The Making of the West 5th Edition CHAPTER 3

hubris

The Greek term for violent arrogance. (pg. 102 - Just know that hubris was used in tragedies.)

triremes

Warships propelled by 170 rowers on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow. (pg. 82 - Large city-states apart of the Delian League paid their dues to Athens by sending these ships complete with trained crews and their pay. SIDE NOTE: Smaller states could share in the building of a ship or contribute money instead of ships and crew.)

Pericles

(495 - 429 B.C.E.) Athens's political leader during the Golden Age. (pg. 83 - Spearheaded reforms to democratize Athens's judicial system and provide pay for many public offices. The start of this move towards democratic ideologies stems from the trireme rowers because they wanted all free male citizens to participate in Athens's court system [they were tired of unfair verdicts rendered by the elite in legal cases].)

metic

A foreigner granted permanent residency status in Athens in return for paying taxes and serving in the military. (pg. 90 - Women, slaves, and _________ made up the majority of Athens's population, but they lacked political rights.)

hetaira

A witty and attractive woman who charged fees to entertain at a symposium (drinking party in which wives were not invited). (pg. 92 - Their skill at cleaver teasing and joking with men gave them a freedom of speech denied to "proper" women. However, they lacked social status and respectability that wives and mothers had.)

ostracism

An annual procedure in Athenian radical democracy by which a man could be voted out of the city-state for ten years; it's purpose was to prevent tyranny. (pg. 84 - If at least six thousand ballots were cast, the man whose name appeared on the greatest number was expelled from Athens. His family and property remained undisturbed.)

Themistocles

Athens's leader during the great Persian invasion of Greece. (pg. 80 - He foresaw another invasion of Persia to come. Thus, he convinced the assembly to spend a new found rich silver mines (found in 483 B.C.E) on doubling the size of Athens's navy instead of distributing it to the citizens.)

Sophists

Competitive intellectuals and teachers in ancient Greece who offered expensive courses in persuasive public speaking and new ways of philosophic and religious thinking beginning around 450 B.C.E. (pg. 95 - They were notorious for deceptive arguments. Many people feared their teachings would destroy the tradition that preserved democracy.)

mystery cults

Religious worship that provided initiation into secret knowledge and divine protection, including hope for a better afterlife. (pg. 90)

Socratic method

The Athenian philosopher Socrates' method of teaching through conversation, in which he asked probing questions to make his listeners examine their most cherished assumptions. (pg. 97 - Socrates frequently angered and outraged people because his method made them feel ignorant and baffled. His questions forced them to admit that they did not in fact know what they had assumed they knew very well.)

radical democracy

The Athenian system of democracy established in the 460s and 450s B.C.E that extended direct political power and participation in the court system to all adult male citizens. (pg. 83 - More specifically... it balanced two competing goals: 1. participation by as many ordinary male citizens as possible in direct [not representative] democracy with term limits on service in office and... 2. selective leadership by elite citizens which was achieved by having the highest officials receive no pay. A successful general could be reelected indefinitely.)

agora

The central market square of a Greek city-state, a popular gathering place for conversation. (pg. 85 - Generals won votes by spending their spoils on public running tracks, shade trees, and building. An example is the Painted Stoa built on the edge of the central market [____________]. Laws required wealthy citizens to pay for festivals and warship equipment.)

Parthenon

The massive temple to Athena as a warrior goddess built atop the Athenian acropolis in the Golden Age of Greece. (pg. 85 - Erected by Pericles. Recent research suggests that this building was financed by Athens's own revenues [rather than the common belief that Athens used funds from the Delian League]. This temple is the foremost symbol of the Golden Age.)

Delian League

The naval alliance led by Athens in the Golden Age that became the basis for the Athenian Empire. (pg. 82 - This alliance was between Athens and northern Greece and islands of the Aegean Sea as well as Ionia. Athens took lead because they were allowed to command and set the financing arrangements for the league's fleet.)