The Art of Public Speaking - Chapters 1-11, 15, 18

What are the 3 ways to organize the body of your speech?

Chronological Topical Spatial

Avoid abstractions

Comparison, contrast, personlize

positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

incremental plagarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

A speech about the causes and effects of earthquakes would most likely be organized in __________ order.

causal

adrenaline

"A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress."

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?

1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

What are the 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?

1. Full sentence 2. Not a question 3. Avoid figurative language 4. Not be vague or overly general

Research Interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

What are things to control during your speech?

Gestures Eye contact Voice Nerves

3 main parts of a speech

Introduction Body Conclusion

What should your extemporaneous speech notes contain?

Key words or phrases, rather than complete sentences and paragraphs

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What is speaking extemporaneously?

Plan your major points and supporting material without trying to memorize the precise language you will use on the day of the speech Prepare, rehearse, and present from a brief set of notes.

Speech about processes

Systematic series of actions that leads to a result

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Direct Quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

Personalize

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

What questions should you keep in mind when working on speeches?

To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?

your non verbal message includes what?

Tone of voice Appearance Gestures Facial expression Eye contact

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience when gathering material for your speeches?

We speak best about subjects with which we are familiar. Supplementing speeches with personal touch can really bring the speech to life.

Residual message

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

what is a preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

If you use any sources of information in your speech, you should attach a(n) __________ to your outline.

bibliography

What type of organizational pattern would you be using if you presented a speech in which the first main point covers those things that lead to diabetes and the second and final main point descrives the nature of the disease?

causal

One guideline for the preparation outline is to __________ the central idea.

identify

what are the four tips for your conclusion

notice concluding materials when researching, end with a bang, keep it short, work it out in detail

what are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech

summarize, quote, dramatic statement, refer to introduction

interference

"Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners."

visualization

"Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation."

Your message requires WORK, name some things you must do to have a good message.

*narrow your topic *do your research *support your statements *be organized so listeners can follow *use words that are accurate, clear, vivid, and appropriate

What are the 3 criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

Speeches about concepts

A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

A smooth delivery is the result of?

A great deal of practice

Preliminary Bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Call Number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

What is identification?

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Virtual Library

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech.

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech prep? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

A specific purpose allows you to focus in on one sub-topic to worry about. It helps by relating to your audience to capture their attention.

preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Don't let gestures or bodily actions do what?

Distract listeners from your message

Guidelines for informative speeches (6)

Don't overestimate that audience's knowledge, relate the subject to the audience, don't be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas, be creative

Which of the following are true statements about the most common system of outlining?

Each level of subdivision is indented, subpoints are identified by capital letters, main points are identified by roman numerals

Goal when giving a speech?

For your intended message to be received

What is the purpose of the introduction in your speech?

Get the attention and interest of the audience, orient your listeners toward the subject matter of your speech

Which of the following are guidelines for preparing the preparation outline?

Identify the central idea, state the specific purpose of your speech, and lable the introduction, body, and conclusion

Name 2 types of public speaking interference?

Internal External

Which of the following are accurate descriptions of the speaking outline?

It is brief, it is used during the presentation of the speech, and it is typically used in extemporaneous speeches.

What two tasks in your conclusion do you need to accomplish?

Let the audience know that you are about to finish and reinforce your central idea.

What should you do when Starting Your Speech?

Move to the front of the room and face your audience Assume a relaxed, but upright posture Plant your feet a little less than shoulder-width apart and allow your arms to hang loosely by your side Arrange your notes before you begin to speak Look over your audience with a smile

How should your speech notes be formulated?

Notes should be large enough to read clearly at arm's length Double or triple space notes to make them easier to see at a glance Use only one side of the index cards or papers Use the fewest notes you can manage and still present the speech fluently and confidently

Statistics

Numerical data

What are 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ from each other?

Pou1. To inform (you act as a teacher/lecturer) 2. To persuade (you act as a advocate/ partisan)

What are fixed alternative questions?

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more options.

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

To gain success in extemporaneous speaking, you must do what?

Rehearse the speech out loud

Why is the Preliminary Bib helpful when researching a speech?

Since you usually gather 15 to 20 works, you will find it easy to pic and choose the top 7 or 8 to use.

Seven elements come into play when public speaking

Speaker Message Channel-the forum/ televised, face to face, radio Listener-audience Feedback-how people feel/react Interference-cell phone, hunger, Situation

Types of informative speeches (4)

Speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts

Which of the following are guidelines for the preparation outline?

State main points as full sentences and state subpoints as main sentences

global plagarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Why do we use supporting material in speeches?

Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Which of the following are some of the positive effects of stategic organization?

The audience believes the speaker is more confident, the audience better understands the speech, and the speaker has more confidence.

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

General Purpose

The broad goal of speech.

Which of the following are true statements about effective outlining?

You should indent the subpoints of the speech, you should use numerals and letters to label the points of the speech, and you should use a consistent pattern

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

what are the major functions of a speech conclusion

announce ending to audience, reinforce central idea

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Because main points are the central features of your speech, you should select them carefully, phrase them precisely , and

arrange them strategically

Which of the follow are parts that should be labeled in a preparation outline?

body, introduction and conclusion

what are two ways you can signal the end of your speech

crescendo, dissolve

The primary reason for keeping the speaking outline free of detail is to be able to maintain __________ contact with the audience.

eye

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

what are the four objectives of a speech introduction

get the attention of the audience, reveal the topic, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech

When the speaker wants to let the audience know what topic will be discussed next in the speech, what type of connective would likely be used?

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points is called a(n)

internal summary

While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the process you have just discussed is complex, so you decide to review the steps of the process before going to your next point. What type of connective would you likely add?

internal summary

what are the 6 tips for your introduction

keep it brief, recognize introduction materials when researching, determine main points before introduction, work out intro in detail, don't start talking too soon

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

When deciding the order of main points in your speech you should consider 3 thing: your topic, your audience, and your

purpose

what are the 7 methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of the audience

relate to the audience, state the importance, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity, question, begin with a question, tell a story

A speaker who combines two ideas into one main point is not following the guidelines for keeping main points

separate

When you are giving a speech and say, "My first point is," which of the following are you using?

signpost

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

If you are giving a speech whose specific purpose is "to inform my audience how to travel from region to region," which organizational pattern would you likely use?

spatial

The order of main points that follows a directional pattern is callled

spatial order

Which of the following is the term for the notes used in extemporaneous speeches to jog a spealker's memory during the presentation of the speech?

speaking outline

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

specific purpose Vs. central idea???

the central idea sharpens the specific purpose and is not the same thing.

What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

the expert establishes credibility

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

If you decide to use a chronological order of main points in your speech, you are using an arrangement based on a(n) __________ pattern.

time

why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech

to gain the full attention of the audience

why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction

to help the audience listen and pay attention.

A speech about the 4 major factors to consider when choosing a cell phone would most likely be arranged in __________ order.

topical

Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech that describes the events in a gymnastics competition?

topical

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

What are the 3 stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

1. Before the interview -Figure out your purpose -Decide who to interview -Arrange the interview -Decide to record the interview -Prepare questions 2. During the interview -Dress appropriately and be on time -Repeat the purpose on the interview -Set up the recorder, if used -Keep the interview on track -Listen carefully -Don't overstay your welcome 3. After the interview -Review your notes ASAP -Transcribe your notes

What three examples used for support?

1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples

What are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I Accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

Why is it important to start your speech research early?

1. Ensures time to find resources. 2. Gives time to think about what you find. 3. More time you have more all pieces fit.

What are 5 resources for finding what you need in a library?

1. Librarians 2. The Catalogue 3. Reference Works 4. Newspapers and Periodical Databases 5. Academic Databases

What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What 4 things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. Take plenty of notes 2. Record notes in a consistant format 3. Make a separate entry for each note 4. Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases and your own ideas

What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing. 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic. 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use stats to quantify your ideas 2. Use stats sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends

What are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment. 2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question. 3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement. 4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.

Hypothetical Examples

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Sponsoring Organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

Why is it easy to lie with stats?

Because one can manipulate numbers in anyway they want.

Delivering an extemporaneous speech requires you to What?

Become so familiar with the substance of your speech that you will only need a few notes to remind you of the points you intent to cover

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are , examples, statistics, and testimony.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

What factors influence the disposition to the speaker?

Their competence and belief that the speaker has their best interests at heart.

What are open ended questions?

They allow respondents to answer however they want.

What are scale questions?

They require answers at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Informative Speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

acceptence speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

speech of introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

commemorative speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an instituation, or an idea.

speech of presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

Contrast

A statement of differences among 2 or more people

Comparison

A statement of similarities among 2 or more people, events, idea

Reference Work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Which of the following forms of symbolization is not part of the most common system of outlining?

A. Main point

Speeches about events

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening

Speeches about objects

Anything visible, tangible, and stable in form

Which of the following are true statements about outlines?

They serve as a blueprint for the speech, they allow you to judge the flow of the speech, and they are essential to an effective speech

Which of the following is a true statement about transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews?

They should be labeled (or put in parentheses) in both the preparation and speaking outline

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk(120-150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language(400-800 words per minute

Which of the following are parts of the preparation outline?

the specific purpose statement, the introduction, and connectives

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship betweent them are called __________.

transitions

The preparation outline should include the __________ purpose as a way to help you evaluate how successfully the speech has been put together.

specific

How many main points should most speeches contain?

2 to 5

Which of the following are guidelines to follow for a title if you use one for your speech?

Attract the attention of your audience, be brief, and encapsulate the thrust of your speech.

What is situational audience analysis?

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting, the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and occasion.

Don't be too technical

Avoid technical words or jargons (specific language)

What factors influence the disposition to the topic?

Interest, attitude, and knowledge.

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being.

paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Relate the subject to the audience

Use words we, you, your

Newspaper and Periodical Database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

Guidelines for Speaches of Introduction

Be brief, Make sure your remarks are completely accurate, Adapt your remarks to the occassion, Adapt your remarks to the main speaker, Adapt your remarks to the audience.

When should you adapt to the audience?

Before and during the speech

Don't overestimate the audience's knowledge

Break it down

What is stereotyping?

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

What is audience centeredness?

Keeping the audience in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Be creative

Make it memorable, attention

Three Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be Courteous and Attentive 2. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 3. Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas

3 Purposes of a Speech of Introduction

1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker. 2. Build enthuisiasm for the speaker's topic. 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.

Five Guidelines for Ethical Speechmaking

1. Make Sure Your Goals are Ethically Sound 2. Be Fully Prepared for each Speech 3. Be Honest in What You Say 4. Avoid Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 5. Put Ethical Principles in Practice

What is demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Which of the following is the list of sources used in preparing a speech?

bibliography

A speaking outline should include

delivery cues

Which of the following are the directions included in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how to give key parts of the speech?

delivery cues

active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

One guideline for the speaking outline is that it be immediately __________ when you deliver your speech.

legible

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

Supporting materials should be well-organized and directly relevant to the __________ that they are supporting.

main points

When a set of main points follows a consistent pattern of wording throughout, it can be described as __________.

parallel

listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

The problem-solution pattern of organization for ordering main points is primarily used for __________ speeches.

persuasive

In order to be able to use the speaking outline effectively as a guide while talking, it should use the same system of indentation that was used in the __________ outline.

preparation

plagarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

A connective statement in the middle of a speech that explains what you are about to discuss is called an internal

preview