Test 3
Victoria Woodhull
A controversial figure in polite society of the 19th century. She advocated Free Love and an array of women's rights. She made suffrage seem like a mainstream idea in comparison
Mary Church Terrell
A educated and wealthy black women, one of the first with a college degree in the 1880s. She advocated for suffrage. She helped found the NACWC advocating for awareness, rights and race elevation. She was a strong advocate for education and served on the DC Board of Education.
Mary Anderson
A friend of Jane Adams. Member of the WTUL and a labor rights advocate during the 1910 strike in Chicago. She headed of the Women's Bureau 1920-1944. She got the minimum wage written into Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 She was opposed to the ERA believing protective legislation was helpful to women. She lobbied in Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963.
Anna Howard Shaw
A medical doctor and the first female ordained Methodist minister, she was a key leader of the suffrage movement working with Carrie Chapman Catt and Susan B Anthony to unite the two factions creating a powerful single voice for suffrage. She led the NAWSA 1904-1915 and supported child labor laws and rights for women workers.
Alice Hamilton
A physician and the first female faculty member of Harvard. Hull House resident reformer and returned every year. In 1908 she was appointed to the Occupational Diseases Commission of Illinois, the first investigative body of its kind in the U. She researched silicosis in the mining community and advocated for safer mine standards and oversight. Her work lead to the field of Industrial Hygiene. She served as medical consultant to the US Division of Labor Standards in 1935.
Amelia Bloomer
Advocate of dress reform and health knowledge for women in the mid and late 19th century. Bloomer's did not catch on, but the idea that corsets were unhealthy gained mainstream acceptance and dress standards changed by 1900- wasp-waists were out. She was not an advocate of suffrage.
Leonora Barry and Knights of Labor
After her husband died she went to work in the textile mills in the 1880s to support her children. She joined the Knights of Labor and headed up it women's division investigating working conditions of women in industrial work. She advocated for protective legislation
Francis Willard
Became president of the WCTU in 1879, largest women's organization and moved this very conservative organization into supporting Suffrage. Susan B Anthony first advocated to Willard, the secretary of the WCTU on behalf of woman suffrage in 1876. In 1894 the WCTU begins to publically support women's suffrage.
National Consumers League
Begun by Florence Kelley in 1899. This organization was strongly anti-sweatshop, advocated for safer condition, 10 hour work day, protective legislation for women and advocated for the creation of federal Children's Bureau and federal child labor restrictions. They also lobbied and got passed the 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act
Harriet Stanton Blatch
Daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. She worked for the passage of the 19th Amendment. She and Alice Paul formed the National Women's Party to fight for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.
ERA
Equal Rights Amendment introduced by Alice Paul and NWP in 1923. It died without passage in the 1950s. In 1972 it was reintroduced and passed both the House and Senate. In 1982 it fell short of ratification with the South denying passage. The ERA has never been passed.
Jane Addams
Founded Hull House Settlement House in Chicago in 1889 with Ellen Starr after visiting settlement houses in London. Addams is considered the Mother of American Social Work. Many women who lived and worked in Hull House went on to gain appointments to federal positions. Jane Addams was a leading Progressive Era reformer who advocated for safer conditions, better pay and education for laboring classes, she opposed child labor, advocated for compulsory education and protective labor legislation for women. She was a suffragist and was vice-president of the National American Women Suffrage Association. She opposed US involvement in WWI and became chairman of the Women's Peace Party in 1915. She was also a founding member of the ACLU. In 1931 she was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Hull House is a museum today.
American Woman's Suffrage Association
Founded by Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell to support the 15th amendment and seek state by state legislation giving women the right to vote
National Woman's Suffrage Association
Founded in 1869 by Stanton and Anthony with the goal of achieving a national amendment giving women the right to vote
WCTU
Founded in 1874. Women's Christian Temperance Union and their campaign of "Protection of the Home" successfully advocated for the banning of alcohol in the 18th amendment. This organization under the leadership of Francis Willard also advocates successfully for suffrage and the passage of the 19th amendment. Still in existence, current focus is on educating teachers in tobacco and alcohol use prevention education
Florence Kelley
Henry Street Settlement resident reformer. Headed up the National Consumers League 1899 and successfully lobbied for the passage of the 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act to provide federal regulation of the cleanliness and safety of food and drug production. She advocated against child labor and for protective labor legislation. She had proposed a Commission on Children. She along with Lillian Wald advocated for the creation of a Federal Children's Bureau which was established in 1912 to study and protect children nationally. It took 11 bills and six years of work to get the Children's Bureau passed in 1912. "To live means to buy, to buy means to have power, to have power means to have responsibility." -Florence Kelley, first General Secretary, National Consumers League
Julia Lathrop
Hull House resident reformer. First director of the federal Children's Bureau established in 1912, the first social advocacy/welfare program in the US. She was the first woman to ever head a federal bureau. She first supported national health insurance legislation that sought to fund pregnant women's health care which did not succeed. However, reformers activism resulted in the 1921 The Sheppard Towner Maternity and Infancy Act was passed which dedicated grant money to states in order to fund for maternal and child health clinics. She died in 1932 before the Social Security Act was written which continued and continues to provide federal money for social services aimed at children.
Grace Abbott
Hull House resident reformer. She became the second director of the Children's Bureau and helps write the Aid to Dependent Children section of the Social Security Act 1935 during the New Deal.
Rose Schneiderman
Key organizer of the WTUL for the Shirtwaist strike of 1909. She advocated a ten hour day, pay increases, union recognition, increased unionization for women, and safer conditions.
NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association. The two main women's suffrage groups merge to form this single organization in 1890. Susan B Anthony led this group from 1890-1900. Following the passage of the 19th Amendment this group reformed as the League of Women Voters.
Mary Harris "Mother Jones":
She advocated 1870s through early 1900s for protective labor legislation for women and child labor laws. She marched maimed children across New York in 1903 to bring attention to the problem of child labor and unsafe working conditions.
Lillian Wald
She founded the Henry Street Settlement in 1893 in New York to serve poor immigrant neighborhoods. Through the settlement job training, clubs, exercise, arts and education were provided to the community. She Jane Addams essentially found the profession of social work. She raises the idea of a Federal Children's Bureau to Florence Kelley. The Children's Bureau finally came to be in 1912.
Carrie Chapman Catt
She was president of the NAWSA from 1900-1904 and then again from 1915 to 1919. She moved the NAWSA to new activism in 1916 by mimicking Alice Paul's marches and adopting street speaking and brings in working class women alongside the elite women and the traditional lecture routes, petitioning and lobbying of Congress. She grows the membership and gathers more press. She was opposed to Alice Paul's picketing of the White House.
Eliza Deitz Clymer and the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC):
She was the first president of the GFWCs 1890. By 1914, 500 state and local women's clubs had affiliated and a million women had joined. Clymer (and other activists and GFWC members like Jane Addams, Julia Lathrop and Florence Kelley) and the GFWC focused on lobbying and activism for child labor laws, creation of libraries, compulsory education and food and drug regulations. The GRWC endorsed women's suffrage in 1914. GFWC still in existence, 100,000 members today. They support the arts, preservation of natural resources, education, healthy lifestyles, civil involvement and promotion of peace.
Susan B Anthony
She worked with Stanton on women's rights and suffrage. She and Stanton formed the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) and did not support the 15th Amendment and its exclusion of women. She traveled a lecture circuit and organized petition drives across the East for greater women's rights and for women's suffrage. At the end of the 19th century, she helped pull two divided Suffrage organizations together to the form the NAWSA with Anna Howard Shaw and Chapman Catt of the (AWSA). To form this coalition, Anthony had to reduce her focus from a broader array of women's rights to Suffrage and let be a host of other women's rights concerns.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
She wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 which first laid out the issue of women's rights and established the desire for the right to vote as a central issue. A small group of activists including Susan B Anthony worked for women's rights. The groups divided over the 15th amendments exclusion of women from voting rights. Stanton sought a wider array of women's rights than the increasingly conservative suffrage movement. She successfully got New York to pass married women property rights and guardianship of children on husband's death or divorce. Other states followed
NACWC
The National Association of Colored Women's Clubs was founded in 1896 by Well and Terrell and other educated elite black women. Black women were excluded from nearly all established women's clubs and associations. These highly educated black women from the middle and upper classes focused on 'racial uplift' with the motto "Lifting as we Climb" and community charity and education. This organization is still at work today.
NWP
The National Women's Party was founded by Alice Paul in 1916. She focused on bringing in working class women and radicalized the movement by supporting picketing and a broader array of women's rights issues. The NWP introduced the ERA in 1923.
Bradwell v Illinois 1873
This Supreme court case ruled that Myra Bradwell did not have the right to be admitted to the bar of the State of Illinois. This upheld and legalized the practice of sex discrimination in professions
Women's Bureau
This federal organization was established in 1920, it was founded to provided data on women to congress and advocate for protective labor legislation and better working conditions. This was first headed by Mary Anderson who helped write the idea into federal law with the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act. This organization still exists as a department within the US Department of Labor and still studies and advocates for women today focusing on equal pay, job flexibility, higher paying jobs for women employment for homeless veterans.
Alice Paul
advocated for Suffrage. She formed the NWP in 1916 and organized the picketing of the White House during WWI. Her very public tactics push the president to shift his position and support suffrage. She introduced the ERA amendment in 1923. She also successfully advocated for the inclusion of "sex" into the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Ida B Wells
educated black woman best known for her work exposing the problem of lynching of black men in the South. Helped to found NACWC and NAACP which advocate for black civil rights.
Jeannette Rankin
first woman elected to congress, from Montana in 1916. She opposed US involvement in WWI, an unpopular decision in the eyes of the NAWSA. She later worked with Florence Kelley with in the National Consumers League. As a lobbyist she pushed for legislation to provide state and federal funds for maternal and child health programs, such as visiting nurses, midwife education and health clinics. She successfully introduced and advocated for the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act which was the first federal social welfare program for women and children in 1921
Progressivism and Women's Activism
focused on minimum wages, protective labor laws, public schooling, food and drug regulation, public sanitation and parks and women's suffrage
Women's Trade Union League
formed in 1903 by Jane Addams and Mary Anderson to address factory conditions. This union supported the Shirtwaist strike and numerous others. They advocated for the 8 hour day, minimum wage, end to child labor and safer working conditions and ultimately suffrage under the leadership of Schneiderman and Margaret Dreier Robbins. Eleanor Roosevelt worked with and supported the WTUL by 1922. The League dissolved in 1950.
NAOWS
founded in 1911 to oppose suffrage, the National Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage was made up of distillers, brewers, southern congressmen and wealth business owners along with the elite women of Boston. There were unsuccessful.
Minor v Happersett 1875
the Supreme court ruled that women do not have the right to vote in federal elections. Virginia Minor of Missouri sought to vote in the election of the president and vice-president
Muller v Oregon 1908
upholds the Protective Labor legislation banning long hours for women
Sheppard Towner Act/ Maternity and Infancy Act 1921
was the first Federal law providing grants to States to fund human social services. Heavily lobbied for by Rankin, Wald, Kelley, Hamilton and other progressive era professional, this act allocated Federal money for promoting maternal and child health clinics and education. The act was repealed in 1929, but Grace Abbott the 2nd Director of the Children's Bureau and Katherine Lenroot 3rd Director of the Children's Bureau wrote similar funding into the New Deal Social Security Acts.
Children's Bureau
xEstablished in 1912. Heavily advocated for by Lillian Wald and Florence Kelley. Lathrop was the first director from 1912-122. The first Federal program (and first worldwide) to study the welfare, health, safety, education and prospects of children in the US. At the time 1 in 10 children died before their first birthday. One of their first big campaigns was to save 100,000 babies. The Children's Bureau was a precursor to the social welfare programs that developed during the Great Depression. This organization still is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services and still advocates . The first Federal program (and first worldwide) to study the welfare, health, safety, education and prospects of children in the US. At the time 1 in 10 children died before their first birthday. One of their first big campaigns was to save 100,000 babies. The Children's Bureau was a precursor to the social welfare programs that developed during the Great Depression for improving the lives of children and families The Children's Bureau focuses on adoption, child abuse and neglect, child welfare services and foster care services and guardianship. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 was another milestone for the Children's Bureau.
