SYP 4304 Exam 1 Study Guide

Why was the position toward civil rights on the part of the national leadership of the Democratic Party affected by Southern Democrats or "Dixiecrats"?

"Dixiecrats" organized to protect segregation in the South after President Truman ordered the integration of the military in 1948 and other actions. Supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states.

IWW

(Industrial Workers of the World) "Wobblies" A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

Malcolm X

- African-American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam - Malcolm X articulated concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the 1950s and '60s - Due largely to his efforts, the Nation of Islam grew from a mere 400 members at the time he was released from prison in 1952 to 40,000 members by 1960 - Articulate, passionate and a naturally gifted and inspirational orator, Malcolm X exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism "by any means necessary, including violence" - toward the end of his life, after his travel to the Middle East and his pilgrimage to Mecca, he seemed to reject violence as a way to social change. - He was assassinated on February 28, 1965.

reasons for the labor movement's failure prior to the Great Depression

- Divided working class - The corrosive effect of the business cycle on labor unity - Deep status and ethnic conflicts among workers - The divisive effects of the promise and practice of upward mobility - Oligarchical and exclusionary character of unions - Deliberate practices of employers to exacerbate divisions among workers - Coercive power of the state - The role of immigration - The Homestead Act - The role of the courts

Funeral of Workers (Video)

- Harry Hay discusses the event - it was a large march to show that a desecration had been performed by firing upon workers - gave workers a feeling of freedom - businessmen from Montgomery Street stood amazed and impressed, but with their hats still on their heads. Sharp voices shot out of the line of march: "Take off your hat!" The tone of voice was extraordinary. The reaction was immediate. With quick, nervous gestures, the businessmen obeyed - Hay mentions Marxism and feeling the class struggle

factors that contributed to the CRM's organizational strength

- Increased proximity in the cities "segregation in the northern ghettos provided a degree of security and concentrated numbers provided a sense of strength" → organizational strength - The Great Migration showed the shift from an agricultural based-economy into an industrial- based economy. - By leaving, African-Americans would get to participate in democracy and, by their presence, force the North to pay attention to the injustices in the South and the increasingly organized fight against those injustices.

Factors responsible for union growth and decline in different historical periods

- Private sector unions have declined while public unions have risen - Often merely a threat to relocate to low-wage countries is enough to prevent workers from organizing unions - Growth early on due to poor working and living conditions and child labor in factories, but during the 1800s the State and courts were against labor -In the 1930s during the Great Depression, workers and wages were cut dramatically - Starting in 1932, FDR passed legislation to address their struggles so membership grew rapidly - During WWII, unions continued to grow because they grew legitimacy and working conditions continued to deteriorate - After WWII, pro-employer legislation was passed so unions declined, especially during the 1980 Reagan era

Harry Bridges (Video)

- San Fran 1934 - led by Harry Bridges- Australian man who worked with communists - longshoremen taking on employers - longshoremen walked off the job which closed every port on the pacific northwest - deportation hearings held against Bridges - he appealed his case to the Sup. Court and it was overturned

FDR's labor legislation especially Section 7a of the National Recovery Act

- The Emergency Relief Act (unemployed) - Agricultural Adjustment Act (farmers) - National Industrial Recovery Act (business and labor) - Section 7a of NIRA provided workers with the right to organize and bargain collectively - The new law provided workers' struggles with legitimacy (a "natural justice") - Union organizers used the new law as a recruitment slogan ("the President wants you to unionize")

mass society theory

- absence of an extensive structure of intermediate groups (through which people can be integrated in the political and social life of society) - social atomization Social isolation → alienation and anxiety → extreme behavior (social movement)

were there any actions by the Federal government of the Supreme Court that helped (or hurt) the movement?)

- beginning in mid-1930s Pres. Roosevelt and the Supreme Court increasingly responsive to black community - 1941, Pres. Roosevelt issues executive order establishing the Fair Employment Practice Commission to investigate charges of discrimination in wartime employment - 1946, Pres. Truman appoints a Committee on Civil Rights - 1948 Pres. Truman calls for desegregation of the armed forces -1948, Truman became first president since Grant to present a comprehensive civil rights package to Congress - the number of pro-civil rights measures in Congress increased to more than seventy during the 1949-50 session - more favorable Supreme Court rulings (i.e. 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education *** The shift in government policy triggered a growing sense of political efficacy among some segments of the black community → accelerating the cycle of black action

Status Inconsistency/Relative Deprivation

- discrepancy between person's ranking on a variety of status dimensions (education, income, occupation) Status inconsistency → Relative deprivation (cognitive dissonance) → social movement

how has the mass migration of blacks from the South to northern states affected both parties?

- migration from the South to the North meant moving from non-voting to voting → electoral strength of blacks in the North → northern and National politicians found it increasingly necessary to support black civil rights - Blacks moved from farming to urban centers occupational upgrading → economic strength - Increased proximity in the cities ("segregation in the northern ghettos provided a degree of security and concentrated numbers provided a sense of strength" → organizational strength

labor unrest in the U.S. recently

- protest actions by low wage fast food workers - Teachers and supporters of public education march against education funding cuts - health care and social assistance industries - Amazon workers

collective behavior

- social change disrupts the normative order to which people are accustomed system strain (in conditions of structural conduciveness)→real or perceived deprivation → spread of a generalized belief precipitating event → SM mobilization

ideologies

- statement of purpose - movement's consciousness - set of beliefs and values - "a blueprint for change" Purpose of ideology: - it explains the movement's goals - it explains the reasons for the movement's emergence - it fixes target(s) of blame for the problem - it justifies the movement's existence - it provides inspiration for activists to act Examples: - Marxism (critique of capitalism) - Colonialist, neo-colonialist, globalization theory - Hegelian (dialectic) philosophy (movements of personal change) - Religious ideologies adopted by the Civil Rights or the Peace Movement - pacifism (Quakers believe that "every person had direct access to God and everyone was a potential channel of truth....Violence against people only served to suppress love, truth, and freedom" Zelko, 2013: 13) - Feminist theory- Bio-centric (vs. anthropocentric) philosophy ("deep ecology" movements like Earth First! - Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent protest, or Satyagraha (derived from Hindi term "truth force." Nonviolence represents both an ideology and a strategy.

main provisions and significance of the Taft-Hartley Act

- union certification process less flexible - employers get "free speech" rights - provided "decertification" procedure - outlawed "closed shop"- allowed states to pass "right to work" laws - outlawed sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts - provided strikebreakers the right to vote in union representation election - gave the President to intercede in strikes - included anti-communist provision (an anti-communist "loyalty oath") ***gave special treatment to certain professional employees

categories of social movement actors

1. Protagonists (or the support base) 2. Antagonists - all those who oppose the movement 3. Bystanders - members of the community which are initially uninterested in the issue at hand

different types of social movements

Alternative - these movements seek partial change in the individual (therapeutic and self-help movements, movements that try to change peoples' habits with regard to alcohol use, sexual behavior, spousal abuse, etc.) Reformative - seek limited change in social system in which they are embedded (examples: environmental movements, the Civil Rights Movement, etc.) Redemptive - seek total rather than partial change of individuals (examples: religious movements and cults, Hare Krishna, the Children of God, etc.) Transformative (revolutionary - seek total change in the social structure of society (examples: communist revolutions in Russia and China, the Islamic Revolution in Iran, various national liberation movements)

AFL

American Federation of Labor - AFL reached a peak of 5 million members in 1920 - AFL leaders aligned with the National Civic Federation (representing bankers and industrialists) - Organizational structure of AFL biased toward large craft unions - New members assigned to "federal locals" that lacked the voting rights in AFL - AFL oligarchs detested conflict and were afraid of the large number of newcomers - Dropping Union Memberships and formation of CIO - By 1935, the unionization gains were almost universally reversed - In the fall of 1935, a splinter group within the AFL creates Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO

social constructionist theory

As humans interact, they constantly create defend, rearrange, and negotiate their identities, social relationships, and cultural meanings. Thus, reality itself is to a considerable degree a subjective phenomenon that is constantly "created" or "recreated." Frames: "assign meaning to and interpret, relevant events and conditions in ways that are intended to mobilize potential adherents" Master Protest Frames: ideological accounts legitimating protest activity that come to be shared by a variety of social movements. McAdam identifies the civil rights and "student left" as the master frames of the movements of the 1960s. Frame Alignment Processes: linking together the interpretive orientations of individuals and SMO in a way that makes individual interests, values, and beliefs congruent with the activities, goals and ideologies of the movement 3 Ways of Framing Grievances: 1. Diagnostic framing: identifies and problem, including attribution of blame or causality (identifies the target for the movement) 2. Prognostic framing: suggests possible solutions and remedies (including strategies and tactics) 3. Motivational framing: provides vocabulary of motives that compels people to act Frame Bridging: letting people know through publicity efforts that an organization exists Frame Amplification: appeals to deeply held values and beliefs in the general population and links those values and beliefs to movement issues Frame Extension: involves enlarging the boundaries of an initial frame (including other issues of importance to potential participants) Frame Transformation: creation and nurturance of new values, beliefs and meanings

Resource Mobilization Theory

Assumptions: 1. State-society relations: basically the underlying image of the state is that of multiple-elite theory; i.e., there is political competition among only the few most powerful elite interest groups in society and these few interests dominate the state and state policy creation and implementation. 2. Movement participant composition: participants are considered to be rational political actors that my come from directly aggrieved populations or from other sympathetic constituents who may provide various forms of support. Characteristics: s.m. are seen as a set of opinions and beliefs in a population which represent preferences for changing some elements of the social order and/or reward distribution in society. S.M are seen as similar to conventional institutionalized political action. Weaknesses: 1. RM theory is inadequate as a general explanation of insurgency (i.e., movements of personal change cannot be explained by the model) 2. Elite involvement can be detrimental to a social movement 3. Underestimates the importance of mass base's indigenous resources 4. Unclear on what the "resources" are 5. Fail to distinguish between the objective social conditions from their subjective perception 6. Describes phenomena that may not be social movements

Political process theory

Assumptions: The model builds on the assumptions of the elite theory of the American political system, the Marxist theory of class, and Gamson's (1968) notion of the "competitive establishment" in American politics. Characteristics: political phenomena and continuous processes from generation to decline Weaknesses: holds out the possibility that insurgent social movements can (and do) produce social change, but does not explicitly theorize that process.

classical theory

Assumptions: a) political power is distributed among competing groups b) no single group exercises sufficient power to bar others from entrance into the political arena Implications: a) social movements are not rational phenomena b) social movements are qualitatively different from "ordinary" politics General Causal Sequence: structural strain → disruptive psychological state → social movements

San Fransisco

Battle of San Francisco, involving International Longshoremen Association led by Harry Bridges that resulted in 2 people killed and 115 hospitalized. It marked the first time a major US port city was completely shut down by a strike--a pivotal episode in the rise of organized labor in the United States.

Who were the activists in the Project?

Bob Moses (organizer), college-aged white and black students (mostly white)

tactics

Categories of Non-violent tactics (Sharp 1973): 1. Non-violent protest and persuasion (symbolic actions to express disapproval and dissent such as marches, parades, vigils). 2. Non-cooperation (withdrawal or withholding of social, economic, or political cooperation through actions such as strikes, economic boycotts, and refusal to participate in elections). 3. Nonviolent intervention (sit-ins, non-violent obstruction, non-violent invasion, and setting up a parallel government) ***tactics are the specific action you take to accomplish your strategy

causes and consequences of the decline of the Southern economy based on cotton for blacks in the South

Causes: - Federal agricultural policies took some land out of cultivation - Mechanization of Southern agriculture - Northern Industrial expansion Consequences: - Northern elites no longer interested in supporting repressive social system in the South - Less need for violence as social control (lynching decreased from 161 in 1892 to 2 by 1939) - Surplus agricultural labor → mass migration of blacks from the rural South to Southern cities → mass migration to the Northern and Western industrial states - Increased importance of the black vote in the North - Divided Democratic party (Southern wing for segregation and the Northern being against it) - Improved economic and political position of blacks - Favorable conditions for movement mobilization

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. The CIO proved highly successful and within a few years had organized big steel, automobile, rubber, and other major industries. That exacerbated the schism within the AFL, which refused to accept the new unions because they looked down on both industrial workers and industrial unions as unskilled laborers.

Bob Moses

Freedom Summer organizer

Black Panthers

In 1965, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the left-wing Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The organization was central to the Black Power movement, making headlines with its inflammatory rhetoric and militaristic style. They advocated for the ownership of guns by African Americans, and were often seen brandishing weapons. The group believed that violence - or the threat of violence - might be needed to bring about social change

Who were the three activists that were killed on the first day of the Project?

Michael (Mickey) Schwerner and James Chaney worked for the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in nearby Meridian; Andrew Goodman was one of the hundreds of college students from across the country who volunteered

Why were some many white activists involved in this campaign?

Moses knew people would listen if something happened to the white students, more people would care, and it would act as an incredible lesson for these students He said, "changes the whole complexion of what you're doing"

Emmet Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. Till's murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging civil rights movement

Meddgar Evers

NAACP field secretary, 37-year-old, is murdered outside his home. Byron De La Beckwith is tried twice in 1964, both trials resulting in hung juries. Thirty years later he is convicted for murdering Evers.

major organizations of the CRM

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP, Montgomery Improvement Association, Women's Political Council, Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee or SNCC, Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), Organization of Afro-American Unity, Black Panthers, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Lawrence

On January 1, 1912 a new law in Massachusetts reduced the maximum hours a woman or child could work in a factory each week from 56 to 54. Ever looking to cut costs, textile mills throughout Lawrence made up for this lack in production by decreasing wages. The cuts were equal to several loaves of bread for most workers, which was devastating for families who were barely surviving on starvation wages. When the first reduced pay slips appeared on January 11, 1912, Polish women at the Everett Cotton Mills reportedly shouted "Short pay! Short pay!" and walked out of the mill in protest. By the end of the following day, dissension spread throughout Lawrence and over 20,000 workers walked off their jobs.

two types of unionism

One was very selective and was made up of skilled white men, while the other was more inclusive. For example, unlike the AFL, the IWW opened its membership to all workers, regardless of skills, race, or gender. Its goals were also similar to the Knights of Labor.

PATCO strike

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization declared strike on August 3, 1981; Reagan ordered all controllers back to work within 48 hours or he would fire them all; over 11,000 refused to return; were fired and banned from federal employment for life; Clinton lifted the ban in 1993 Every city had an airport. It was the most widely publicized strike since World War II. So it was a defeat felt all over. It showed the impotency of the labor movement. Workers saw what could happen, and employers felt that permanently replacing strikers had been legitimated by the president of the United States.

Events at Little Rock

School desegregation effort involving nine black students. Governor Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the black students' entry into the all-white high school. Later that month, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine into the school. It drew national attention to the civil rights movement

Why was the economic system based on cotton in the South detrimental to the civil rights of blacks in the South?

Southern cotton, picked and processed by newly-profitable slaves, helped fuel the 19th-century Industrial Revolution in both the United States and Great Britain. The caste system was enforced because it greatly helped the economy.

Toledo

The "Battle of Toledo" that begun with the mobilization by the A.J. Muste's radical Unemployed Leagues to reinforce the picket lines of the striking workers at the Auto-Lite plant (AFL vs. Auto-Lite). Regarded by many labor historians as one of the three most important strikes in U.S. history.

Knights of Labor

The Knights of Labor began as a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869. It was the first major American labor union. The first leaders were Uriah Smith Stephens and James L. Wright. The collapse of the National Labor Union in 1873 left a number of workers looking for organization. The union became popular with Pennsylvania coal miners during the economic depression of the mid-1870s, then it grew rapidly. By 1886, the group had 700,000 members. The aims of the Knights of Labor included the following: - An eight hour work day - Termination of child labor - Termination of the convict contract labor system - Establishment of cooperatives to replace the traditional wage system and help tame capitalism's excesses - Equal pay for equal work - Government ownership of telegraph facilities and the railroads - A public land policy designed to aid settlers and not speculators - A graduated income tax

Montgomery bus boycott (people and organizations involved)

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. Who was involved: Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr., E.D. Nixon of the local branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or NAACP, Montgomery Improvement Association, Women's Political Council

What was the significance of their death for the movement?

The murder of the activists sparked national outrage and an extensive federal investigation, filed as Mississippi Burning. In 1967, after the state government refused to prosecute, the United States federal government charged eighteen individuals with civil rights violations. Seven were convicted and received relatively minor sentences for their actions. Outrage over the activists' disappearances helped gain passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Did the efforts of the MFDP succeed?

They succeeded and failed. It succeeded because it brought attention to voting rights in Miss., but the black delegates weren't allowed into the convention because the Dixiecrats advocated strongly for segregation

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests to desegregate bus and train terminals by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961. Freedom Rides were organized by CORE and SNCC and were met with some of the worst mob violence of the era.

Sit-inns

a sit-in is a form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest The Greensboro sit-in was a civil rights protest that started in 1960, when young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. April 1960, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee or SNCC is formed Led to many other sit-inns across the south

What was taught in Freedom schools and why?

black history and culture because they wanted the students to become social change agents that would participate in the ongoing Civil Rights Movement

major strategies of the CRM

non-violent civil disobedience was the main strategy and included such methods of protests, boycotts, freedom rides, voter registration drives, sit-ins, and marches

New Social Movement Theory

refers to a diverse array of collective actions that have presumably displaced the old social movements of proletarian revolution associated with classical Marxism Examples of NSMs: environmental/ecology movements, peace movements, student movements, some feminist movements, urban social movements, gay and lesbian movement Types of NSMs: 1. POLITICAL: Castells - urban social movements in conflict with the state and other political forces seeking to reorganize urban social life - goals of urban SM: to defend popular interests, establish political autonomy, and maintain cultural identity (against capitalist commodification and bureaucratic domination of urban space by the elites) 2. CULTURAL: Melucci - NSMs focus on spiritual, personal, or expressive aspects of modern life (implicit repudiation of instrumental rationality of modern life) - the main goals of NSMs: provide site where the collective identity can be formed through participation Members/Social Base: mobilize along race/ethnicity, gender, age rather than class, (mostly highly educated, young, the "new middle class" employed within the culture sector). Some authors (Offe, 1985) point to peripheral and de-commodified groups as the base of the NSMs. Goals/Ideology: promotion of autonomy, identity formation ("identity politics", and self-determination, alternative life styles (instead of influence and power), but also democratization of society, libertarian, anti-growth, populist themes ("new politics" of social movements. NSMs advocate "new social paradigm" that chelenges the dominant goal structure of Western Societies Strategy/Tactics: work mainly outside the official institutional channels, politicize aspects of everyday life, employ unconventional means, symbolic actions. Over time some movements become radicalized (terrorist, clandestine groups) while others pursue more institutionalized forms of action Main Theorists: Alberto Melucci, Jürgen Habermas, Alain Touraine, Manuel Castells

strategies

represent a grand vision (a plan) that will lead to a successful accomplishment of the movement's goals. Strategy is build on the assumptions about social, political, and economic realities at the time, as well as the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the movement and its opponent. Strategies change as those conditions and characteristics change. Strategy involves three steps: 1. Setting goals 2. Determining the actions to achieve these goals 3. Mobilizing resources to execute these actions Examples: 1) Strategy of Nonviolence (India's Independence Movement led by Gandhi,Velvet Revolution in Easter Europe, social movements in the U.S. ) 2) Legal Strategy (NAACP Legal Defense Fund) 3) Violent Uprising (various Independence Movements in Africa and Asia) 4) Intimidation through Violence (KKK) 5) Political strategy (using the characteristic of the electoral system to the advantage of the movement)

social movement vs. collective behavior

social movement: a collectivity acting with some degree of organization and continuity that takes place outside of institutional channels for the purpose of promoting or resisting change in the group, society, or world order of which it is a part collective behavior: any goal directed activity jointly pursued by two or more individuals (protests crowds, riots, etc.) ** collective action is an element of a social movement

significance of the National Defense Mediation Board and the War Labor Board for the U.S. labor movement

strengthened unions in mass-production industries. NWLB rulings also reinforced peacetime patterns of collective bargaining and augmented various fringe benefits, including sick leaves, holidays, and vacations.

What was the reason behind the formation of the MFDP?

the political party was designed to simultaneously encourage Black political participation while challenging the validity of Mississippi's white only Democratic Party.

Why did this campaign target Mississippi?

the project was designed to draw the nation's attention to the violent oppression experienced by Mississippi blacks who attempted to exercise their constitutional rights

Why was voter registration so difficult?

there was apathy in the black community, black people didn't vote out of fear for retaliation (names were published in newspaper for 2 weeks), many black people didn't trust the volunteers because they were white, and they had to pass a complex test to even be able to vote

What was the main rationale for the Miss. Summer Project?

to register black voters, provide better education with black history and culture (Freedom Schools), and to build the Miss. Freedom Democratic Party

James Meredith

tries to enroll at the Univ. of Mississippi. After mob violence Pres. Kennedy sends in 5,000 federal troops to restore order. 1st African American student at the University of Mississippi.