TEST 1

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the _____(1)_____, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to _____(2)_____ objects that were unique. a. (1) 20th century; (2) rustic b. (1) Industrial Revolution; (2) hand-crafted c. (1) Artistic Revolution; (2) machine made d. (1) Revolutionary War; (2) hand-made

b. (1) Industrial Revolution; (2) hand-crafted

A ______(1)______ is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form, where as a ______(2)______ is used to fire, or heat the clay. a. (1) clay spinner; (2) roaster b. (1) potters wheel; (2) kiln c. (1) kiln; (2) glaze d. (1) meander; (2) slip oven

b. (1) potters wheel; (2) kiln

Define the following terms: - glazed - amphora - terracotta

Glazed is defined as a thin, shiny glasslike coating used to color pottery. Amphora is defined as a two handled storage jar with a long neck, narrower than its body. Terracotta is defined as a hard red brown earthenware used for pottery and building construction.

For architecture during the Arts and Crafts Movement, which of the following was not characteristic? a. The use of warm colored woods in architecture and furnishings. b. Creating architecture that was for personal use by the artist, and not to be sold for money. c. Designing and creating architecture that looked used and rustic. d. Ensuring architecture was connected to the environment it was in.

b. Creating architecture that was for personal use by the artist, and not to be sold for money.

_____________ is clay that has been watered down to the consistency of paint. It was used primarily by the Greeks to decorate and "glue" pieces together. a. Slip c. Porcelain b. Amphora d. Terracotta

a. Slip

A craft ___________________ a. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process. b. is a creative expression of an idea in some form. c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. d. refers to any type of art that has a purpose or use.

a. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process.

All of the following are types of artistic techniques that use fibers, except which? a. glass blowing c. basketry b. sewing d. weaving

a. glass blowing

Metal armor has __________________ a. largely influenced the power possessed by nations. b. provided a form of currency for warring nations. c. been created in the past using only two metalworking processes: cutting and welding. d. served as a form of defense and a spiritual connection to the gods.

a. largely influenced the power possessed by nations.

This is an example of a ________________ because it not only shows skills and beauty, but was also created to hold or transport something. a. piece of functional art c. piece of fine artb.practical vase

a. piece of functional art

This image is an example which technique in ceramics? a. red figure painting c. glazing b. meander pattern d. black figure painting

a. red figure painting

The Arts and Crafts Movement occurred mainly in _______________. a. the United States and England c. the United States and South America b. England and France d. France and Japan

a. the United States and England

Stained glass can be useful for _____________________ a. transmitting light and displaying colorful images. b. churches to draw in new patrons who want to view its beauty from inside. c. reflecting and absorbing light, as well as displaying colorful images. d. creating mirrored images of light and colors on the surrounding walls of a religious structure.

a. transmitting light and displaying colorful images.

If a piece of glass permits light to pass through, then it is considered ___________. a. transparent c. transmitting b. reflective d. absorbent

a. transparent

Which of the following is true of iron? a. It has the highest electrical conductivity of any metal. b. It can exist in many alloys, usually with a carbon base. c. It is highly valuable, has symbolic meaning, and widely used. d. It is a durable metal and is commonly used for casting.

b. It can exist in many alloys, usually with a carbon base.

The artist's purpose for this piece of glass art was __________________ a. to emphasize how color and light can produce emotional meaning. b. to show the art world that glass-work can be a form of art. c. to show the beauty of an unfinished product. d. to show the process and skill, along with the meaning of the artwork.

d. to show the process and skill, along with the meaning of the artwork.

The process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom is called ____________. a. sewing c. crocheting b. embroidery d. weaving

d. weaving

The fabrication method that joins together materials, usually metal, is known as __________. a. casting c. cutting b. milling d. welding

d. welding

By using different types of ____________, artists can enhance the aesthetic appearance and design of a design, whether it be carved, cut-out, or fashioned. a. wood inlay c. clay b. glazes d. wood grain

d. wood grain

Explain the processes used in forming metals. Name one occupation in history that has used forming in metalworking.

A collection of processes in which metal is arranged into a desired shape. Most commonly with forming metal, the metal is heated until it reaches liquid form, and is shaped. It will then harden and remain in the shape created. Forming can also include casting, which involving shaping the metal using a hammer or some other form of pressure. Forming has been most commonly used by blacksmiths for centuries.

Provide an example of a famous architect who participated in the Arts and Crafts Movement and his goals.

A famous architect from the Arts and Crafts Movement is Frank Lloyd Wright. His style inspired the building of ordinary things like these homes here, for instance. And these, like many other elements in the Arts and Crafts Movement, emphasized the unique and local character of the item being constructed. So if we look at these homes, they were designed to be incorporated into their local environments. They were meant to be unique. So they weren't just cookiecutter houses that were being stamped out from the same mold, but each one was individually designed and had its own characteristics, colors, and decorations, and so forth. If you look at the design that came out of this period, you can see an emphasis on a warm earthy feel in terms of the materials used and the colors used, and the way that light was manipulated to enter space. You look at the interior of this home here and get a sense of how this worked. Through the use of nice warm colored woods, everything has a rustic finish. It allows the light to pour in and create a sense of warmth in this space. And this was something that wasn't being done outside of this movement at the time, because as I said, everything was essentially being pared down to a repeatable process. And so this movement wanted to emphasize rustic and unfinished qualities, at times, of pieces of work. o sometimes maybe things were not entirely painted or woodwork was not entirely covered, or corners were a little rough. It made it feel like something had actually been created by a person, that it was lived in and that it was used. Not that it was some sterile object just to be looked at and not touched.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. What is a handicraft? Examine the image above. Is it an example of functional piece art or fine art? Explain your answer.

A handicraft is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. It has a function. It is not only for display because it can be used as a vase or a place to store different objects in. It has been around for a long time. It serves a utilitarian purpose like carrying water or storing grain. And sometimes they may have been adorned with artwork, such as this vase here. Another example of a handicraft, apart from things like the ceramic vase we just looked at, are weaving and embroidery. And these are important things that have also been around since ancient times, thousands of years BC, in fact, and until recently, received very little attention within the art world. This is because these were regarded as women's work and they weren't worth studying, or they weren't viewed as culturally important artifacts. But as we've understood that the role that women played in historical societies was hugely important, things like this have also become important objects of study.

What is a meander pattern? Which two civilizations mainly used this technique?

A piece of ceramics that has a meander pattern, has an outside rim designed with geometric patterns consisting of horizontal and vertical lines. This technique/style was mainly used by the Romans and the Chinese.Or things that they could do with the backgrounds in the black figure pieces, but by and large it was deemed a superior technique that afforded them a greater deal of creative flexibility. Another important term to mention at this point is what's called a meander pattern. This is something that Greeks, and later the Romans, used to great effect. This was basically the geometric designs that you would see, for instance, around the outside of this design here. It's a continuous repeating pattern formed by vertical and horizontal lines.

What equipment is necessary for creating ceramic? Describe each piece and how it is used.

A potter first of all need clay to begin making any creating. A potters wheel is then used in a process known as "throwing" a pot, in which a spinning wheel spins clay at different speeds to create a desired shape for a piece of pottery. A kiln is a type of oven used to fire or heat the clay. This is a device on which we can place the clay, and usually by manipulating a foot pedal, we can make this rotate. This allows us to keep a continuous even form along the outside of the vessel that we're creating using the clay. So within the world of ceramics, or making things from clay, we have some basic types of ceramics. These are earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. It has a very round continuous shape. The contour is identical around the central axis. So if we were to spin it around, you can see how it would be formed.

Explain the difference between a piece of art and a craft.

Art is the creative expression of an idea in some form. Basically art is the communication of some idea in a visual form. Craft emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process. Now when we're using the term craft, what we're emphasizing is not so much the experience of seeing this item or using this item, but the actual process that went in to creating the item. We're interested in the physical effort and the skill that was required, maybe the strength that was required, in the creative process.

Define and detail the following: - black figure painting - red figure painting

Black figure painting is defined as an Ancient Greek technique in which the figures appear as black silhouettes on red background. Where if we had some figure on the side of a vessel like this, it would be filled in black. And the background would be red. This is because the Greeks used a particular type of clay referred to as terracotta, which because of its iron content, oxidizes in a sort of red form. That's what leaves the reddish orange hue on the background areas. It had very limiting uses.They couldn't really create profiles. Red figure painting is defined as advanced technique allowing for more detailed figures. By the time that red figure painting started, it only took a couple of decades before it almost completely replaced the use of black figure painting. Red figure painting is essentially the opposite of black figure painting. And you can see an example of it here. That's where the background areas have been painted with the black slip, and the figures have been left the red color of the buff terracotta. Now this had the advantage of allowing the Greeks to depict better anatomy and more detailed forms on the figures. It had some disadvantages in terms of ways that they used to distinguish gender with the black figure pieces. Or things that they could do with the backgrounds in the black figure pieces, but by and large it was deemed a superior technique that afforded them a greater deal of creative flexibility.

Compare and contrast bronze and iron.

Bronze includes a wide range of copper alloy metals, usually with tin as the main additive. Bronze is a durable metal and is widely used for casting, or pouring melted metal into a mold. Iron is a lustrous, silver, soft metal, taken mostly from iron ore hematite. Like bronze, iron can exist in many alloys. Iron alloys however are usually carbon based rather than copper based. Now bronze is another durable metal. And it's widely used for casting which is where we make a mold first and then we pour molten metal into that mold and let it dry. This is usually done by sculpting some surface and then sculpting the outer details of the surface with something like wax.

What is "slip"? What was it primarily used for by the Greeks?

Clay watered down to the consistency of paint which is used to decorate and "glue" pieces together is called slip. Slip sometimes contains sodium silicate to keep the water to a minimum so that shrinkage doesn't occur. This is watered down clay that allows us to create a joint between the piece that's been formed on the potters wheel and these tubes that we create to be the handles. So using this watereddown clay, it's almost like gluing the handles on. Now slip can also have other important uses. If you look at this vessel here, you'll see that it has a nice shiny finish on all these black areas. And that's because this was painted with a particular slip, which was watereddown clay that had other minerals added to it in order to add pigment. This was an important usage of slip that the Greeks had devised for painting vases in a variety of ways. Specifically, they developed two important types of painting on ceramic vessels.

Create a brief timeline for the history of ceramics. Include dates, civilizations, and types in your answer.

Earliest known ceramics were created by Ancient Greeks who made pots for functional use. Now in particular, the Greeks devised some interesting techniques for ceramics and ceramic painting that are worth mentioning. Now the Greeks were among some of the first people to use ceramics, along with the Mayans and the Chinese and so forth. And one specific use they had was the creation of what's called an amphora. This was a twohandled storage jar. The Greeks would paint them with elaborate decorations during the 6th and 5th century BCE. In Circa 2500 BCE, Bronze Age bowls and other ceramics were developed. 1000 BCE (3000 years ago), Chinese ceramics were created and popularized. The Chinese were particularly skillful at manipulating porcelain. And that's where porcelain originally developed, was in China. If you've ever heard the term "fine china" to describe things like dinner plates or bowls or fancy cups or things like that, that's because originally these were coming out of China when they were exposed to the rest of the world. Now porcelain has been around in China for almost 10,000 years, in some form or another. 700800 CE, Mayan vases and other ceramics were created. But more recently than that, something in the hundreds of AD, the Chinese began to create very fancy porcelain vessels for use in the Royal Courts and so forth. And you can see one example of this here.

Define the term, fiber. Name the four techniques of art that use fiber.

Fiber is defined as flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces, similar to threads. Fiber is defined as a flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces, similar to threads. The four techniques that use fiber are;weavingsewingbasketry and handmade paper. Fiber has four techniques namely sewing, basketry, handmade paper and weaving, It is define as being a flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces which is similar to a threads. Fiber is defined as a flexible material that are continuous filaments or elongated pieces, similar to threads. The four techniques that use fiber are;weavingsewingbasketry and handmade paper.

What are three examples of fibers?

Fibers can come from plants, such as reeds or cotton, from animals, such as wool from sheep, or can be made, which create what's called synthetic fibers, such as nylon. And each of these different types of fibers have different properties, basically how close they can be woven together or how much insulation they provide, how strong they are, and so forth. And so different types of fibers have only been able to be manipulated using different tools throughout history. And so let's talk about weaving and how it relates to this. Well, weaving is the process, as we said, of basically connecting fibers together to make a piece of cloth. And this is useful for clothing, or tapestries, or carpets, and so forth. And so when people created weavings, they used a tool called a loom. And when people did this by hand, they could only use certain types of fabric, because other ones couldn't be pulled tightly. But with the advent of industrialization, when we had powered looms that were controlled by steam power or water power, we could pull different types of fabric tighter. And so it allowed us to create new types of fabric through weaving. So when we weave, we have what are called warp fibers and weft fibers.

Describe the physical qualities and importance of gold.

Gold is too soft for everyday use on its own, and must be combined by alloying with copper or other metals. Gold is also a very malleable metal. Gold is slightly softer than silver. Gold is a highly sought after dense, malleable, shiny, and soft precious metal that has been used as a form of currency for many centuries. It is the most valuable precious metal. It is aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing and has religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures. So gold is also a very malleable metal. First of all gold is the most expensive metal and was widely used in ancient times because its symbolic meanings and intrinsic beauty. Basically people saw based on the luster and the color of the surface of gold it reminded them of things like sunlight for instance. And so there was usually very spiritual connection. A lot of times you'll see religious sculpturists that make very good use of gold for things like halos or rays of light and so forth. So it was believed to be of spiritual importance as well as having important aesthetic qualities. Coins are also made out of gold. Gold is easy to shape and easy to work with.

Name and describe the different types of ceramics.

In essence, clay is a collection of minerals that are mixed with water in order to form a pliable substance that can be shaped into a variety of forms, and then fired and turned in to a finished solid piece. Porcelain is one of the types of ceramics. A hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials is called porcelain. Stoneware is one of the types of ceramics. Stoneware is a type of fine textured ceramic ware. A common material used for pottery and decorative objects is called earthenware. Earthenware is another type of ceramic. They all have different mineral compositions. That means that they have a variety of different properties when they're fired. For instance, earthenware is very low cost, it's very accessible. However, when it's fired it's also very porous. So for instance, this was not very helpful for storing water. When we make something out of earthenware, it's kind of brittle and porous, and so we have to glaze it. Which is basically using another mineral coating on the outside of the piece. And then when it's fired in the kiln it has a nice, smooth, sealed up finish. You can see an example here of a little headpiece that I've made out of earthenware before. This was fired in a wood kiln using custom homemade glazes. And so you can see it has a nice earthy, sort of rustic feel to it. But it's also very shiny. And that's because it's all sealed up with this glaze. But if you were to look inside of it, you would see that it's porous, and you can maybe find some cracking and so forth. Now stoneware is a slightly different type of clay. It has a higher firing temperature and it forms a better seal. It has a slightly smoother finish. It's waterproof. And then porcelain has an even higher firing temperature, something in the range of 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Porcelain is tough and translucent, and also has the property of being nonconductive when it's been fired. This means that you can use it to insulate things from electrical currents. It has a variety of other practical applications, especially in sanitary ware like toilet bowls and dinner plates and so forth, as well as dental uses.

Explain the difference between weaving and embroidery.

In essence, weaving is the art of creating cloth by threading some material through itself in order to make a finished piece of cloth. This is usually done with a tool called a loom. Whereas embroidery is the art of using some piece of thread with a needle to create this design in an existing piece of cloth. And these are important things that have also been around since ancient times, thousands of years BC, in fact, and until recently, received very little attention within the art world. This is because these were regarded as women's work and they weren't worth studying, or they weren't viewed as culturally important artifacts. So when we talk about weaving, we might look at this carpet here, for example, and try to understand how this was all created on a loom. Whereas embroidery might be small details or designs or patterns that are worked into a finished piece of cloth to give it its final effect.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. What type of craft was use to create the piece shown above? Examine the piece shown and describe what you see and feel. What was the artist's intention when he made this piece?

It appears to be tinted glass. You can see the carefully crafted soft ridges with an unique design. The wavy design gives off a calm and curious mood. The artist's intention was most likely to use the piece as a form of expressing emotion as the calm yet harsh color scheme suggests. If not, the artist might have intended to make a simple decoration. Let me know how I can improve on mg answers. Have a great night! This piece was created by a glasscraftsman and is an example of glass art. The piece is skillfully done, and eye catching because you can't help but look at it and wonder how the artist managed to create the final product. The piece is packed with emotional meaning largely because you can see and imagine the detail, skill, and passion the artist would have had to possess to create the piece. The artist intended to emphasize the process to the viewer more than the final piece.

How has metal been used by civilizations to gain power?

Metal has always been the primary material used by civilizations to make weapons. The amount of metal possessed by a nation can greatly influence how a nation is viewed, feared, and respected by surrounding nations. Metal can be used to create strong weaponry for war, or can serve as a form wealth. Metal has always been the primary material used by civilizations to make weapons. The amount of metal possessed by a nation can greatly influence how a nation is viewed, feared, and respected by surrounding nations. Metal can be used to create strong weaponry for war, or can serve as a form wealth.

Define metal. Identify the four primary types of metal.

Metal is defined as an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. The four types of metal are gold, bronze, silver, and iron. First of all gold is the most expensive metal and was widely used in ancient times because its symbolic meanings and intrinsic beauty. Basically people saw based on the luster and the color of the surface of gold it reminded them of things like sunlight for instance. And so there was usually very spiritual connection. A lot of times you'll see religious sculpturists that make very good use of gold for things like halos or rays of light and so forth. And so it was also used because of its value for things like coins. Especially among the English where, they could cut up gold coins into eight fractional pieces. And this allowed them to easily divide up the value of things and establish a constant exchange rate among other items. Now bronze is another durable metal. And it's widely used for casting which is where we make a mold first and then we pour molten metal into that mold and let it dry. This is usually done by sculpting some surface and then sculpting the outer details of the surface with something like wax. Metal is an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. The four main types of metal are gold, bronze, silver, and iron.

Define metalworking. Provide a brief history of metalworking.

Metalworking is the craft of using metal to create different parts, or assemble them together, or larger structures. Metalworking began in the Stone Age. The ancient people knew of seven metals, which were used to fashion tools for hunting, protection, and survival. A period in human cultural development in which the most advanced metalworking included smelting copper and tin and creating a bronze alloy to be used for bronze artifacts. So now we've looked at some different types of metals let's talk briefly about the metalworking process. Basically how do they actually turn these metals into a functional piece.

Explain the difference between milling and welding.

Milling is a form of cutting where by a metal is made into to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling leaving a finished part matching a set of specifications. This is the process of extracting burrs and unwanted details from the metal surface that we formed. The final important part of the metal work in process might entail joining or welding. Welding is a fabrication process which joins two pieces of material. his is connecting different parts of metal by using other superheated metal. So if we had a wrought iron gate, for example, that we're going to create and we wanted to connect bars on it, we would have our bars formed first and then we would you superheated metal on these joints to basically glue them together in a way.

What is glass art?

Now glass is unique in the world of art, because it is completely affected by how it interacts with light. So something like sculpture, for instance, it can cast shadows on itself, and so there's an important consideration with light there. But we'll see here in a minute how some of the different properties of glass make it so that light is really what makes the difference for a piece of glass artwork. So some of the different properties of glass include transparency, reflectivity, transmissiveness, and absorptiveness. Well when something is transparent, it means that light can pass through it. And when something is reflective, we mean that the light is cast back from the surface. So when light we'll say this is our light source white light contains all frequencies of light. And we're going to have a surface of glass here. When the glass is reflective, it means that that light bounces off it. And now all things are reflective to some extent. When we see color, that's the color that's being reflected off the surface. So we said that this white light source contains all colors of light. Well what happens is, the colors of light that are reflected back off the surface are the ones that we see. Then the ones that are absorbed into the surface are the ones that we don't see. So when we're talking about absorption, that's what we mean. So some glass is entirely reflective, and some of it has sort of a tinted reflectiveness.

Name and define the main component of many commonly used types of glass.

Silica is the main component usually found in glass. Silica is a chemical compound most commonly found in sand or quartz. Glass is a highly pure form of silica, called fused silica. The way that this works is that glass is a mixture of sand and a mineral, silica, that are superheated so they become a liquid form. And then in glass blowing, we have a really long straw that we can use to actually puff air into this liquid glass.

Describe the physical attributes and historical importance of silver.

Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with the highest conductivity of any element. Silver is very ductile and malleable, slightly harder than gold. It can be flattened through hammering or another type of pressure. It can be used to make ornaments, jewelry, and utensils. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals. Silver has a properties that it's very ductile and malleable. And it's slightly harder than gold. Well malleability refers to the property of the metal that allows it to be flattened out into a sheet without breaking apart.

What was the main goals and characteristics of the arts and crafts movement in architecture?

The Arts and Crafts Movement began in Britain around 1880 and quickly spread to America, Europe and Japan. Inspired by the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris, it advocated a revival of traditional handicrafts, a return to a simpler way of life and an improvement in the design of ordinary domestic objects. The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in the last decades of the nineteenth century as a reaction against the first industrial style, which had developed in England throughout that century. It was characterized by rejecting industrial methods of work, the purpose of architecture as the center of all design activities and more rights to artists. The main goal was to raise the social and aesthetic dignity of design and all applied arts, integrating them into an architectural environment harmonious and beautiful.

Explain the circumstances that led to the Arts and Crafts Movement.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was largely fueled by the industrial revolution, in which everything was mass produced. More and more artists wanted to return to handmade objects that were unique. Because more and more things were being done through automated processes or being created by machines, it meant that the products they were creating ended up looking the same. And so some of these artists wanted to return to the process of making things by hand, so that each piece would be unique and individualized. This is just one of the many aspects of the Arts and Crafts Movement. The Arts and Crafts Movement started around the time of the Industrial Revolution. This is in the late 19th and early 20th century, that some artists were displeased with the fact that a lot of everyday products, things like clocks and furniture and wall coverings and so forth, were all beginning to look the same because they were made through automated processes. And so the idea behind this movement was that it was a philosophy that emphasized the creation of these pieces as much as the finished pieces themselves. What that means is that it wasn't just important that something was a nice looking chair, but it was important how it was created. Maybe someone made it by hand, or that they used materials that were in the area where it was created. So if I were building a chair in Wisconsin and selling it there, then maybe I would use wood that was actually harvested in Wisconsin. This was just one of the many facets of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

Where did the arts and crafts movement take place? In what areas of art was the arts and crafts movement found? What principle did the movement emphasize?

The Arts and Crafts movement originated in Great Britain, then influenced other countries in Europe, after which it emerged in North America and Japan (in Japan is known as the Mingei movement). Therefore, Arts and Craft is an international movement in the decorative and fine arts that took place between about 1880 and 1920. This movement stood for traditional craftsmanship, using simple forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. The Art and Craft movement originated in decorative arts, such as architecture and interior design (mostly in churches), but by the end of the 19th century this movement influenced and was found in painting, sculpture, graphics, illustration, book making and photography, furniture and woodwork, stained glass, leatherwork, lacemaking, embroidery, rug making and weaving, jewelry and metalwork, enameling and ceramics. The Arts and Crafts movement's set of principles and attitudes emphasize the interaction of art and society which is set in the mind of the artist or craftsman. Generally, this movement was led by political ideals, the desire to create something new and nostalgia for earlier styles of architecture. A.W.N. Purgin advocated the truth to material, structure and function as one of the main principles of Art and Craft movements. The arts and crafts movement took place mainly in the United States and England. It could be seen in architecture and in the decorative arts. The movement emphasized the creation of the product as well as the end result. In other words, art and meaning were in the creation as much as in the piece itself.

Answer the following question in 3-4 complete sentences. Examine the three pictures below. Determine what each is an example of, and any other information you can recall from the lesson or from your own knowledge of art and ceramics. Picture 1: Picture 2: Picture 3:

The first picture shows red figure painting. This technique was mainly used by the Greeks. You can see that the pattern and the figure are very distinct. The figure is also not that defined which is a characteristic of a red figure painting vase or artwork. The second picture is an example of fine china or porcelain vessel. It was created by the Chinese, who developed porcelain over 10,000 years ago. The art style and depictions on the vase are very distinguishable. You can see that they are specific to porcelain made in China. Porcelain is tough and translucent, and also has the property of being nonconductive when it's being fired. This means that you can use it to insulate things from electrical currents. It has a variety of other practical applications, especially in sanitary ware like toilet bowls and dinner plates and so forth, as well as dental uses. Many porcelain vessels were created for use in the Royal Courts. The third picture is an example of a pottery wheel. A potters wheel is used to spin the clay while the ceramicist shapes it into a form. This is also a form of clay vase. It can be earthenware because earthenware is a common material used for pottery and decorative objects. A potters wheel is used to spin the clay while the ceramist shape it into a form.

In glass art, what are the four main properties it can have? Explain each.

The four main properties/abilities of glass are transparent, reflective, transmit, and absorb. Transparent is defined as permits light to pass through. A property of glass which permits light to pass through. is transparent. A property of glass which casts light back is called reflective. Allowing some light filters through is called transmit. Taking in light is called absorbing.

What is the image above an example of? What might have been its purpose(s)? How has this type of metalworking changed in both style and meaning, and how does it still serve the same purpose(s)?

The image above is an example of an ancient piece of jewelry. Jewelry was not only for aesthetic purposes in ancient times, but also for spiritual reasons. In ancient times, many people believed that wearing jewelry allowed a person to be spiritually connected to the gods. Today jewelry can still be a form of spiritual connection (Ex: Christian cross, Star of David, etc.), but most people see them as a reminder rather than a way of connecting or a from of protection. Jewelry for the most part is now ornamental. Another important artistic use of metal is in jewelry. Jewelry something that's been around for centuries. And although today it typically just has a purpose of ornamentation, throughout history it was serving a function of both ornamentation and spiritual connectedness.

What does the picture above show? What purpose(s) do they have? How does wood grain relate to these pieces of cultural art?

The picture above shows Native totem poles. Totem poles are intricate wood pieces with carvings of animals and shapes important within a culture. The wood grain in totem poles helps to mimic the texture of fur of the animals that are carved. A lot of Native American groups, particularly in the Pacific Northwest, created totem poles like this, and used the wood grain to great effect. Because it was effective for simulating surface details like animal fur and so forth.

Both of the above pieces are examples of art. Compare and contrast these works of art.

The piece on the left is a tapestry. It was created using fibers of some type, and displays both artistic skill and creativity. The piece on the right is an example of glass art. It also shows skill and creativity. Both are therefore examples of art. They could also both serve as functional pieces. The tapestry (left) could be used as a blanket or covering for a wall or floor, and the glass vase (right) could hold water or a flowers perhaps.

Name and differentiate between the components types of weaving.

The two components of weaving are warp and weft. The warp is the lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven. The weft is the yarn which is drawn under and over parallel warp yarns to form fabric. Weaving is the process of basically connecting fibers together to make a piece of cloth. And this is useful for clothing, or tapestries, or carpets, and so forth. And so when people created weavings, they used a tool called a loom. And when people did this by hand, they could only use certain types of fabric, because other ones couldn't be pulled tightly. But with the advent of industrialization, when we had powered looms that were controlled by steam power or water power, we could pull different types of fabric tighter. And so it allowed us to create new types of fabric through weaving. So when we weave, we have what are called warp fibers and weft fibers. So let's take a look at how this works. Basically the loom, what you can see here to the right, is a tool that keeps all the fibers spread out so we can work with them one at a time. And it's going to have something like this, basically a piece that all of the fibers are going to pass through. That's this area here that we can see. And so if we were going to look at this in the abstract, it's basically going to have different holes through which the fibers are threaded. And these all come to a single point here later.

What is the above picture an example of? Define this form of glass art and its purpose(s).

This is a picture of stained glass art which is most likely located in a church. It is a stained glass window. Stained glass is glass that has been colored using metallic salts. Stained glass has been used throughout history for both aesthetic and functional purposes, including bringing in light and displaying biblical stories and images in churches. Stained glass can be heated and blown into a hollow glass, and many other shapes for both decoration and function.

Name this statue. What type(s) of metal and metalworking were used to create this statue?

This is the Statue of Liberty which was given by France to the United States celebrating its independence. This statue is made of a sheeting of pure copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf. It was designed by the artist Fredric Auguste Bartholdi and was intended to be a coproduction between Americans and the French to celebrate the American' Declaration of Independence.

What is the picture above an example of? How was this piece, and others similar, made?

This picture shows a glass craft. It was made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by blowing the liquid (glass blowing) or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist. How light is transmitted or reflected off the surface of glass, and how that affects the way that we perceive it. So hopefully you can understand how fiber and glass are every bit as important in the world of art as things like painting and sculpture and so forth. So glass and fiber have purposes of utility, as well as unique aesthetic qualities of their own. So hopefully you'll be able to better appreciate when you see them now as you go out in the world of art.

Define the term, utilitarian. How can something be both utilitarian and fine art?

Utilitarian means "to serve a purpose" or functional art. Handicrafts are utilitarian. A handicraft is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. In essence, handicrafts are things that were made by hand and were intended to serve a functional or utilitarian purpose like carrying water or storing grain or things like this. And sometimes they may have been adorned with artwork, such as this vase here. Weaving and embroidery are also utilitarian but also fine art. Embroidery is the art of using some piece of thread with a needle to create this design in an existing piece of cloth. So when we talk about weaving, we might look at this carpet here, for example, and try to understand how this was all created on a loom. Whereas embroidery might be small details or designs r patterns that are worked into a finished piece of cloth to give it its final effect. Rugs or mats are considered embroidery or weaving. They have a utilitarian purpose but also can be fine art. Designs and the thought or message embedded in these types of work can be fine art.

Why were weaving and embroidery not accepted forms of art until recently?

Weaving and embroidery are are utilitarian pieces of fine art. The process of making cloth through interlacing the threads on a loom is called weaving. Weaving and embroidery were not considered art because women were the main artist of this portion of the Arts and Crafts movement. This is because these were regarded as women's work and they weren't worth studying, or they weren't viewed as culturally important artifacts. But as we've understood that the role that women played in historical societies was hugely important, things like this have also become important objects of study.

What factors can influence the properties of glass, which include its ability to transmit, reflect, or absorb light, or to be transparent?

Well when something is transparent, it means that light can pass through it. And when something is reflective, we mean that the light is cast back from the surface. So when light we'll say this is our light source white light contains all frequencies of light. And we're going to have a surface of glass here. When the glass is reflective, it means that that light bounces off it. And now all things are reflective to some extent. When we see color, that's the color that's being reflected off the surface. So we said that this white light source contains all colors of light. Well what happens is, the colors of light that are reflected back off the surface are the ones that we see. Then the ones that are absorbed into the surface are the ones that we don't see. So when we're talking about absorption, that's what we mean. So some glass is entirely reflective, and some of it has sort of a tinted reflectiveness. So when we talk about transparency, though, that means that the light just passes straight through. So sometimes we have some light that's passed through, some light that's bounced off, and some light that's absorbed. So when we have some light that's passed through, that means that it's transmissive.

When does the use of wood, for functional and artistic use, date back to? How can wood be used by artists?

Wood is another medium dating back to ancient times. It can be carved, cut out, or fashioned into objects such as furniture, crosses, or dishware. It is inexpensive. So a lot of people were creating detailed sculptures out of wood by carving into it. And they could use this for furniture or for altar pieces and so forth. An important, more modern, use of wood is what's called the wood inlay, or intarsia. This is where tiny slivers are cut into the wood, and then we have these filled with other different little slivers of colored wood. So if you think of what this looks like, if we have a jewelry chest like this one, we might cut out a groove like this. And then in here, we can put different colors of wood strips to create detailed colored patterns. And maybe this strip is colored dark, this strip is colored dark, and so forth. And by alternating these, we can create very detailed designs out of the wood. Now another interesting property of wood that people have to take into consideration when they're creating sculptures and crafts out of wood, is the wood grain. We're talking about basically all the lines that get formed down the side of wood. And sometimes you'll have things like this, like a knot in the side of the wood. They have to take into consideration how the grain is going to affect the finished piece, both in terms of its aesthetic quality, and in terms of how that affects the structural properties of the wood piece being created, if it's furniture for instance. Now one example of the use of wood grain for aesthetic purposes is in totem poles. A lot of Native American groups, particularly in the Pacific Northwest, created totem poles like this, and used the wood grain to great effect. Because it was effective for simulating surface details like animal fur and so forth.

The ______(1)_______ were skillful artisans with ceramics. They developed their own form of ceramics known as ______(2)_______ over 10,000 years ago. a. (1) Chinese; (2) porcelain b. (1) Greeks; (2) earthenware c. (1) Chinese; (2) stoneware d. (1) Romans; (2) porcelain

a. (1) Chinese; (2) porcelain

______________ is a durable material and is widely used for casting, which is a process by which the melted material is poured into a mold. a. Bronze c. Copper b. Silver d. Gold

a. Bronze

Earthenware is a(n) ____________________ a. hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials. It was first created by the Chinese over 10,000 years ago. b. common material used for pottery and decorative objects. It has to be fired and glazed because it is so brittle and porous in its natural form. c. advanced technique that allows for more detailed figures, and through glazing the artistic qualities are intensified. d. type of fine textured ceramic ware, which is non-conductive and requires a high firing temperature.

b. common material used for pottery and decorative objects. It has to be fired and glazed because it is so brittle and porous in its natural form.

Silica is a chemical compound __________________ a. that combines carbon and sand to create glass. b. most commonly found in sand or quartz. c. which permits light to pass through. d. colored using metallic salts.

b. most commonly found in sand or quartz.

The __________ is the lengthwise yarns which are arranged in right angles next to each other. a. weft c. weave b. warp d. grain

b. warp

_____(1) _____ are made by heating sand silica until it melts into a liquid state. The melted glass can then either be shaped by _____(2) _____ the liquid glass or by pouring the melted glass into a mold. The shape and size of the finished piece depends on the tools and method used by the artist. a. (1) Glass pieces of art; (2) condensing b. (1) Fiber crafts; (2) hammering c. (1) Glass crafts; (2) blowing d. (1) Fiber pieces of art; (2) shaping

c. (1) Glass crafts; (2) blowing

___________ is a creative expression of an idea in some form. a. Handicraft c. Art b. Craft d. Embroidery

c. Art

_____________ is a process, also known as inlay, in which spaces are cut into wood and filled with wood shapes of a different color. a. Amphora c. Intarsia b. Wood grain d. Meander pattern

c. Intarsia

Which of the following would not influence the appearance and physical properties of a piece of glass art? a. The shape of the glass object. b. The angle the piece of glass is viewed from. c. The perspective and artistic appreciation possessed by its viewers. d. The lighting of the room in which the glass object is viewed in.

c. The perspective and artistic appreciation possessed by its viewers.

This artistic representation of metalworking, which show the creativity and versatility that can be achieved with metal, is entitled, _____________. a. Torso of Gold c. WingNut Design b. Exhibit of Rings d. Ornamental Figure

c. WingNut Design

A two handled storage jar with a long neck that is narrower than its body is called a(n) ______________. a. slip c. amphora b. intarsia d. kiln

c. amphora

A precious metal is _________________ a. an element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. b. a highly sought after dense, shiny, soft precious metal that has been used as money for many centuries. c. an highly valuable element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity. d. a soft, sensitive, and lustrous element with the highest conductivity of any element.

c. an highly valuable element with super and electric and thermal conductivity, high luster, and sensitivity.

Around the year 2700 BCE, which metal was commonly produced? a. gold c. bronze b. silver d. iron

c. bronze

A handicraft _____________ a. is a creative expression of an idea in some form. b. is a type of cloth made by interlacing threads on a loom. c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function. d. emphasizes the physical effort and skill in the creative process.

c. is made using hand skills and generally serves a utilitarian rather than fine art function.

Fibers can come from various sources. Which of the following is not a common source of fiber among artists? a. plants c. minerals b. animals d. synthetics

c. minerals

Prisms made of glass will ________ light and create colored rainbows on a wall, as is shown in the image above. a. transmit c. refract b. transfer d. absorb

c. refract

The Statue of Liberty (pictured above) was made of a sheeting of pure _____(1)_____ and was made using a metalworking process known as _____(2)_____. a. (1) gold; (2) milling b. (1) copper; (2) joining c. (1) bronze; (2) forming d. (1) copper; (2) casting

d. (1) copper; (2) casting

_______________ was a well-known architect of the Arts and Crafts Movement. a. Frank Lucas c. David Chipperfield b. Dale Chihuly d. Frank Lloyd Wright

d. Frank Lloyd Wright

____________ involves light in a way that differs from nearly all other works of art. a. Fiber crafts c. Weaving b. Glass blowing d. Glass crafts

d. Glass crafts

______________ is not only the most valuable precious metal, but it is also both aesthetically and intrinsically pleasing, and retains religious or symbolic meaning in many cultures. a. Silver c. Iron b. Bronze d. Gold

d. Gold

Black figure painting is ____________________ a. a hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials. b. an advanced technique allowing for more detailed figures. c. a process in which the outside rim is designed with geometric patterns consisting of horizontal and vertical lines. d. an ancient Greek technique in which the figures appear as black silhouettes on red background.

d. an ancient Greek technique in which the figures appear as black silhouettes on red background.

Ceramics were first created __________________ a. for urns to hold the remains of the ancient Greek rulers. b. as a trade materials used by ancient rulers in peace agreements. c. as a form of art in ancient societies, which displayed advanced culture and richness. d. for functional uses such as, holding water or to carry grains.

d. for functional uses such as, holding water or to carry grains.

Early in history, ____________ was created not only for ornamental purposes, but also as a way of connecting to gods and receiving their protection. a. metal armor c. bronze sculpture b. gold masks d. metal jewelry

d. metal jewelry