The Language of Medicine chapter 7
renal angiography
X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB)
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
CT scan
X-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinaru catheter into the ureters from the bladder
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
X-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
ARF
acute renal failure
Creatinine
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of efficiency of the kidnyes in removing (clearing) creatinine fro the blood
Uric Acid
Nitrogenous wasted excreted in the urine.
Ureter
One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Kidney
One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wasted from the bloodstream to form urine.
Meatus
Opening or canal
Cortex
Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)
urinary catheterization
Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
Urination (voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition
dialysis
Process of seperating nirogenous waste materials from the blood. (HD) hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine. (PD) peritoneal dialysis uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
Reabsorption
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body nack into the bloodstream.
Filtration
Process whereby some sunstances, but not allm pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials throught he filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% fo the water and salts. Only about 1 1/2 quarts (1500ml) of rine are excreted daily.
renal biopsy
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.
Arteriole
Small artery
Nitrogenous waste
Substqance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
renal transplantation
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
Glomerulus Glomeruli
TIny ball of capillaried (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney
albunim/o
alnumin (a protein in the blood)
ADH
antidiuretic hormone-vasopressin
bacteri/o
bacteria
BILI
bilirubin
HCO3-
biocarbonate-an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
BUN
blood urea bitrogen
Cath
catheter, catheterization
CI-
chloride
CKD
chronic kidney disease
CRF
chronic renal failure
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CCPD
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
CRCL
creatinine clearance; also seen as CrCl and CLcr
-tripsy
crushing
C&S
culture and sensitivity testing
cysto
cystoscopic examination
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
GRF
glomerular filtration rate
glomerul/o
glomerulus
HD
hemodialysis
IC
interstitial cystitis
ket/o keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
nephr/o
kidney
ren/o
kidney
KUB
kidney, ureter, and bladder
meat/o
meatus
noct/o
night
azot/o
nitrogen
PUL
percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
PD
peritoneal dialysis
PKU
phenylketonuria
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
kal/o
potassium
K+
potassium-an electrolyte
pH
potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
RP
retrograde pyelogram
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvi and renal parenchyma
dips/o
thirst
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
UA
urinalysis
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
UTI
urinary tract infection
-uria
urination; urine condition
urin/o
urine
ur/o
urine (urea)
VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
Medulla
Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertainng to the medulla)
Sodium (Na+)
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and uring by the kidney; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions
Potassium (K+)
An eletrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle cotraction and conduction of the nervous impulses.
diabeted insipidus
Antidiurectic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Renal Vein
Blood vessel that carried blood away from the kidney and towards the heart.
Renal Artery pyel/o
Blood vessel that carried blood to the kidney.
Cali/o Calic/o
Calyx (calix)
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
Renal Pelvis
Central collecting region in the kidney.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
Electrolyte
Chemical element that carried an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for tfunctioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes
diabetes mellitus
Insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.
Nephron
Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reansorbtion, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.
Calyx or calix calyces or calices
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Hilum
Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
renal angioplasty
Dialation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
cytoscopy
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cytoscope)
Glomerular Capsule (aka Bowman)
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Urinary Bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Erythropoitein (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. -poietin means a substance that forms.
Renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasconstriction (narrowing ther blood vessels)
radioisotope scan
Image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream
ultrasonography
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
interstitial nephritis
Inflammaiton of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli whithin the kidney
renal failure
Kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function
nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones (renal calculi)
Urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Wilms tumor
Malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood
bladder cancer
Malignant tumore of the urinary bladder
creatinine clearance
Measurment of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Measurment of urea levels in blood
Renal Tubule
Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
polysystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
Trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder
Catheter
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
lithotripsy
Urinary tract stones are crushed
olig/o
scanty
natr/o
sodium
Na+
sodium-an electrolyte
sp gr
specific gravity
lith/o
stone
-poietin
substaqnce that forms