The Language of Medicine chapter 7

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renal angiography

X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney

kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB)

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

CT scan

X-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues.

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

X-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinaru catheter into the ureters from the bladder

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

X-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

ARF

acute renal failure

Creatinine

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of efficiency of the kidnyes in removing (clearing) creatinine fro the blood

Uric Acid

Nitrogenous wasted excreted in the urine.

Ureter

One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Kidney

One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wasted from the bloodstream to form urine.

Meatus

Opening or canal

Cortex

Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)

urinary catheterization

Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.

Urination (voiding)

Process of expelling urine; also called micturition

dialysis

Process of seperating nirogenous waste materials from the blood. (HD) hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney machine. (PD) peritoneal dialysis uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal cavity (abdominal)

Reabsorption

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body nack into the bloodstream.

Filtration

Process whereby some sunstances, but not allm pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials throught he filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% fo the water and salts. Only about 1 1/2 quarts (1500ml) of rine are excreted daily.

renal biopsy

Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.

Arteriole

Small artery

Nitrogenous waste

Substqance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

renal transplantation

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient

Glomerulus Glomeruli

TIny ball of capillaried (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney

albunim/o

alnumin (a protein in the blood)

ADH

antidiuretic hormone-vasopressin

bacteri/o

bacteria

BILI

bilirubin

HCO3-

biocarbonate-an electrolyte conserved by the kidney

BUN

blood urea bitrogen

Cath

catheter, catheterization

CI-

chloride

CKD

chronic kidney disease

CRF

chronic renal failure

CAPD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CCPD

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

CRCL

creatinine clearance; also seen as CrCl and CLcr

-tripsy

crushing

C&S

culture and sensitivity testing

cysto

cystoscopic examination

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

GRF

glomerular filtration rate

glomerul/o

glomerulus

HD

hemodialysis

IC

interstitial cystitis

ket/o keton/o

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

KUB

kidney, ureter, and bladder

meat/o

meatus

noct/o

night

azot/o

nitrogen

PUL

percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy

PD

peritoneal dialysis

PKU

phenylketonuria

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

kal/o

potassium

K+

potassium-an electrolyte

pH

potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

RP

retrograde pyelogram

pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvi and renal parenchyma

dips/o

thirst

trigon/o

trigone (region of the bladder)

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

UA

urinalysis

cyst/o

urinary bladder

vesic/o

urinary bladder

UTI

urinary tract infection

-uria

urination; urine condition

urin/o

urine

ur/o

urine (urea)

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram

Medulla

Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertainng to the medulla)

Sodium (Na+)

An electrolyte regulated in the blood and uring by the kidney; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions

Potassium (K+)

An eletrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle cotraction and conduction of the nervous impulses.

diabeted insipidus

Antidiurectic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect

Renal Vein

Blood vessel that carried blood away from the kidney and towards the heart.

Renal Artery pyel/o

Blood vessel that carried blood to the kidney.

Cali/o Calic/o

Calyx (calix)

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

Renal Pelvis

Central collecting region in the kidney.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body

Electrolyte

Chemical element that carried an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary for tfunctioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes

diabetes mellitus

Insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.

Nephron

Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reansorbtion, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.

Calyx or calix calyces or calices

Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

Hilum

Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.

renal angioplasty

Dialation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

cytoscopy

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cytoscope)

Glomerular Capsule (aka Bowman)

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.

nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.

renal hypertension

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

Urinary Bladder

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.

Erythropoitein (EPO)

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. -poietin means a substance that forms.

Renin

Hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasconstriction (narrowing ther blood vessels)

radioisotope scan

Image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream

ultrasonography

Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

interstitial nephritis

Inflammaiton of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.

glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli whithin the kidney

renal failure

Kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function

nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones (renal calculi)

Urea

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Wilms tumor

Malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood

bladder cancer

Malignant tumore of the urinary bladder

creatinine clearance

Measurment of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Measurment of urea levels in blood

Renal Tubule

Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.

polysystic kidney disease (PKD)

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

Trigone

Triangular area in the urinary bladder

Catheter

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

Urethra

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

lithotripsy

Urinary tract stones are crushed

olig/o

scanty

natr/o

sodium

Na+

sodium-an electrolyte

sp gr

specific gravity

lith/o

stone

-poietin

substaqnce that forms


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