Technology Exam 1

Range of Technology Options: - Modified or adapted commercial mainstream hardware/_______ (ex: key guard over keyboard, hand controls to replace pedals for driving) - Modified or adapted software of persons with disabilities (ex: brail note taker, simplified smart phone for those with cognitive disabilities) - Modified or adapted _______ designed for persons with disabilities (ex: smart drive to hook up to wheelchair to assist user with propulsion, custom wheelchair seating system, job modifications, etc.) - Custom or specially designed software for standard hardware (in some work settings, it may be necessary to develop a specialized software application to allow a user's device to interface with the company computer)

- software - devices

Activity Analysis - Need to Understand: - ______ to complete task - ______ skills needed to complete task - ______ and equipment used - ______ in which activity is performed - ______ is doing the activity

- steps - performance - materials - context - who

Factors that influence use of EADLs: - Training and ongoing _______ - Device is reliable; few errors or malfunction - Opportunity to try device before _______ - Enhanced sense of security - Identifies device for _______, safety/security, household, employment, and educational tasks. Factors that influence discontinuation of EADLs: - Situations above are not present - User prefers to have another _______ help with the tasks that an EADL could complete

- support - purchasing - communication - person

Typical Processor Functions for Electronic AT: - ______: converts one type of energy to another (ex: Braille reader converting visual info to tactile info) - ______: increases strength of the required mechanical / electrical energy (ex: screen magnifier) - ______: storage / retrieval of data from internet or cloud-based sources - ______: loads user profiles that include ideal parameters for a particular use (ex: computer setup) - ______: generates control signals for activity outputs - ______: software programs that perform functions necessary to process sensory information and generate appropriate outputs (ex: automatic speech recognition, powered wheelchair motor speed control based on joystick input)

- transformation - amplification - managing information - configuration - output - manipulate data

Mechanism Types: - ______: converts one type of mechanical energy to accommodate for motor abilities (ex: lever arms used for manual wheelchair propulsion) - ______: increases mechanical advantage - ______: connects the user action to the desired output (ex: linkage in reacher that coverts user grip to reacher end grasp)

- transformation - augmentation - linkage

Disabilities: - 720 million people worldwide; 89% ______ impairment; 76% hearing impairment; 92% low to middle income countries - ______ million have a severe disability - ______ is necessary to reduce disabling influence of many environments

- vision - 190 - assistive technology

Control of EADLs is achieved through: - ______ recognition - Single or dual switch - ______ screen - Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC device) - ______ on a wheelchair - Alternative computer access

- voice - touch - joystick

Four Elements of HAAT Model: 1) ______: represents the daily living act that the human wishes to accomplish 2) ______: the person attempting to engage in an activity 3) ______: the features within which a consumer executes a task (includes physical, social, & cultural) 4) ______: the enabler which includes four parts - ______: the contact between the person and the technology device - ______: the linkage that relays and interprets information from the interface so that the desired task can be accomplished - ______: the link between the output of the device and the input from the environment - ______: includes actions such as opening the door or turning on lights

1) Activity 2) Human 3) Contexts 4) Assistive Technology (AT) - Human/technology interface (HTI) - Processor - Environmental interface - Activity output

Ethical Issues in AT: 1) The right to self-determination and freedom from unnecessary constraints, interference, or loss of privacy; freedom of action and choice 2) Requires faithful, loyal, honest, and trustworthy behavior; treating others with respect, being competent/capable of completing duties, adhering to code of ethics, following policies/procedures, & honoring agreements made with client 3) Defined as "kindness, mercy, or charity" towards others; the act of doing good 4) An obligation to "do no harm" to clients 5) Deals with the issue of fairness in individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal contexts

1) Autonomy 2) Fidelity 3) Beneficence 4) Nonmaleficence 5) Justice

Prominent Ethical Principles in AT: 1) Defined as "kindness, mercy, or charity" towards others; the act of doing good 2) An obligation to "do no harm" to patients 3) The accessibility of AT services for all who require it; the equitable access to rights & resources within society; suggest that all individuals have equal access to basic rights & freedom of choice 4) Theory that is premised on the idea that inequities occur at the intersection of the person with a disability & the context in which one lives; advocates for resources to account for inequity (financial resources, opportunities for healthcare & education, etc.); the government's enactment of laws to distribute benefits to the people under its authority (such as free public schools) 5) Providing AT products & services in a manner that ensures that people who need them have access in a timely & continuing manner; durable, long lasting

1) Beneficence 2) Nonmaleficence 3) Social justice 4) Distributive justice 5) Sustainability

Which two models are ecological models that describe the relationship among the person, the environment, and the occupation?

1) Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) 2) Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance (PEOP)

The textbook organizes the HAAT model into 4 activity output areas. What are they?

1) Communication 2) Cognitive abilities 3) Manipulation 4) Mobility

Application of Ethical Concepts of AT: 1) ______: a sign of social unacceptability, perceived shame or disgrace, perceived as unacceptable by others 2) ______: provides details about benefits and risks of proposed intervention, does not subject the individual to control by others without explicit consent, includes respectful interaction when presenting information, explores for understanding, and attempts to enable autonomous decision making. 3) ______: the opportunity to make a choice on how and when daily functions are carried out 4) ______: AT has an impact on privacy of the person and privacy of personal information (if the technology allows the individual to communicate, participate, and potentially live longer, then privacy should not be the sole or overriding principle)

1) stigma 2) informed consent 3) self-determination 4) privacy

The 7 Principles of Universal Design: 4) ______: the design communicates necessary information effectively to the user regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities; it uses different modes for redundant presentation of essential information; it provides compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations (ex: light sensors that turn the lights off when no movement is detected) 5) ______: the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions; it provides warning of hazards and errors; it provides fail safe features (ex: colored concrete on raised areas, non-slip strips on stairs, etc.)

4) Perceptible information 5) Tolerance of error

Principles of AT Service Delivery: 5) AT service delivery requires an understanding of how to gather and ______ data: assessment process involves determination of what needs to be assessed and the most effective method of completing the assessment 6) AT service delivery is conducted in an ______ manner: used for intended purpose, ensures selected assessment is appropriate for client, ensures clinician is qualified, etc. 7) AT service delivery is conducted in a ______ manner: maintenance of device & environment that supports the device 8) AT service delivery is informed by ______: clinician's responsibility to maintain currency in their practice area and to incorporate the best available evidence to guide their decisions/practice

5) interpret 6) ethical 7) sustainable 8) evidence

The 7 Principles of Universal Design: 6) ______: the design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue; it allows use of a neutral body position; it minimizes repetitive actions and sustained physical effort (ex: lever handles vs. twist knobs) 7) ______: appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility

6) Low physical effort 7) Size & space for approach & use

______ is a foundational skill of OT which is useful for: - Understanding the performance of activities - Understanding how an individual or group completes activities - Determining appropriate AT

Activity Analysis

Allocation of Functions: - In any human/device system, we can allocate some functions to the human, some to the device, and some to a personal assistant: 1) Task to be carried out is assigned completely to the human or the device. If the human cannot carry out all functions, then the device must provide alternatives (ex: use of a smartphone) 2) As many functions as possible are assigned to the human, and the device carries out the remainder (ex: wheelchair power-assist drive) 3) Addresses questions such as - Is it cheaper to select, train, and pay a personal assistant to do the activity or to design an AT system for this purpose? (often favors the personal assistant because the purchase cost of the technology is relatively high) 4) The user varies his degree of participation in the activity based on skills and needs (ex: apps on a smartphone)

1) Comparison allocation 2) Leftover allocation 3) Economic allocation 4) Flexible allocation

Transmission Methods: - All EADL systems must transmit a signal to the appliance to be controlled through the following methods: 1) ______: requires that the controlled devices be physically close together or necessitates the installation of special wiring just for the EADL (ex: hospital call button) 2) ______: distribution and control unit is plugged into a standard electrical outlet and each appliance to be controlled is plugged into a module, which is then plugged into this plug 3) ______: based on the use of invisible light transmission; most common in the control of home electronics (television set, cable television, DVD/CD player, etc.); used for discrete and continuous types of control such as a TV remote 4) ______: the use of radio frequency waves as the link between the distribution, control unit, control interface, & controlled appliances (ex: Bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, garage door openers)

1) Direct connection 2) House wiring (X10 & Insteon) 3) Infrared (IR) 4) Radio frequency (RF)

What are the four functions of EADLs?

1) Environmental regulation 2) Information acquisition 3) Safety/security 4) Communication

The 7 Principles of Universal Design: 1) ______: the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities; avoids stigmatizing users; provides privacy, security, & safety to all users (ex: automatic doors) 2) ______: the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities; provides a choice in method of use; accommodates right or left-handed access and use (ex: adapted scissors); adapts to the user's pace 3) ______: use of the design is easy to understand regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skill, or current concentration level; eliminates complexity; accommodates a wide range of literacy and language skills; provides effective prompting and feedback after task completion.

1) Equitable use 2) Flexibility in use 3) Simple & intuitive

Principles of AT Service Delivery: 1) AT service delivery encompasses all components of the ______ model: needs and goals are often defined by a careful consideration of the activities to be performed by the individual 2) AT service delivery is ______: AT allows enablement of activity performance and participation through provision of hard and soft technologies 3) AT assessment is ______ and deliberate (intentional): information is gathered and decisions are made from the moment of the initial intake referral through outcome evaluation 4) AT service delivery requires ______ and a client-centered approach: effective AT service delivery occurs in a collaborative environment that engages several partners

1) HAAT 2) enabling 3) ongoing 4) collaboration

Technology Types: 1) Readily available components that can be purchased and assembled into AT systems (ex: using mouth sticks to computer hardware / software) 2) Human areas of decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery (AT services)

1) Hard technologies 2) Soft technologies

Types of Technology: 1) Simple to operate, manually driven, easy to acquire, & low cost 2) Complex to use, electrically powered, includes multiple functions defined by user, & is more expensive 3) Less tangible aspects that supports the use of a device, can be people, allows flexibility (such as changing caregivers), includes written or auditory material & computer software; involved in decision making, strategies, training, concept formation, and service delivery 4) Tangible (capable of being perceived by touch) such as computer hardware, Augmentative and Alternative Communicative (AAC) devices, hearing aids, Braille reader, & mobility devices

1) Low technology 2) High technology 3) Soft technology 4) Hard technology

Which two models address AT assessment and service delivery?

1) Matching Person and Technology (MPT) 2) Comprehensive Assistive Technology (CAT)

There are two types of switch outputs available on most EADLs: 1) _______: active only as long as the switch is pressed; in the case of the EADL, this output remains active only while the control interface is activated; this output mode is useful for continuous functions such as closing draperies. 2) _______: switch closure that is turned on by the first activation and off by the next activation, and it toggles between these two states with each activation (ex: TV remote); this feature can be useful when turning on an appliance such as a light or radio, or when sustained switch activation is difficult for the user

1) Momentary switch control 2) Latched switch control

Light's Model of Competence: 1) _______: the ability to use the AT for the intended purpose; mastery of the technical skills to operate a system (turning device on/off, recharging batteries, understanding use of joystick, etc.) 2) _______: ability to adjust communication to the current person or system; part of soft technology (ex: ability to develop skill of selecting the appropriate power wheelchair speed for an empty hallway versus a crowded restaurant) 3) _______: mastery of the social uses of language (ex: selecting what vocabulary to use on AAC device) 4) _______: expressive & receptive language skills, mastery of the language & code of one's system

1) Operational competence 2) Strategic competence 3) Social competence 4) Linguistic competence

Contexts: 1) ______: natural & built surroundings in which daily occupations occur (buildings, furniture, plants, etc.); this is the context that limits individuals with disabilities from engaging in occupations because they cannot access the places, materials, or persons to do so 2) ______: individuals and groups who interact with the individual using AT, either directly or indirectly; presence of, relationships with, & expectations of persons, groups, or populations with whom clients interact with 3) ______: includes customs, beliefs, activity patterns, behavioral standards, and expectations accepted by the society of which a client is a member 4) ______: refers to larger organizations within a society that are responsible for policies, decision-making processes, and procedures

1) Physical 2) Social 3) Cultural 4) Institutional

Service Delivery in AT: 1) ______: initial assessment & needs identification 2) ______: matching device characteristics to the user's needs/skills, decision making phase 3) ______: facilitating AT system performance 4) ______: evaluating the effectiveness

1) Referral & Intake Phase 2) Assessment Phase 3) Implementation Phase 4) Follow-up Phase

We classify activity or occupation in 3 areas: 1) _______: ADLs, IADLs 2) _______: work, school, non-paid activities that contribute to society 3) _______: activities done for recreation

1) Self care 2) Productivity 3) Leisure

Outcomes of EADL Assessment: 1) Listing EADL functions ______ 2) Listing other electronic devices client currently uses 3) Identification of the ______ EADL will be used 4) Determination of cognition 5) Client's ______ to use EADLs 6) Identification of control sites and control interfaces

1) desired 3) environments 5) motivation

Two Main Sources of AT: 1) Products designed specifically for individuals with _______ 2) _______: standard devices and services that are used by the general public rather than being designed specifically for people with disabilities (Ex: mobile phones, tablets, and computers) - Mainstream products are considered ______ available products which refers to devices that are mass produced and available off the shelf both for the general population and for individuals with disabilities. - Mainstream/commercial products include ______

1) disabilities 2) mainstream products - commercially - everyday technologies (ETs)

Three Principles of Distributive Justice: 1) What is subject to _______ (such as income, wealth, opportunities, jobs, welfare, AT)? 2) What is the _______ of the subjects of the distribution (individual persons, reference classes, persons with disabilities)? 3) What should the _______ of the distribution be (equality, maximization according to individual characteristics, according to free transactions)? These principles lead to two basic questions: What are the implications of varying principles of distributive justice for fairness in determining the availability of assistive devices? How does the availability of ATs influence principles of distributive justice?

1) distribution 2) nature 3) basis

Distributive justice based on capability has two levels: 1) Meet basic ______ 2) To meet these needs, ______ distribution of the "returns of social cooperation" must be guaranteed

1) needs 2) fair

Four Primary Application of HAAT Model: 1) Product ______ and development 2) Product ______ studies (can it be used for a particular purpose?) 3) Client ______ (how is the client doing & why do they need services?) 4) ______ evaluation (were client goals met?)

1) research 2) usability 3) assessment 4) outcome

Distributive Justice: - ______ Approach: each person should have the same level of material goods and services; assumes equal need - ______ Approach: each person has equal basic rights and liberties; each person can rationalize own self-interests - Successful assistive technology = both ______ & ______ - It is the functional ______ of the distribution of AT devices and services that is important - The focus is on enabling ______

- Egalitarian - Rawls - distribution, services - outcome - participation

Changing World of Technologies: - ______: all devices, networking components, applications, and systems that combined, allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world; includes computers, mobile phones, & tablets (this term is the gateway to knowledge-based economy!) - ICTs are being made accessible to people who have disabilities and are being used as ______ - Technology affects the way we ______, work, & play - ICTs are part of what we refer to as ______ technologies - New ______ make technology lighter, stronger, more comfortable, & easier to use/transport

- Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) - assistive technologies (AT) - learn - everyday (ETs) - materials

Integrating the HUMAN doing in CONTEXT: - _______: promotion of social and economic conditions to increase individual, community, and political awareness resources and equitable opportunities for diverse occupational opportunities that enable people to meet their potential and experience well being - _______: includes barriers and limitations to occupational engagement caused by segregation, deprivation, alienation, imbalance and marginalization

- Occupational Justice - Occupational Injustice

Other Formal AT Definitions: - _______ defines AT as "Any product instrument, equipment, or technology adapted or specifically designed for improving functioning of a disabled person." - _______ defines AT as "Products, environmental modifications, services, and processes that enable access to and use of these products, specifically by persons with disabilities and older adults" (difference with this definition is that they include "services" & emphasize older adults)

- World Health Organization (WHO) - Hersh & Johnson

HAAT Model - Activity: - ICF defines ______ as the execution of a task or action by an individual - ICF defines ______ as involvement in a life situation - Two qualifiers that assist the person's involvement in the activity and participation domains include: ______ (what the person actually does; the action of carrying out a task) & ______ (the ability or power to do so; the person's potential optimal performance) (Note: ICF stands for International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health)

- activity - participation - performance, capacity

Functions Performed by EADLs: - ______ latched control of appliances: on/off devices such as lights & radio - Discrete or ______ appliance: operate via Infrared such as TV, VCR, CD, cassette tape control - ______ control of appliances: operated via radio frequency or hard wired such as door opener & drapery control - ______ control: any device requiring one or two switches such as call signals, door controls, etc.

- binary - continuous - momentary - switch

EADL Components (Figure 14.1): - The way the user accesses the EADL is through the _______ or input device (ex: keyboard/keypad, joystick, & single or multiple switches) - Feedback is provided to the user by some form of _______, which might be a monitor or screen, a light, or sound - The control interface and user display constitute the _______ - The control interface and user display are connected to the rest of the system and to each other by a block labeled _______ which refers to how users indicate their choice - The _______ component translates the selection into some form of control of the device, which is connected either directly (hard-wired) or via a remote (wireless) link

- control interface - user display - human/technology interface (HTI) - selection method - output distribution

HTI Roles in an AT System: - Can include how the user ______ the AT system (including mounting of controls for easy access by the user; if the user requires support for the body in order to control the device, the HTI also provides that) - Provides ______ to the user of the system regarding the environment (ex: speech output of a scanned book for a user who is blind) or the operation of the device (ex: visual display in a power wheelchair; auditory feedback for alarms like low battery) is another function of the HTI - Note: HTI should fit the human ______ & capacity for the activity & context (Ex: manual wheelchair for marathons, basketball, & hemi user all have different HTI. Each wheelchair / w/c part must be related to the needs of the individual user)

- controls - feedback - needs

Selection methods used with EADLs include: - ______: occurs when the user of the system can choose any output directly (room light, fan, radio, etc.); generally is faster than other approaches - Scanning: can be done with or without electronic equipment - Direct scanning - ______ access: user enters a series of dots and dashes corresponding to the numerical code required to activate the desired appliance

- direct selection - coded

Evolution of AT: - 1980s: few adaptations, most AT were especially designed for people with ______ - 2020s: special adaptations are ______ features - Mainstream products today were specially-designed AT in the past - ______ helped this evolution from AT to mainstream tech

- disabilities - standard - universal design

Control Methods: - The EADL may simply turn the appliance on/off or open/close a door. This simple function is referred to as _______. An on/off or open/close function is referred to as binary, since there are only two possible states. Other examples include a selection of a single event from a finite number of possible events such as selection of a TV channel or a pre-stored telephone number. - The other type of control function employed in EADLs is _______ which results in successively greater or smaller amounts of output among an infinite number of possible outputs. Examples include opening and closing draperies, controlling volume on a television or radio, and dimming or brightening lights.

- discrete control - continuous control

EADLs Activity Component: - Objects requiring ______ control to manipulate & operate them - Focus is on ______ devices

- fine motor - electronic

Activity Output: - Purpose is to link human ______ (pressing a switch) to activity (moving, speaking, etc.) in an assistive or augmentative way - Types of activity outputs from the user to the environment include communication, ______, manipulation, cognitive processing, ______ energy (ex: power wheelchair motors for mobility), & electronic form (ex: text display on a screen)

- interactions - mobility, mechanical

EADL Physical Context: - _______ locations - Devices hard wired or transmitted - _______ (bright) light can affect screen information - Ambient background noise can affect voice-activation / ability to hear ______

- interior - outdoor - feedback

Social, Cultural, Institutional Contexts That Affect EADLs: - Skills & ______ of user - Ongoing need for use and maintenance - ______ to self & others - Tech is being integrated into cultural life - ______ & rarely funded

- knowledge - attitude - expensive

ICF Activity & Performance Domains: - Learning & applying ______ - General tasks & demands - Communication - ______ - Self care - Domestic life - Interpersonal, interactional, & ______ - Major life areas - Community, social, & civic life

- knowledge - mobility - relationships

Equitable Distribution of AT: - Disabilities may equate to ______ income due to increased likelihood of being unemployed or underemployed - Individuals with disabilities and their families are poorer than their peers who earn a similar income because of the extra expenses they incur related to medical costs, technology costs, and costs related to paying for assistance. These situations are called ______ - Access to ATs can aid in development of ______ and address conversion. - Charitable distribution may not meet the needs of the potential user - Medical necessity conflicts with individual needs and equitable distribution

- low - conversion handicap - capabilities

Modular Technology Options: - Commercially available _______ products (ex: measuring cups, vegetable peeler) - Commercially available _______ products (ex: google maps) - Commercially available devices designed for persons with _______ (ex: wheelchair)

- mainstream - software - disabilities

EADLs Human Component: - Those with severe limitations in ______ abilities can benefit from EADLs. - Client has little to no manipulation skill due to conditions such as high-level ______ and ALS

- manipulation - SCI

Assessment for Use of EADLs: - Determine client's ______ - Consider client's capabilities - Determine mean of technology use for client & set ______ - Assess possible integration of EADLs - Consider ______

- needs - goals - contexts

Soft Assistive Technologies: - A major area of soft technology application is the fitting of assistive devices to meet the ______ of individual users - Another major form of soft technology is ______ of the user to successfully use the hard technology - One of the major types of soft technologies is ______ to determine the specific needs of an individual and to match ATs to those needs (ineffective or inappropriate assessment can have a negative impact)

- needs - training - assessment

The Human User: - Lifespan perspective: the ability and desire to use technology is not the same across the lifespan - ______: user with little or no experience in using specific AT system or the task for which it is used - ______: user demonstrates high degree of skill in use of AT system - ______: a set of socially agreed upon expectations, functions, or obligations that involved patterns, scripts, or codes of behavior, routines, habits, and occupations that a person assumes, and which becomes part of that person's social identity

- novice - expert - roles

Meaning of an Activity: - The performance of an activity holds meaning to an individual - Occupational ______ describes how a person does an occupation - Occupational ______ refers to the degree to which a person is engaged with or involved in a particular occupation - _______: the personal sense of how well one can perform an activity in an anticipated situation; confidence in ability to complete activity, use device, etc. - Occupational ______ with daily activities describes the affective aspect of occupational performance; a sense of accomplishment and support received for the performance

- performance - engagement - self efficacy - satisfaction

Principles of Assistive Technology Service Delivery: - Process is ______ centered, not AT centered - Focus is on the functional ______ and participation - An ______ informed process is used for service delivery - AT service delivery is provided in an ______ manner - AT services are provided in a ______ manner (important for devices/services to last a long time)

- person - outcome - evidence - ethical - sustainable

T/F: An autonomous car decrease or eliminates a person's autonomy

True

T/F: Universal design can be less expensive than modifying a product after production to meet the needs of a person with a disability. However, design and production of ETs that include universal design principles can still increase the manufacturer's costs & be more expensive to produce

True

T/F: Without soft technologies, hard technologies can't be used successfully

True

Assistive technology in Canada is funded by the _______ which consists of the following features: - Provincial government covers a percentage of the cost of a device - Must be assessed/evaluated by an ADP authorizer, who then makes recommendations - Assessment is reviewed at provincial level before approval of funding - Different categories of devices: seating, mobility, communication, computer access, vision/hearing products

Assistive Devices Program (ADP)

Any item, piece of equipment, or product system whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities

Assistive Technology (AT) - Definition from the U.S. legislation, The Assistive Technology Act of 1998 (2004 amendment)

Enables people to follow their own life's plan; aim is to guarantee the minimum conditions to cooperative citizens so that they may participate in a social, economic, and cultural life

Capabilities

Describes an occupation in which two or more people are involved and cannot be done by one person alone; an occupation involving other individuals which is interactive and responsive; integrates the activity and human components of HAAT model (ex: conversation)

Co-occupation

EADL Functions: _______ functions enabled by EADLs include use of the telephone to both place and receive a call, intercom systems such as those used to identify visitors at the front door, and attendant calls

Communication

The result of an interaction between the person and their environment; seen as a socially constructed phenomenon that results from barriers that are present in the environment; any impairment that makes it more difficult for the individual to do certain activities and interact with the world around them

Disability

Normative principles designed to guide the allocation of the benefits and burdens of economic activity

Distributive Justice

There are many individuals with disabilities who can read but who cannot physically manipulate the pages of the reading material. For these reasons, ______ can be used to assist these individuals along with other helpful alternatives such as a book holder, mouth stick, audio books, & e-readers

Electrically Powered Page Turners

Any electronic technology used for the specific purpose of providing independent operation of appliances; allows a person who lacks sufficient fine motor skills to manipulate & operate devices (lights, doors, etc.)

Electronic Aids to Daily Living (EADL)

EADL Functions: ______ allows the user to adjust the temperature, lighting, and some pressure relief devices

Environmental regulation

______ is a device that can detect various forms of energy. - Example: A phone can provide information to user or to other apps in the phone (light sensors for screen brightness, picture with flash, etc.; motion sensors; sound sensors such as microphones & talk to text; location sensors)

Environmental sensor

Pervasive technology that facilitates everyday tasks and activities; can often meet the needs of individuals with a wide range of disabilities (ex: remote controls, microwave ovens, mobile phones)

Everyday Technology (ET)

Some mechanical AT systems have no need for any processing. For other mechanical AT systems, there are processor-like functions that we refer to as _______. These are defined as the arrangement of connected parts in a machine (ex: the linkages that connect the hand rims on a manual wheelchair to the wheels; the linkage between the gripper and the claw end on a mechanical reacher)

Mechanisms

_______ Systems: - Combination of mainstream everyday technologies and specially-designed technologies - Can provide the individual with optimum usability as the solutions can be adapted exactly to the needs and requirements of the individual - Give a broader range of options to meet the individual needs of user

Modular

Assistive technology in the United Kingdom is funded by _______ which provides individuals or their caregivers with a funding allotment after an assessment. The recipient determines how funds will be distributed.

Personal Independence Payment (PIP)

________ is an interdisciplinary association for the advancement of rehabilitation and AT. It adheres to and promotes the highest standards of ethical conduct. It's code of ethics includes that members: - Hold paramount the welfare of the persons served - Practice only in their area of competence and maintain high standards - Engage in no conduct that constitutes conflict of interest or adversely affects the profession - Seek deserved and reasonable re numeration - Inform and educate public on rehab and AT and its applications - Issue public statements in an objective and truthful manner - Comply with laws and policies that guide the profession

RESNA (Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology Society of North America)

Who was an architect, product designer, and educator that coined the term "universal design"?

Ronald Mace

EADL Functions: EADLs for _______ purposes can notify users that someone is at the entrance to their home or apartment, allow them to see that individual through a remote camera, and to remotely unlock (and then relock) the door so it can be opened and closed.

Safety/security

A capability given by the practical application of knowledge; A manner of accomplishing a task especially using technical processes, methods, or knowledge

Technology

_______ includes the physiological functions of body systems which affect the ability to perform an activity, engage in the community, and use AT. Human body functions include: • Mental functions: staying alert/focused, perceiving & interpreting info, feeling & regulating emotions • Hearing functions: auditory & vestibular for balance, movement, & position in space • Voice functions: speech, fluency, speed, intonation • Seeing functions: acuity, visual field • Additional sensory functions: tactile, proprioception • Neuromusculoskeletal functions: movement, muscle tone, power, endurance

The Human User

Belief that the design of all products and building designs should be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by people of all, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life (note: in some European countries, this term is known as "design for all")

Universal Design

As a result of the input by the user through the HTI and the internal processing of relevant information, the AT generates an _______ that is appropriate to the chosen activity.

activity output

Computing and communication systems are no longer just contained in a desktop computer that is used for work. Rather, virtually every electronic device used on a regular basis has both computing power and is linked to other devices through local networks or the Internet. This is referred to as the ______ which is often embedded in familiar objects such as home appliances (washing machine, refrigerator, microwave, etc.) and devices that travel with us outside the home (mobile phones, tablets, cars, etc.)

ambient environment

The following legislations have affected ______: - Rehabilitation Act of 1973: established nondiscrimination and reasonable accommodation - Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: prohibits disability discrimination - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004: established the right of every child with a disability to receive a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) through an individualized education plan (IEP) - Assistive Technology Act of 1998: achieves disability federal funding to all 50 states - The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights (internationally)

assistive technology

In the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) the _______ funds 100% of assistive technology programs!!

government

Use of monitoring and surveillance AT leads to a reduction in the person's autonomy and ______

independence

In many AT systems, the input from the HTI must be altered in some way to generate an activity output. For electronic AT applications, we refer to this component as the _______. The HTI provides a signal from the user that the processor combines with the environmental sensor input to generate an activity output.

processor

An ambient intelligence based computer program determines if the appropriate ______ are being taken by the user. For example, a program known as "carebots" are robots that serve as coaches for ADLs. Although AT provides functional gain, it provides ______ care rather than deep care that meets the social/emotional needs of clients.

steps, shallow

One of the most tangible indicators of lack of client satisfaction is when the client stops using a device even though the need for which the device was obtained still exists. We call this situation _______

technology abandonment

______ or programmable devices include remote controllers that utilize either Infrared (IR) or radio frequency (RF) which typically are designed for operation with only one appliance (TV, DVD player, etc.)

trainable

_______ can be used as EADLs (smart speakers, amazon echo, Alexa, google home, Siri in apple products)

voice assistants

The degree to which an individual can tolerate complexity in technology

Gadget tolerance

Describes a human doing something in a context (or situation) using assistive technology

HAAT Model

_______ is embedded intelligence & connectivity in all devices that can communicate with each other and are controlled from a central point; also called Internet of Things (Smart Home)

Home Automation Systems

Recognized as the founding theoretical model of AT which ensures that technology appropriately meets a users needs with consideration to their activities. It describes a person doing an activity in certain contexts using AT.

Human Activity Assistive Technology Model (HAAT)

The boundary between the human user and the AT

Human/technology interface (HTI)

EADL Functions: Devices that enable ________ are used to control audio-visual equipment, electrically powered page turners, and other electronic devices. Perhaps the most commonly used devices in this category are those that are like the remote controls for TV, DVD, cable and similar entertainment devices

Information acquisition

How is assistive technology funded in the U.S.?

Insurance --> Medicare, Medicaid, special organizations