SysCh13-TF
Enhancements suggested by users to make the system easier to use are given higher priority than bug fixes.
f
It makes sense to use computer-based training (CBT) in collectivistic cultures because CBT allows the users to go at their pace.
f
Low uncertainty cultures need extra attention when asked to adopt a new system.
f
Presentations outlining the costs and benefits of the new system do not motivate potential adopters to use the new system, and should not be used as a motivating factor.
f
The training should cover all the capabilities of the new system so users understand what each module does.
f
Whole-system conversion is a better conversion strategy than modular conversion since the latter one may introduce more bugs to the system during conversion.
f
Most beginning systems analysts and programmers work first on new development projects; usually only after they have gained some experience are they assigned to maintenance projects.
f 1st maint. proj
In general, for any change that has true organizational benefits, about 50 percent of potential adopters will be ready adopters, and another 50 percent are resistant adopters.
f 20-30 both
Systems analysts examine four important factors when selecting a conversion strategy: risk, cost, communication, and time required.
f 3 risk cost time
The postimplementation activities performed during the refreeze process are system support, project assessment, and change management.
f ?
Training should focus on everything the new system can do.
f accomplish job
It is critical in change management to understand that the real costs and benefits are far more important than the perceived costs and benefits, because people act on what is true, not on what they believe to be true.
f both
Revisions to the management policies and factors that motivate the adoption of the new system are part of the conversion plan.
f change man plan
The most commonly used approach to delivering training for a new system is computer-based training.
f classroom training
The technical process during which the new system replaces the old system is called installation.
f conversion
APS Systems would like to convert to the new system quickly. The ideal conversion strategy for APS Systems would be a conversion style of parallel and a modular conversion.
f direct whole-sys
Whole system conversion is the conversion location where the separate and distinct modules of the entire system are installed at one time in three or more phases.
f entire sys at one time
The simultaneous direct conversion to SAP to replace all of your legacy systems would result in high risk while requiring an enormous amount of time.
f high risk disruption
There are two basic strategies to motivating adoption of a new system: informational and economical.
f info/political
New programmers and systems analysts are typically assigned to work on complex new development projects.
f maint. proj
Institutionalization refers to establishing formal post implementation deliverables for all projects.
f make new way accepted
When an organization chooses to convert the separate and distinct modules of a system one module at a time, the organization is using pilot conversion approach.
f modular
A whole-system conversion, in which the entire system is installed at one time, is the least common because it is complex and the hardest to understand.
f most common simple easiest
One of the earliest models for managing organizational change was developed by Kurt Lewin. Lewin argued that change is a three-step process: unfreeze, change, refreeze.
f move not change
Direct conversion is the conversion style where both systems (as-is and to-be) are used simultaneously.
f new replaces old
There are two fundamentally different approaches to the style of conversion: direct conversion and indirect conversion.
f parallel not indirect
The change agent is a set of software tools and policies that help the organization transition to the newly installed system.
f person
With phased conversion, one or more locations or units/work groups within a location is selected to be converted first as part of a pilot test, and if the system passes the pilot test, then the system is installed at the remaining locations.
f pilot
When one or more locations or units within a organization are selected to be converted first as part of a pilot test, this is called phased conversion.
f pilot conversion
There are three important factors to consider in selecting a conversion strategy: risk, cost, and performance.
f risk cost time
The project manager is the person who wants the change that a new system brings in an organization.
f sponsor
Helping the users to use the system after installation is called system maintenance.
f sys support
The operations group takes care of system maintenance.
f system support
APS Systems would like to convert to the new system with very little risk. The ideal conversion strategy for APS Systems would be a conversion style of parallel, piloted, and a modular conversion.
t
Change management is the process of helping people to adopt and adapt to the to-be system and its accompanying work processes without undue stress.
t
Direct conversion, where the new system is turned on and the old system is immediately turned off, is the simplest and most straightforward method, but it is also the most risky because any problems with the new system may seriously disrupt the organization.
t
End users from high power distance cultures may have difficulties expressing what they want for fear of offending their bosses.
t
Institutionalization refers to using the new system as the normal, accepted, and routine way of performing the business processes.
t
Management has several tools for structuring organization work processes. Establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs) involves establishing behavioral norms and how processes are actually performed.
t
Moving users from the as-is business processes and computer programs to the to-be business processes and programs is called conversion.
t
Of the potential adopters 40% to 60% are reluctant.
t
Online support, the most common form of on-demand training, includes the documentation and help screens built into the system, as well as separate Web sites that provide answers to frequently asked questions.
t
Parallel conversion is less risky than direct conversion because it has a greater chance of detecting bugs that have gone undiscovered in testing; pilot conversion is less risky than either phased or simultaneous conversion because if bugs do occur, they occur in only pilot test locations.
t
People assigned to a help desk have very broad computer skills and are able to respond to a wide range of problems.
t
Project assessment is not usually performed, yet it can be an important component of organizational learning.
t
Rather than attempting to teach the users all the features of the system, training should instead focus on the much smaller set of activities that users perform on a regular basis and ensure that users are truly expert in those.
t
Simultaneous conversion has a higher cost than pilot and phased conversion because more staff are required to support all of the locations.
t
System review attempts to understand whether the implementation of the system resulted in the costs and benefits identified during project initiation.
t
The conversion approach that converts all locations at the same time is simultaneous conversion.
t
The conversion location in which one or more locations are selected to test the conversion to the new system prior to full implementation is known as pilot conversion.
t
The goal of change management is to actively support and encourage the ready adopters and help them win over the reluctant adopters.
t
The highest proportion of potential adopters of a significant organization change will be reluctant adopters.
t
The main problem with the parallel conversion method, where the new system is operated side by side with the old system, is the added expense of operating two systems that perform the same function.
t
The most common source of a change request is from the operations group that identifies bugs in the system.
t
The operations group takes care of system support.
t
The potential adopter is the person for whom the new system is designed and built.
t
The project team review focuses on the way in which the project team carried out the project activities.
t
The sponsor, the change agent, and the potential adopters are the actors found in the change management process.
t
The three key post implementation activities are system support, system maintenance, and project assessment.
t
The three key roles in any major organizational change are the sponsor of the change, the change agent, and the potential adopter or target of the change.
t
The three major steps to the conversion plan before commencement of operations are to install hardware, install software, and convert data; usually these steps must be done sequentially at any one location.
t
The training delivery method that is most appropriate for a new Executive Information System would be one-on-one training.
t
There are three key roles in any major organizational change. The three keys are sponsor of the change, the change agents, and the potential adopters.
t
When a system is installed sequentially at different locations and there may be a deliberate delay between the first and second installation, the organization is using a phased conversion process.
t
When all of the modules of a system are installed at one time, an organization is using whole system conversion.
t
When selecting a training method the analyst should consider the cost to develop the training program, the cost to deliver the training program, the reach, and the impact.
t
With Turkey conversion, the new system instantly replaces the old one
t
There are two basic strategies to motivating adoption: informational and political. Both strategies are often used simultaneously.
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