TFR values tended to be:

*negative below HDI=0.86 but positive above that level.(As HDI scores pass this critical level, apparently countries can start to experience a resurgence in their birth rates.) -positive for HDI=0,86 but negative above that level. -negative for TFR values below 2.5 but positive above that value. -positive for TFR values below 2.5 but negative above that value.

To explain differences and trends in infant and child mortality in regions of Brazil, Sastry considers all of the following factors EXCEPT:

*number of prenatal doctor visits (Sastry considers all the other possible factors, but his data have no information about doctor visits or other prenatal care during pregnancy.) - access to clinics and hospitals - women's educational attainment - availability of clean piped water

Which of the "multiphasic responses" that Davis described in Japan played a role in slowing population growth without actually affecting birth rates?

*out-migration (All the other choices reduced birth rates, but out-migration simply removed people from a local population after they were already born.) - induced abortion -permanent celibacy -delayed marriage ages

The modernization thesis underlying Smith's portrait of Nigerian kin-based patronage argues that the larger scale and rapid pace of modern urban commercial life will forcibly replace:

*particularlistic kinship ties with universalistic non-kin ties. (The classic modernization argument is that traditional kinship ties based on treating each person differently based on personal characteristics (particularism) breaks down under the pressures of modernization, giving way to standardized rules of interaction (universalism).)

Botero's twin pillars that best encourage the Virtue Nutritive and more population are:

*peace and justice -births and deaths -exports and imports -famine and pestilence

Which of the "multiphasic responses" that Davis describes for lowering population growth was NOT present in Japan, according to his analysis?

*permanent celibacy (Despite delays in marriage timing, virtually all men and women were still married in Japan before the end of the childbearing ages. There was no appreciable permanent singlehood or celibacy.) -out-migration -induced abortion -delayed marriage ages

Comparing potential rates of growth for population and subsistence, Malthus asserted that:

*population can grow geometrically, while the food supply can grow only arithmetically. (The faster potential growth of population than subsistence is the root of all our troubles, according to Malthus.) -both population and the food supply can grow geometrically. -both population and the food supply can grow only arithmetically. -population can grow only arithmetically, while the food supply can grow geometrically.

What happens to this experimental example utopia when Malthus adds the principle of population?

*population growth leads to scarcity and all the old problems come back.(Malthus was convinced that population pressure would wreck any socialist utopia in as little as fifty years.) -population growth is prevented by oppresive government regulations. -population growth leads to economic growth and even greater prosperity. -population growth is prevented by enlightenment among the people.

One possible limitation affecting Lee and Feng's low estimates of marital fertility in China around 1800 could be that:

*positive checks (infanticide) might mean some births were not counted. (Since they used Chinese family trees, only surviving births would be counted. All the other responses are completely wrong and could not be the answer) -a significant share of Chinese births could have been outside marriages. -their records only come from the largest Chinese cities like Beijing. -the communist government forced women to have fewer births.

In Table 2 of the article, the coefficient predicting birth rates from infant mortality is:

*positive, meaning people have more babies where infant death rates are higher. (The strongly positive coefficient for infant mortality rates means that people are having "extra" babies to compensate for the loss (or potential loss) of other births in high-mortality areas.)

Based on their evidence from Brazil, Potter, Schmertmann and Cavenaghi conclude that the process of modernization and economic development:

*predicts lower fertility levels throughout the thirty-year period they studied. (This research provides evidence against arguments that development and modernization are poor predictors of fertility decline; in Brazil, indicators of development were excellent predictors of TFR values throughout the 30-year fertility decline.)

Malthus, as described by Lee and Feng, believed that in his day (around 1800) delayed marriage as a preventive check to population growth, was:

*present in England but absent in China. (Malthus knew that the average age at marriage, particularly for women, was much later in England of his day than the young/early average age at marriage in China at that time.) -present in China but absent in England. - present in both England and China. -absent in both England and China.

An example of a community-level variable used by Sastry to predict infant survival in Brazil would be:

*prevalence of water and sewer connections from municipal statistical records. ( Community-level measures included water, electric and sewer connections, access to medical facilities, and other characteristics of municipalities.) -years of maternal education from municipal records. -years of maternal education from a household sample survey. -prevalence of water and sewer connections from a household sample survey.

Preventive checks to population described by Malthus:

*prevent births through concern over future consequences.(Moral restraint and a foresight of the consequences of having children could lead civilized people to avoid unwanted births.) -prevent births through epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. -prevent deaths through improved sanitation and nutrition. - prevent deaths through increased spending on medical care.

Botero did NOT say that ancient Rome:

*propered by losing fewer men in war than their enemies -grew from 3 thousand to 400 thousand -reached a max size beyond which it could not grow - was the largest city-state then known in history

Compared to the pre-revolutionary government of the Shah, when the Islamic revolutionaries seized power in Iran their initial attitude about family planning:

*rejected the family planning programs of the Shah and called for higher birth rates. (The initial attitude of the Iranian revolutionaries rejected anything to do with the Shah's government as part of an imperialist plot from the West, including his rudimentary and mostly ineffective family planning programs.) -continued the Shah's opposition and rejected all family planning programs. -rejected the Shah's opposition and welcomed new family planning programs. -adopted the family planning programs of the Shah and reinforced them.

Potter, Schmertmann and Cavenaghi do not include information from the remote northwest Amazon jungle region in most of their analysis because:

*reliable census data was not available for all years in the region. (Without the census data that they relied on to estimate both past births and past infant deaths, they had no way of studying this part of the country.) -birth and death rates never declined in the region. -demographic trends in the region were the same as the rest of the country. -the population of the region was too small to measure birth rates.

The phrase "having people" in the title of Smith's article refers above all to the Nigerian custom of:

*relying on patronage from your powerful kinship group. (The tradition of particularistic favors between members of the same kinship group is strong in Nigerian society, as it was in virtually all traditional societies before the rise of the international money economy and expansion of modern commercial cities.) -making connections with powerful agents of foreign companies. -having large families despite the concerns of your relatives. -inviting all your neighbors and sharing your food and hospitality.

Franklin cites all of the following as diminishing a nation, EXCEPT:

*replacement of rural farming occupations by urban manufacturing jobs (he encouraged more manufacturing jobs and described the other options as diminishing to a nation) -corrupt government and inefficient trade/manufacturing -conquest and loss of territory to foreign powers -population decline related to the institution of slavery

Mason concludes that before birth rates can fall, attitudes about the number of children that families consider ideal must:

*shift to a preference for fewer children. ( Though she does not specify what might change these family size ideals for people in different contexts, she can't imagine birth rates going down until this happens.) -start out already with a preference for fewer children. -remain at a preference for more children -shift to a preference for more children.

When Malthus wrote in 1803 that nobody has a natural human "right" to food, he was arguing that policies to improve the distribution of resources:

*should not be described in terms of natural rights. (Malthus recognized that every natural right implies obligations of others to satisfy it, and this would violate the private property rights of people who produce the food.) -should never be adopted. -should recognize the right to some minimum food standard. -should require distribution of all food equally to all people.

According to Franklin, slave labor in the American colonies was not a threat to English factories because:

*slaves in America cost owners more than wage laborers cost factory owners in England. (Franklin presented calculations showing American slaves were actually more expensive than wage laborers in English factories) -slaves in America cost owners less than wage laborers cost factory owners in America. -slaves in America cost owners less than wage laborers cost factory owners in England. -slaves in America cost owners more than wage laborers cost factory owners in America.

The "diffusion" explanations for transition that Kirk reviews tend to:

*support cultural/ideational theories but not economic theories. (Kirk points out that it seems to be ideas and cultural values that diffuse from one society to another, and that this appears sometimes to be linked to fertility decline.)

Sastry gets his information about infant and child death rates in Brazil from:

*survey responses about children ever born and children still living. (Vital statistics in Brazil are not universal enough or accurate enough for use in research of this type, so Sastry must rely on survey responses of women.) -death certificates registered in Brazilian vital statistics. -both birth and death certificates from Brazilian vital statistics. -birth certificates registered in Brazilian vital statistics.

When considering the "carrot" of modernization and incentives versus the "stick" of overpopulation and misery, Davis concluded that the multiphasic responses he observed were due to:

*the "carrot" in both Japan and Ireland. (Davis strongly believed that the multiphasic responses that lowered birth rates in response to mortality decline were ALWAYS motivated by new opportunities rather than by overpopulation or misery.) - the "stick" in both Japan and Ireland. -the "carrot" in Japan but the "stick" in Ireland. -the "stick" in Japan but the "carrot" in Ireland.

Compared to other countries, the HDI ranking for the United States is at:

*the 94th percentile for education oif adults but the 76th percentile for expected education of students. (Several generations ago, the United States led nearly all the world in educational attainment. But in recent decades, many countries have caught up and passed the United States in education of new generations.) -the 76th percentile for both education of adults and expected education of students. -the 76th percentile for education of adults but the 94th percentile for expected education of students. -the 94th percentile for both education of adults and expected education of students.

Smith's interviews with migrants to Kano city revealed that one major reason they wanted an average of four children was because:

*the costs of formal schooling made more children too expensive. (Having four children was a compromise between the new costs of children in a modern urban setting and the continued demands of relatives for lots of new members of the extended family.) -each additional child brought more government support. -these children could work and help to support the family. -their relatives pressured them not to have more than four.

Following the 1986 census, the Iranian government's policy on family planning programs reflected their understanding that:

*they had to limit population to deliver on their promises of health care and education. (Although they were worried about military losses prior to the 1986 census, they then realized that they would lose the support of the huge rural population if they didn't deliver on their promises of health care and education.)

Which of the following is NOT one of the preconditions that Ansley Coale suggested (as described by Kirk) before people will deliberately limit the number of their births?

*they must see other people around them limiting births. (Coale's preconditions for birth control do NOT include the "diffusion" argument that people can do this simply by imitation of others. It requires a deliberate rational choice on their part.) -they must consciously see this number as a choice they can make. -they must see an advantage to having fewer births -they must have access to techniques for limiting births.

Declining returns to added labor in agriculture would mean that Malthus' assumption of long-term steady arithmetic growth of the food supply was:

*too optimistic because linear growth could not be sustained indefinitely. (Even a steady linear increase in the food supply, far slower than potential population growth, was described by Malthus as "far beyond the truth.") -exactly right because linear growth results from declining returns to labor. -exactly the opposite of expected growth because he assumed increasing returns to labor. -too pessimistic because declining returns to labor predict geometric growth of the food supply.

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the Human Development Index as used by Myrskyla, Kohler and Billari to measure levels of development across countries?

*total fertility rate (The Total Fertility Rate is what the authors are trying to predict, not part of the HDI they use as an explanation.) -gross national income per person - educational attainment -life expectancy at birth

To protect its terms of trade, England in Franklin's day:

*tried to keep its colonies from building factories (the advantage in terms of trade comes from importing raw materials and exporting finished goods at a profit) -eliminated tariffs on manufactures brought into England -encouraged its colonies to build many factories -exported its raw materials to colonies for manufacturing

Smith concluded that the migrants from Ubakala to Kano city in Nigeria show that Jack Caldwell's theory about modernization:

*was right, because children were changing from economic assets to liabilities.(Caldwell believed that modernization reverses the traditional flow of wealth from children to parents, so that it flows from parents to children instead. This makes children expensive and lowers birth rates, and Smith observes this among his respondents who had migrated to the city.)

Potter, Schmertmann and Cavenaghi expect to find that declines in the birth rate:

*were earlier and faster in the south than the north because the south was more developed. (The southern temperate part of Brazil is much more urbanized and economically prosperous than the northern regions, and this is linked to lower birth rates.) -were earlier and faster in the north than the south because the north was more developed. -were earlier and faster in the south than the north because the south was less developed. -were earlier and faster in the north than the south because the north was less developed.

McNicoll thinks that calling the advocates of government-supported family planning contraceptive programs "Malthusian" is:

*wrong, because Malthus viewed contraception as a vice. (While contraceptives can be preventive checks to population, Malthus viewed them as undesirable vices of people who lacked moral restraint.) -wrong, because Malthus believed contraceptives as a blessing. -correct, because Malthus viewed contraception as a vice. - correct, because Malthus viewed contraceptives as a blessing.

Malthus' view of population always pressing on the means of subsistence and his description of different habits of living that prevail in different states:

???

What does Botero mean by "virtue nutritive" and "virtue generative"? Are these part of human nature or products of culture?

-the virtue nutritive is the means of subsistence -virtue generative is the ability to produce like fertility; Botero argues this is always consistent because men are as apt today as they were in the times of David and Moses -population growth is limited by both virtue nutritive and generative -

The share of the displaced Syrian population living in internationally monitored and assisted camps in Turkey, rather than being mixed in with the Turkish population in ordinary settlements, was as of 2015/16 about:

10% of the total number of Syrians in the country.

Alexander uses data from the 1940 U.S. Census to study the Great Migration because:

1940 marked the first use of the "residence five years ago" question.

How do the number of Syrian refugees living in Turkey compare to those in western Europe and the United States today, a couple of years beyond the article by Baban and colleagues?

4 million in Turkey, 400,000 in Europe and 20,000 in the USA.

Of the more than three million Turks living outside Turkey around the turn of the century, Turkish workers and their families living in Germany represent about:

50 percent of the total.

Compared to the official projections of life expectancy by 2065 made by the Office of the Actuary in the U.S. Social Security Administration, Lee and Tuljapurkar argue that life expectancy should be:

86.1 years instead of 80.7 years.

According to McNicoll, how would Malthus have judged a society with a shrinking population? Does this make Malthus a populationist, or not?

???

According to the McKinlays' Figure 2, when did U.S. death rates fall? When did medical expenditures rise? What does this say about the connection between them?

???

Against which causes were advances more noticeable in Japan than in Sweden?

???

As Japan's life expectancy caught up to and passed Sweden's, what ages contributed most to Japan's success?

???

At what critical level of the human development index does the relation to fertility rates appear to change in recent years?

???

Describe the "own children" method for estimating past birth rates from survey data, and explain why this method was necessary in studying Iran.

???

Describe the geographic pattern of fertility decline in Brazil between 1960 and 1991--where did it start? How did it spread?

???

Describe the sequence of changes in birth and death rates in a "classic" demographic transition. What objections have been raised to this picture as a valid historical generalization?

???

Describe the various behavioral responses that Davis documents for Japanese who felt they were having too many births.

???

Discuss Mason's reaction to the idea that people in high-fertility societies do not or cannot "plan" their births, and what this has to do with fertility decline.

???

Does Davis think the Japanese multiphasic response was driven by increasing Malthusian misery and vice, or by increasing prosperity and opportunity? Explain.

???

During the 20th century what pattern emerged relating fertility rates to social and economic development?

???

Environmental damage and limits often motivate population debates today--was Malthus also concerned about these issues? Explain his position.

???

Explain how Franklin views the economic costs of slavery compared to paid labor, and what he has to say about its social costs

???

Explain how and why falling infant death rates and rising job opportunities affected marriage age in rural pre-war Japan, according to Mosk.

???

For Lee and Wang, how did China and the West differ historically in relying on late marriage versus fertility control within marriage to control population?

???

From Mosk's Table 1, compare the pace of prewar (1920-35) and postwar (1950-60) fertility decline in Japan.

???

How and why does Mosk think birth rates were affected by Japanese laws gradually increasing mandatory school attendance for children?

???

How are childbearing patterns different in the second demographic transition, with respect to marital status of parents and timing of births?

???

How are modernization and westernization different, according to Caldwell? What does westernization have to do with intergenerational wealth flows, and how does this affect fertility?

???

How do Lee and Feng measure births? Do you see any limitations to their conclusions stemming from this measurement approach?

???

How do child mortality rates differ in different regions of Brazil, and what are some of the possible causes of this difference Sastry considers?

???

How do people moving to Nigeria's growing cities describe their reasons for limiting the number of their children?

???

How do the authors explain Japanese success in particular age groups and against certain causes of death?

???

How does Botero compare Greek and Roman beliefs about proper size for city-states?

???

How does Lesthaeghe suggest that marriage patterns are different in the first versus second demographic transitions?

???

How does Mason think that mortality decline affects fertility decline--what is the connection, and when is it an important influence?

???

How does availability of clean piped water affect child survival for less-educated versus more-educated mothers in Northeast Brazil?

???

How high was Iran's peak TFR around 1980, compared to 2000? When did the rate begin to change dramatically?

???

How is availability of specialized health care related to infant survival in southeast Brazil? How does Sastry explain this pattern?

???

How many children do city dwellers in Nigeria typically want? Explain how this results from balancing reasons for controlling fertility versus "having people."

???

How, according to Franklin, does owning slaves affect the humber of children that slave-owners bear? Why does this happen?

???

In cross-sectional results, were fertility effects stronger in rural or in urban areas for mothers' education, electrification, and jobs for women?

???

What are a couple of ways that Mason (see Table 1) says pretransition conditions differed in Europe, Asia and Africa? What factor does she say was important in all three areas for fertility decline?

???

What argument does Franklin use to suggest that England should allow industry and factories in the American colonies?

???

What changes in Iran might explain observed fertility decline, including its patterns by region and urban-rural location?

???

What is it about welfare and other anti-poverty programs that McNicoll says Malthus didn't like? Was he "flint-hearted" about the poor?

???

What is kin-based patronage, and what does it have to do with the fertility behavior of Nigerians today?

???

What is the modern "heresy" that the McKinlays bring up in their article, and why is this idea viewed as heretical?

???

What is the new pattern relating fertility to development above the critical level identified by Myrskyla? Name at least three countries that fit into this new pattern.

???

What measures of development did Potter and colleagues consider, as possible explanations of birth rate changes?

???

What pattern of positive versus preventive checks did Malthus think operated in China? What do Lee and Feng think was wrong with his picture of that country?

???

What possible explanations does Lesthaeghe suggest for why the second demographic transition happens?

???

What was the demographic stimulus that Davis says provoked many different responses in Japan? Which possible response did they NOT use?

???

Which causes of death might have declined due to medical advances and interventions? How much of the overall mortality decline would this explain?

???

The most popular destinations for native-born U.S. citizens relocating to new cities between 1985 and 1995 tended to be places like:

Atlanta GA, where low numbers of immigrants were settling at that time.

What deviation did Das Gupta and Bhat observe in these populations from the normal human sex ratio at birth, and what did this mean to them?

Births included more boys than normal, suggesting sex selection during pregnancy.

Carlson suggests that the sudden "spike" in the Total Fertility Rate in Romania in the late 1960s occurred because:

Ceausescu's sudden ban on birth control caused a temporary deviation from the underlying trend.

In his state-by-state results in Table 1, which state might be taken as the strongest evidence that immigrants stimulate economic growth and encourage in-migration of native-born workers, rather than encouraging out-migration of native-born workers through increased job competition?

Florida

How did Germany feel about Turkey's idea to "export" surplus Turkish workers to Germany, so they could work there?

Germany welcomed Turkish workers because there was a German labor shortage in the postwar period.

For Fargues, what in particular has changed in the modern world, to make what he calls ideational remittances so much more powerful today than in previous decades/centuries?

Immigrants have transnational lives still in contact with their origin societies.

Das Gupta and Bhat present evidence of the anomalous pattern of sex selection that they study in populations including:

India, China and Korea.

By far the largest national origin group of immigrants settling in what Waters and Jimenez call "new gateway communities" (see their Table 1) came from:

Mexico

In his Table 2 showing cities with the largest number of immigrants (top half of the table), which of these cities experienced net in-migration rather than out-migration of native-born citizens during the 1985-1990 period?

Miami

Which of these top "new gateway states" in terms of foreign-born residents by 2000, as described by Waters and Jimenez in their Table 1, did NOT border either Florida or California?

North Carolina

If we ignore short-term fluctuations due to sudden drastic government policy shifts, all of these countries generally showed parallels between labor force growth and fertility rates as predicted by the inverted Kornai-Easterlin hypothesis, EXCEPT:

Poland

Within India, Das Gupta and Bhat find that the largest deficits of girl births and highest excess mortality for girls after birth happens in Indian states like:

Punjab in the northwest part of the country.

What major reason given for moving by Chinese people who migrated between 1995 and 2000 does not normally show up in surveys of migrants in most countries?

The government blew up my house.

Does Botero think that growth of a city's population is a good or bad thing? What determines how long such growth can continue?

To an extent

The share of China's total population living in urban areas changed from:

about 13% in 1953 to about 50% in 2010.

A society can experience rapid urban population growth with no actual urbanization of the population at all, if:

WRONG ( birth rates are lower in rural areas than in urban areas.)

When death rates continue to fall in a low-mortality population, most lives are saved at:

WRONG ( young ages, making the population younger. )

Pampel replicates Easterlin's measure of "relative cohort size," which:

WRONG (divides ages 30-64 / 15-29, so high values mean relatively few mature workers.)

Which of the following was NOT one of the features of European countries that Pampel measured, to try to explain differences in the strength of Easterlin effects in these countries?

WRONG (extent of government support for child daycare programs)

Das Gupta and Bhat find that as the fertility rate declined in India, the deficit of girls among live births (indicating prenatal sex selection through abortion) has:

WRONG (gotten smaller, supporting the intensification effect hypothesis.)

Pampel measures female labor force participation rates in each country because he thinks that relative cohort size will:

WRONG (have more effect on fertility when more women have jobs.)

Based on his theoretical discussion, how does Frey expect internal migration patterns of native-born U.S. citizens to compare to patterns of immigrant settlement in various parts of the country?

WRONG (immigrants will seek destinations that also attract native-born workers, to take advantage of the economic growth caused by those workers.)

The one-tenth of all Syrian refugees in Turkey who were living in United-Nations-sponsored camps near the Syrian border were among the:

WRONG (latest arrivals with the most protected living conditions.)

Ogawa and Retherford think that trends in female labor force participation will make the success of the Golden Plan:

WRONG (more likely because working women will pay more taxes so the government can support the elderly.)

Waters and Jimenez do NOT suggest that in measuring assimilation of immigrants, we should compare the immigrants to:

WRONG (native-born descendants of previous immigrants from the same origin country, living in the destination country)

The "ideational" aspect of what Fargues calls ideational remittances refers to immigrants':

WRONG (new ideas that people in a destination society learn from immigrants.)

Pampel suggests that Easterlin's relative cohort size effects on fertility should:

WRONG (occur only when Keynesian policies generate naturally-occuring business cycles.)

When death rates begin to fall in a high-mortality population, most lives are saved at:

WRONG (old ages, making the population older. )

Ogawa and Retherford describe the Japanese government's Golden Plan, which is designed to:

WRONG (provide expanded institutional care for old people who do not live with families.)

Coale notes that over the course of a country's progress through the demographic transition, progressive declines in the death rate make the average age of the country:

WRONG (younger and younger throughout the transition. )

Frey's basic hypothesis is that immigrants entering local labor markets create:

a "push" factor encouraging native-born workers to leave the areas where immigrants are arriving.

The item from the Easterlin checklist that was completely absent in the state-socialist economies of eastern Europe under communist control was:

a competitive labor market

According to Ross, a demographic dividend begins to appear when:

a falling birth rate causes the share of young dependents to decrease.

Turkey's government expected all of the following benefits from "exporting" workers to Germany, EXCEPT:

a lower birth rate due to increased incomes for women working in Germany.

Which of the following measures was NOT included in Pampel's Collectivism index that he calculated for various countries?

a measure of concentration of the population in one centralized urban area

Easterlin argues that the early marriages and high birth rate after World War II reflected a combination of:

a small generation of young adults encountering a rapid increase in the demand for labor.

According to Alexander's Figure 1, the Great Migration out of the American South occurred in two waves, with:

a smaller wave between 1910 and 1930, and a larger wave between 1940 and 1960.

During the 1950s when Davis was observing Japan, he found that:

abortion rates increased and birth rates fell ( Davis lists induced abortions as one of the "responses" that people used to avoid births, after infant death rates fell and more babies were surviving.)

As of the end of 2015 and early 2016 when Baban and colleagues were writing this article, the Syrian refugees living in Turkey amounted to:

about 2,700,000 people.

Although it is not one of the reasons officially given by the European Union for delaying Turkey's admission to the EU, one of the main unspoken fears in European countries of such admission is almost certainly that:

admission would produce a huge new wave of labor migration into Europe.

Which of the following does NOT appear on the check-list of conditions that must be present in a society before we should expect Easterlin cycles linking relative cohort size to birth rates?

an elderly post-transition population

Among the different possible meanings of the term "urbanization," Fox restricts this word to mean only:

an increase in the percentage of a population found in urban places.

Easterlin was disappointed to see that his predictions for the 1980s did not seem to come true. This might have been because:

another immigration wave started entering the country after the 1960s..

Compared to Japan's National Pension Scheme, benefits from the alternative Employees Pension Scheme:

are higher and more comprehensive but cover mainly employees of big businesses.

Historically, the timing of the demographic dividend in South Asian countries like India and European countries like Germany:

are nearly over for Germany and just starting for India.

If a new influenza pandemic infected half of the American population, but the fatality rate was only one percent, the number of deaths would be:

around 1.5 million deaths, about the same as all stroke, cancer and heart attack deaths

Taubenberger and Morens estimate that the 1918 influenza pandemic that struck the United States in the wake of World War One led to an excess over normal U.S. mortality levels of:

around 560,000 excess deaths

Ross explains that a country's demographic dividend is only temporary because:

as smaller birth cohorts age, the share of elderly people rises and restores the original balance.

In the vocabulary of research on immigrants in their new host societies,

assimilation is what the society does about immigrants and acculturation is what immigrants do in the society.

Ross explains that a demographic dividend experienced by any country:

begins with a smaller share of young dependents and ends with a rising share of elderly dependents.

Contrary to popular press interpretations, Preston actually said that over time the living situation for American elderly was getting:

better because they depended mostly on the government for resources.

The main causes of death implicated in the dramatic mortality change in Hungary under state socialism involved:

big increases in deaths from smoking, drinking and suicide.

The hemagglutinen (H) protein molecules on the surface of the influenza virus:

bind the virus to a lung cell and then spill the virus parts out inside the cell.

In newer research since their original article appeared, Case and Deaton also have found that the problem of rising death rates appears to concentrate only in:

birth cohorts in the Baby Boom generation (born after World War Two)

Fargues explains that according to the "gravity model" for explaining migration, more people are more likely to migrate when two populations are:

both large and the origin is closer to the destination.

The basic building blocks of social and political organization in Botero's day were

city-states

Which condition needed for Easterlin's relative cohort size hypothesis to predict birth rates was MISSING from the state socialist economies of eastern Europe?

competitive labor market so large cohorts suffer and small cohorts prosper

The age distribution of a typical immigrant population tends to:

concentrate in the working ages.

The main advantage of a demographic dividend is that the change in the share of people in young dependent ages:

consume fewer resources, leaving more capital for savings, investment and economic growth.

Fox concluded from his evidence that urbanization in the ten largest African countries:

continued because urban death rates fell even without economic development.

Both before and after Liang and Ma's article was published in 2004, compared to people's incomes in urban areas the incomes of rural Chinese people have:

continued to decline, to less than a third of urban incomes today.

During the postwar state socialist period in Hungary, death rates:

continued to fall for both children and the most elderly people.

If an immigrant population comes from a sending country with a much higher birth rate, the fertility of the immigrants is likely to:

converge rapidly to match the fertility of the host society.

Reflecting Coale's finding that mortality decline can have opposite effects on a population's average age depending on the stage of the demographic transition, Lee and Tuljapurkar specify that in the United States we are looking at a situation where:

death rates are falling and making the population older.

The example of Bulgaria shows that during the state socialist period the Total Fertility Rate:

declined when the labor force grew more slowly, and stabilized when the labor force grew at a steady rate.

According to Martin, Midgley & Teitelbaum, the cases of Mexican migration to the USA under the NAFTA treaty and Turkish migration to Europe after admission to the European Union are:

different because the NAFTA treaty was expected to reduce Mexican migration but admission was expected to increase Turkish migration.

One of the possible explanations mentioned for why the rising death rates might have concentrated within one particular generation might be:

disappearance of pensions and other forms of security for later life.

Pampel admits that there might be problems with his measure of female labor force participation because it:

does not distinguish between part-time and full-time work.

Kuznets, Easterlin's mentor, proposed that originally:

economic booms caused more immigration and recessions caused less immigration.

Carlson measured the change in the labor force as young entrants minus exits by older retirees because in the absence of a competitive labor market:

economic expansion affected all ages rather than just the youngest cohorts.

Fox questions the standard explanation that urbanization happens when people are drawn to migrate to cities by economic growth, because in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s:

economic growth stopped but urbanization continued.

To take full advantage of the demographic dividend, and to reinforce fertility decline, Ross suggests that if possible the best economic strategy would:

encourage more jobs for young women in particular.

Of the various considered solutions to the problem of intergenerational transfers in an aging Italian population, the only one that Grant actually considers to be a reasonable possibility involves:

encouraging Italian women to have more second and especially third births.

Coale insists that in the long run, the birth rate in a country must eventually:

equal the death rate, allowing a stable population size.

The measures of assimilation that Waters and Jimenez review as commonly-used in research on immigrant adaption do NOT include:

extent of church attendance with native-born persons.

The fundamental problem facing the Japanese government, as described by Ogawa and Retherford, is that the population of dependents is:

falling at the youngest ages, but increasing at the oldest ages.

Which of the following is NOT one of the scenarios tested by Grant to see what would happen to the Italian population during the rest of this century?

falling death rates, TFR constant at 1.2, no migration

The fact that Abbasi-Shavazi and McDonald observed essentially parallel declines in fertility across geographic regions of Iran with very different starting levels and rates of economic development leads them to conclude that:

family planning programs were having a significant country-wide impact.

Espenshade and other researchers looking at local labor markets came to the conclusion that areas with lots of immigrants experienced:

faster wage increases and lower unemployment rates.

In addition to direct labor market effects, Frey also speculates that immigrants might affect migration of native-born populations based on:

fears of increasing crime and other prejudicial stereotypes.

Compared to "floating" migrants moving between Chinese counties/provinces, the permanent migrants were:

fewer in number but better-educated.

Chinese people living in big cities without a hukou document authorizing residence usually:

find jobs with private indidividuals and firms.

The authors' research in India found unnatural higher death rates for girls than for boys at all birth orders EXCEPT for:

first births

Over the last few decades, the official retirement age in the U.S. has been rising. This attempt to solve the problem described by Lee and Tuljapurkar reflects their estimate that we will have to work one year longer:

for every three years added to life expectancy.

In order to keep Social Security benefits level if life expectancy reaches 87 years by 2070, Lee and Tuljapurkar's Table 2 shows that the FICA taxes taken out of your paycheck will have to increase:

from the 2000 level of 12% to 24%.

The pattern of "corridors" of movement for people in the Great Migration predicts that likely destinations for migrants would be:

from the Carolinas to Philadelphia, but from Mississippi to Chicago

Frey uses the term "balkanization" in his title to describe migration patterns in the U.S. because he sees:

geographic sorting-out of groups based on nativity and ethnicity.

The authors devote considerable attention towards the end of their article on what they feel is the biggest and most fundamental problem affecting the status of Syrians in Turkey, which is the problem of:

getting the right to work and finding jobs.

Janos Kornai's concept of a "soft" budget constraint meant that:

government-owned firms didn't have to make a profit, so they would always hire as many employees as possible.

According to Baban, Ilcan and Rygiel, the most likely long-term outcome for displaced Syrian people now sheltering in Turkey is that eventually the overwhelming majority of them will:

have to find a permanent place within Turkish society.

The example given by Fargues of labor migrants from Turkey to low-fertility countries and from Egypt to high-fertility countries shows that ideational remittances:

help explain why birth rates fell more in Turkey than in Egypt.

Fox suggests that there was little or no urbanization of human societies prior to the demographic transition because:

high urban death rates balanced net inmigration and prevented growth.

Das Gupta and Bhat found that in the populations they studied, in the first few years of life after birth little girls tended to have:

higher death rates than little boys, due to different support from parents.

Ogawa and Retherford document the fact that compared to other advanced urban-industrial societies, the extent of multigenerational households in Japan, including the elderly as well as parents and children, is:

higher than average, but falling and unlikely to solve the problem of care for the elderly.

If a population pyramid stacking up age groups of men on one side and women on the other shows a big "bite" out of both men and women for certain age groups (for example, ages 40 to 44) relative to others, we can assume that:

historical events produced lower birth rates 40 to 45 years ago.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the explanation offered by Fargues, for why international migration has reduced total world population?

immigrants from high-fertility developing countries stimulate rising birth rates among native residents of low-fertility developed countries.

The Kuznets cycles in the rate of growth of the U.S. economy, at the heart of Easterlin's analysis, are documented starting:

in the early 1800s with the start of urbanization and industrialization

An important lesson that the United States could learn from Japan, if we pay attention, might be that intergenerational transfers to the elderly must:

include more in-kind family care because no economy can fully monetize care of dependents.

Once a high-fertility developing country moves forward toward completing the demographic transition, Fargues suggests that the migrants moving out of such a population are likely to:

include more people who have not yet married or had children.

A sociological definition of an urban population usually includes all of the following EXCEPT:

incomes and standard of living above some established minimum.

The intensification effect, as Das Gupta and Bhat explain it, would predict that fertility decline should:

increase excess mortality for girls because discrimination moves down to whichever births come last.

According to Table 2 in Liang and Ma's article, between 1990 and 2000 the share of all "floating" migrants who had traveled long distances from one Chinese province to another (inter-provincial migrants):

increased from 27.7% to 53.9% of all floating migrants.

Case and Deaton found that death rates for non-Hispanic whites in the United States:

increased in the working ages but decreased for both children and old people.

From the 1960s through the 1980s in Hungary, death rates in the working ages:

increased only for blue-collar men.

Among Hungarian working-age men, death rates:

increased only for those in manual blue-collar occupations.

The lack of published data showing previous occupations for people on disability pensions caused a problem for the research because the share of workers receiving disability pensions::

increased rapidly and they were most likely to die.

What do Taubenberger and Morens point to as contemporary American practices that pose the biggest threat of a new influenza strain that could cause another pandemic?

industrial production of chickens and pigs

Emigration of labor from Turkey into Europe and from Mexico into the United States in the late 20th century were similar, according to Martin, Midgley and Teitelbaum, in that both migration streams:

involved disadvantaged members of poorer countries moving to richer countries.

As the expanding elderly population in Japan increased the need for intergenerational transfers, the share of people in the working ages:

kept expanding and reduced the problem until about 2000, but then started to fall and increased the problem.

Comparing the working-age female populations in Italy and the United States, we see that employment in Italy:

lags far behind employment rates in the U.S. at all working ages.

The image of Easterlin "standing on his head" in the article refers to the fact that in the state socialist period in Eastern Europe:

large cohorts should have high birth rates and small cohorts should have low birth rates.

Pandemics like like those in history caused by bacteria, such as smallpox or bubonic plague, are:

largely under control today using antibiotics.

Large-scale immigration into a population typically:

leaves the average age about the same.

Preston mentions that the 20th century trend in the share of children in the U.S. population might have been viewed by Malthus as causing:

less competition for resources and higher life satisfaction for children.

Figures 2 and 3 in Fox's article show that:

life expectancy was correlated with urbanization but national income was not.

As Liang and Ma use the term, a "floating" migrant is someone who:

lived somewhere in China without a local hukou residence permit.

Which of the following is NOT a scenario for Italy's future explored by Grant?

lower death rates, constant TFR at 1.2, no immigration

Parallels in business cycles across Europe have meant that labor emigration out of Turkey tends to be:

lower in a recession when Turkish unemployment problems get worse.

As Fox explains the economic model of urbanization, the share of the population in cities increases because economic development:

lowers urban death rates to allow natural increase, and attracts migrants from rural areas..

If ideational remittances from early emigrants "jump-start" a developing country's demographic transition and get it moving again, the effect of this on the next generation of emigrants from that country should tend to:

make them older but with fewer married parents.

When Pampel reviewed existing research that looked for Easterlin effects in other countries like those in western Europe, he found:

mixed results, leading him to ask why these effects might vary across countries.

Within the logical constraints imposed by their model, Lee and Tuljapurkar conclude that future improvements in survival in the U.S. population will be distributed:

more at elderly ages than at working ages, "tightening" the lifetime budget constraint.

Even though the total number of dependents in Japan (children plus elderly) remains about the same as it was several decades ago, the intergenerational transfer problems faced by the government have gotten much more challenging because:

more dependents are elderly while fewer are children, and transfers to the elderly are more in cash than in kind.

While they do not have conclusive evidence about the cause of the mortality trend they describe, Case and Deaton suggest that a primary contributing factor might be:

more economic setbacks and uncertainty.

In the model estimated by Lee and Tuljapurkar, an additional year of life expectancy gained by better survival in the United States will be lived out:

more in the older retirement ages than in the working ages.

You know that you are involved in a positive-sum game when:

more resources come out of the game than went into it.

In the models considered by Lee and Tuljapurkar, what changes in vital rates do they consider as the cause of increasing length of life (life expectancy) in American society?

mortality decline

As Alexander uses the term, hierarchical step migration would involve:

moving from smaller, less-specialized to larger places with more services.

The authors' research in India found unnatural higher death rates for girls than for boys at all ages under five EXCEPT for:

neonatal mortality (the first month after birth).

When he uses the term "ideational remittances," Fargues is describing:

new ways of thinking that immigrants transit back to their home countries.

The change in death rates for working-age men in blue-collar occupations was:

not explained by high-risk men who shifted from blue-collar to white-collar occupations.

Legal restrictions choked off most immigration to the United States starting in the 1920s because:

origins of immigrants were shifting away from northwestern Europe.

In Grant's scenario with no migration but with the Italian TFR returning to replacement level at 2.05 births per woman, the number of dependents per 100 working-age people in Italy would:

peak even earlier than with low fertility but then drop back to about 65 instead of nearly 80.

a smaller wave between 1910 and 1930, and a larger wave between 1940 and 1960.

persons moving from rural origins to smaller local cities, and their children moving on to larger distant cities.

The main causes of death implicated in the mortality trend identified by Case and Deaton were:

poisoning (opioids), alcohol and suicide.

Comparing countries around the world, Coale noticed that:

poor countries had young populations and rich countries had old populations.

During the middle of a country's demographic transition, according to the work of Hatton and Williamson cited by Fargues, emigration may be explained as:

population pressure from natural increase as a "push" factor.

The H1N1 influenza A virus that was responsible for the 1918 pandemic, and the strains descended from it that cause epidemics today, exist in:

populations of pigs and wild birds as well as humans

Based on data about the existing population younger than the working ages, Easterlin was able to:

project that relative cohort size would increase in the 1980s, and expected that fertility should rise with it.

Ogawa and Retherford examine a growing economic and social problem facing Japan caused by a demographic trend of:

rapid population aging caused by low birth rates.

Pampel thinks that expanded welfare state programs in some countries might:

reduce economic penalties faced by large cohorts, and so weaken relative cohort size effects on fertility.

The parity effect, as Das Gupta and Bhat explain it, would predict that fertility decline should:

reduce excess mortality for girls because discrimination is fixed for each parity.

Preston shows that between 1960-61 and 1981-82, suicide rates in the United States:

rose at young ages but fell at old ages, the opposite of his "Malthus" hypothesis.

Preston shows that between 1970 and 1982, the share of Americans living below the poverty line:

rose at young ages but fell at old ages, the opposite of his "Malthus" hypothesis.

Death rates for working-age men in Hungary in the postwar state socialist period:

rose faster and faster for at least 30 years.

Kimlik identity cards issued in local Turkish communities give Syrians in Turkey rights at least on paper to:

schooling for children but not residences for families.

Pampel finds that countries with high scores on his Collectivism Index:

show less effect of relative cohort size on birth rates.

Waters and Jimenez point out that compared to female Italian immigrants at the start of the 20th century, female Mexican immigrants at the end of the 20th century were:

slightly more likely to marry native-born men even though they had more potential partners in their immigrant group.

The demographic dividend comes to an end in a society when the birth rate:

stabilizes at a low level, and small birth cohorts eventually enter the working ages.

The working-age mortality trend in postwar state socialist Hungary showed:

steep increases for men but little or no change for women.

In Hungary, after the communists took control of the country following World War II, death rates for men in the working ages:

stopped falling as they had before the war and began to increase.

Case and Deaton find that the mortality increase in late working ages has been most serious for people who:

stopped with high school graduation or less

According to Ansley Coale, the age distribution of any population is most strongly affected by the level of:

the birth rate.

The two indicators of quality of life for dependents in American society that Preston documents in trend charts measure:

suicide rates and poverty levels.

When he compares the birthplaces of Southern Black migrants in Pittsburgh to those in the surrounding smaller communities in Allegheny County, Alexander finds that the pattern of spatial step-migration is:

supported, because people in Pittsburg tended to come from the urban South and people in smaller communities tended to come from the rural South.

Lee and Tuljapurkar take issue with the life expectancy projections of the Social Security Administration because they believe that the SSA has wrongly assumed that:

survival increases have been slowing down and will slow down even more in the future.

Remittances from Turkish labor emigrants living and working in Germany:

taper off after about a decade because their families have joined them in Germany.

If we transfer the Syrian disaster from the Middle East to Florida, which has about the same population as Syria, today we would be talking about enough Floridian refugees in southern Georgia and Alabama to populate:

ten completely new cities the size of Tallahassee.

About one-third of all foreign immigrants living in Turkey at the turn of the century came from Bulgaria, because:

the Ethnic Turks who settled in Bulgaria under Ottoman rule are discriminated against since Bulgarian independence.

Death rates for non-Hispanic whites in the United States increased the most in:

the South and West regions.

Ross suggests that a country can potentially "waste" its demographic dividend if:

the economy cannot put the extra working-age people to work.

When the press accused Preston of saying that America's children and elderly were participants in a "zero-sum game," they meant that:

the elderly were winning resources by causing children to lose resources.

Research on the economic assimilation of immigrants into the U.S. labor force shows that in the second half of the 20th century:

the later that immigrants arrived, the slower their progress in improving their wages over time.

The drawing by Alfred Lotka clearly illustrates that:

the population gets older as the birth rate falls.

In their model of income and consumption over the life course, the concept of a "lifetime budget constraint" introduced by Lee and Tuljapurkar requires that:

the total amount consumed at all ages must equal the total amount earned at all ages.

If we compare the yersinia pestis baccillus that caused Bubonic Plague to the H1N1 influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic, we will see that:

the virus is not a living thing but the bacillus is a living organism.

Waters and Jimenez suggest that the assimilation experiences of immigrants now moving to the "new gateway" states may differ from assimilation in the "old gateways" like New York, Texas, California and Florida because:

they have fewer established immigrant institutions to help them, but also face fewer deeply-ingrained stereotypes as barriers.

Taubenberger and Morens identify the most dangerous source of potential influenza pandemics emerging from China as caused by transmission of the virus:

through direct contact in live-poultry meat markets.

Alexander's Figure 2 shows us that Black migrants from the South between 1935 and 1940 more often moved:

to Southern cities if they came from rural areas, but to Northern cities if they came from urban areas.

As reflected in the Chinese saying about the flight of the peacock, about three-fourths of all floating migrants in China in 2000 had moved:

to the coastal provinces in the south and east of the country.

Alexander found that among Black migrants from the South in Pittsburgh, based on information from marriage registration forms that they filled out in the 1930s, higher levels of completed education:

translated into better occupations for women but not for men.

Based on his evidence from Allegheny county marriage records in the 1930s, Alexander concludes that most of the Black couples who had moved to Pittsburgh (as opposed to the smaller surrounding industrial towns) had come from:

urban areas in the South

When Fox compared the economic theory of urbanization to actual population trends in ten large African countries in the late 20th century, he found that:

urbanization continued even without economic growth, contradicting the theory.

Botero describes the ever-present tendency of people to make babies as the:

virtue generative

What limits the size of a city-state-- the "virtue nutritive" or the "virtue generative"? How does Botero see the effects of each?

virtue nutritive because men can always reproduce but only to the extent that there is enough subsistence

Once the demographic dividend begins to accumulate, the process can become a:

virtuous spiral, as capital not needed for young dependents causes growth and more fertility decline.

According to Turkish law, and accord with Turkey's geographic limitations provision as a signatory to the 1951 U.N. Treaty on the Status of Refugees, the legal status of Syrians in Turkey at the time this article was written made them:

visiting guests

Before Frey wrote this article, Espenshade attempted to measure the impact of immigrants on the U.S. labor force by comparing:

wage and employment trends in California to trends in the total U.S.

Waters and Jimenez think that the replenishment of the foreign-born population with a continuing stream of new arrivals:

was cut off in the early 20th century but is continuing in the early 21st century.

Case and Deaton document an unusual trend of death rates for people of "a certain age" in the United States that:

were declininging until about 1998 and then began to increase instead.

Case and Deaton discover that rising death rates for middle-aged Americans have been increasing ever since about 1998, but only among:

white non-Hispanics

Contrary to popular press interpretations, Preston actually said that over time the living situation for American children was getting:

worse because they depended mostly on families for resoures.

Considering the possible option of government actions in Italy to stimulate fertility and get back to replacement-level fertility of 2.05 births per woman, Grant concludes that:

would be ineffective for raising the Italian birth rate to replacement level.

The 1918 influenza pandemic that swept around the world killing 50 million people was different from other pandemics because it particularly affected:

young adults more than children or the elderly

In his discussion of his empirical results for quality of life by age in American society, Preston contrasts the trends for:

young dependents versus elderly dependents.