theories of personality exam 2 (chapters 5,6,7,8)

what are the neurotic tends or needs?

1. need for affection and approval 2. need for a partner who will run one's life 3. need to live one's life within narrow limits 4. need for power 5. need to exploit others 6. need for social recognition and prestige 7. need for personal admiration 8. need for ambition and personal achievement 9. need for self-sufficiency and independence 10. need for perfection

What are the five criteria for an adequate theory of personality?

1. views personality as contained within a person 2. views person as filled with variables that contribute to his or her actions 3. seeks motives for behavior in present instead of past 4. employs units of measure capable of living synthesis 5. adequately accounts for self-awareness

What did Cattell develop in 1944 that was designed to measure fluid intelligence?

Culture Free Intelligence Test

What is the information about a person's everyday life? a. L-data b. Q-data c. T-data

a. L-data

What is the ritualization that characterizes the third stage of development? a. authenticity b. legalism c. numinous d. authoritism

a. authenticity

In Eysenck's theory, what is the diagnosis given to severely disordered, introverted neurotics whose symptoms include anxiety, sensitivity, fatigue, and exhaustion? a. dysthymic b. hysteric c. neuroticism

a. dysthymic

What describes the satisfaction with life and the lack of fear of death that characterize the person who has positively resolved the crisis that dominates the eighth and final stage of development? a. ego identity b. ego psychology c. elitism d. fidelity

a. ego identity

What is the theoretical system that stresses the importance of the ego as an autonomous part of the personality instead of viewing the ego as merely the servant of the id? a. ego psychology b. elitism c. fidelity d. formalism

a. ego psychology

What is the superficial religion that is participated in for entirely selfish, pragmatic reasons? a. extrinsic religion b. intrinsic religion

a. extrinsic religion

What is the innate form of intelligence that is adaptable to different situations, similar to that of problem-solving, and independent of any previous experiences? a. fluid intelligence b. crystallized intelligence

a. fluid intelligence

What involves a preoccupation with how things work, or with one's work, and a disregard for the reason why things function as they do? a. formalism b. formality c. generationalism

a. formalism

What is the impulse to help members of the next generation that arises when the crisis dominating the seventh stage of development is resolved positively? a. generativity b. generationalism

a. generativity

What is defined as the proportion of the total variance in the phenotype which is due to the genotype? a. heritability b. irritability c. inheritability

a. heritability

What is the satisfaction of a basic need? a. need reduction b. need induction

a. need reduction

What principle states that when one no longer needs to be concerned with survival and early adjustments in life, a considerable amount of energy becomes available to that person? a. principle of organizing energy level b. principle of mastery and competence c. principle of propriate patterning

a. principle of organizing energy level

What is the self that is healthy and conducive to positive growth? a. real self b. idealized self c. potential self d. practical self

a. real self

What are major acquired dynamic trait structures which cause their possessors to pay attention to certain objects or classes of objects, and to feel and react in a certain way with regard to them? a. sentiments b. attitude c. metaerg

a. sentiments

What are groups of observations that are correlated? a. surface traits b. source traits c. constitutional source traits d. environmental-mold traits

a. surface traits

What is defined as the emotional, motivational, and non-ability-related cognitive aspects of behavior? a. temperament b. sentiments c. superfactors

a. temperament

What is the term for the ego strength that arises when the crisis dominating a stage of development is resolved positively? a. virtue b. will c. wisdom

a. virtue

What is the theory that one's gender determines one's personality characteristics?

anatomy is destiny

What is the system that is responsible for patterns of excitation and inhibition of the cerebral cortex?

ascending reticular activating system

What are like habits, but more specific than traits?

attitudes

What includes performance on standard self-report inventories and various scales that measures attitudes, opinions, and interests? a. L-data b. Q-data c. T-data

b. Q-data

What are the various ways a culture sanctions caring, productive relationships between adults? a. similarity b. affiliation c. match-making d. association

b. affiliation

What preserves the idea that higher levels of neural activity characterize the introvert's brain, and it improves on the earlier theory by providing an explanation for the neuroticism stability/dimension of personality? a. deception theory b. arousal theory c. emotional arousal theory

b. arousal theory

What is the tendency to respond in a particular way in a particular situation to a particular object or event? a. initiative b. attitude c. reaction d. response

b. attitude

What occurs when authority figures in a culture use their power not for the care and instruction of the young but for their own selfish purposes? a. authoritarianism b. authoritism c. qualitativism

b. authoritism

What is the feeling generated in a child if needs for safety and satisfaction are not consistently and lovingly attended to by the parents? a. basic evil b. basic hostility c. basic anxiety

b. basic hostility

What is the general feeling of trust in the world and the people in it, which arises if the crisis dominating the first stage of development is resolved positively? a. basic anxiety b. basic trust c. basic reliance d. basic compliance

b. basic trust

When a person possesses this, it influences almost everything he or she does? What is this called? a. personal disposition b. cardinal disposition c. carnal disposition d. moral disposition

b. cardinal disposition

what is the cornerstone of factor analysis? a. similarity b. correlation c. conjunction d. concepts

b. correlation

What is the display of many correlation coefficients that result when many sources of information are intercorrelated? a. crystallized intelligence b. correlation matrix c. coefficient matrix d. determinism

b. correlation matrix

What is the type of intelligence that is acquired through schooling, or what we know as knowledge? a. fluid intelligence b. crystallized intelligence

b. crystallized intelligence

What does a person experience when they look back on life with frustration? a. regret b. despair c. depression d. pain

b. despair

What is the type of ritualism that can occur during the sixth stage of development and involves the superficial relationships with groups of like-minded individuals that people without identities seek? a. formalism b. elitism c. generationalism d. formality

b. elitism

What is the complex statistical technique based on the concept of correlation, which Cattell and Eysenck used to discover and investigate personality traits? a. concept analysis b. factor analysis c. correlation analysis

b. factor analysis

What is the ritualization corresponding to the fourth stage of development. This involves learning how various things work in one's culture? a. formality b. generationalism

b. formality

What is the type of ritualization that involves the many ways in which healthy individuals help younger people to have experiences conducive to healthy personality growth? a. formality b. generationalism c. generativity

b. generationalism

What is the fictitious view of oneself, with its list of "shoulds" that displaces the real self in the neurotic personality? a. real self b. idealized self c. potential self d. practical self

b. ideal self

What is a crisis that dominates the fifth stage of development, which results either in the person gaining an identity or in role confusion? a. crisis b. identity crisis c. ideology

b. identity crisis

What is the method that begins with collection of data, which then leads to hypotheses? a. conductive reasoning b. inductive reasoning c. instrumental conditioning

b. inductive reasoning

If children do not develop a sense of industry, they will develop a sense of _____, that causes them to lose confidence in their ability to become contributing members of society? a. industry b. inferiority c. impersonation

b. inferiority

What type of religion promotes a person to seek and follow the value underlying all reality for its own sake and as an end itself? a. extrinsic religion b. intrinsic religion

b. intrinsic religion

What is the ritualization by which the child learns what is culturally sanctioned and what is not? a. numinous b. judiciousness

b. judiciousness

What did Cattell call the indirect satisfaction of an ergic impulse? a. short circuiting b. long circuiting

b. long circuiting

What is creation of needs rather than their reductions? a. need reduction b need induction

b. need induction

What refers to the repetitious activities in which one blindly engages, and that one serves a purpose but no longer do so? a. propriate functional autonomy b. perseverative functional autonomy

b. perseverative functional autonomy

What principle states that there is an innate for healthy adults to increase their efficiency and effectiveness to aspire to a greater mastery? a. principle of organizing energy level b. principle of mastery and competence c. principle of propriate patterning

b. principle of mastery and competence

What refers to an individual's interests, values, goals, attitudes, and sentiments? a. perseverative functional autonomy b. propriate functional autonomy

b. propriate functional autonomy

What are behaviors that reflect and thereby perpetrate the beliefs, customs, and values that are sanctioned by a particular culture? a. ritualisms b. ritualizations

b. ritualizations

What is the state that is characterized by an inability to choose a defining role in life and represents the negative resolution of the identity crisis? a. identity crisis b. role confusion c. stagnation

b. role confusion

What is the ritualism that can occur during the eighth stage of development, involves the pretense of being wise? a. elitism b. sapientism c. integralism

b. sapientism

What are the causes of behavior, they constitute the most important part of a person's personality structure and are ultimately responsible for all of a person's consistent behavior? a. surface traits b. source traits c. constitutional source traits d. environmental-mold traits

b. source traits

What is the lack of concern about the next generation that characterizes the person whose crisis during the seventh stage of development is resolved negatively? a. totalism b. stagnation c. generativity

b. stagnation

What is the category in which one person can be placed by another person? a. stereotype b. type c. bias

b. type

What did Horney use to describe the behavior of parents, which undermines a child's security?

basic evil

According to Allport, personality is never something that is; rather it is something that is ______?

becoming

What is the information obtained about a person from performance on an objective test? a. L-data b. Q-data c. T-data

c. T-data

What is the psychological state that exists when basic hostility is repressed. It is the general feeling that everything and everyone in the world is potentially dangerous and that one is helpless relative to those dangers? a. basic evil b. basic hostility c. basic anxiety

c. basic anxiety

What is the lack of trust in the world and the people in it, which arises if the crises dominating the first stage of development if resolved negatively? a. basic anxiety b. basic trust c. basic mistrust d. basic compliance

c. basic mistrust

What are the qualities about a person that you would mention about a person in a letter of recommendation or in a resume? a. personal dispositions b. cardinal dispositions c. central dispositions d. moral dispositions

c. central dispositions

What is the description of a person that includes a value judgment? a. persona b. personality c. character

c. character

What is the search for tests that are highly correlated with each other? a. inductive analysis b. correlation analysis c. cluster analysis

c. cluster analysis

What is a virtue that arises if a child leaves the fourth stage of development with a greater sense of industry than of inferiority? a. will b. wisdom c. competence d. virtue

c. competence

What are the some source traits that are genetically determined? a. surface traits b. source traits c. constitutional source traits d. environmental-mold traits

c. constitutional source traits

What is a conflict that becomes dominant during a particular stage of development that can be resolved positively, thus strengthening the ego, or resolved negatively, thus weakening the ego? a. mess b. tantrum c. crisis

c. crisis

What believes that behavior is a function of a finite number of variables, and if those variables are completely known, human behavior can be predicted with complete accuracy? a. ablism b. actualization c. determinism

c. determinism

What did Erikson define as the "ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of inevitable contradictions of value systems? a. will b. virtue c. fidelity d. wisdom

c. fidelity

What is the ritualization that involves the learning the appropriate way to do tasks? a. formality b. generationalism c. formality d. formalism

c. formality

What is a method that begins with a hypothesis that guides data collection? a. inductive reasoning b. instrumental conditioning c. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

c. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

What is the general ability to initiate ideas and actions to plan future events, which arises if the crisis dominating the third stage of development is resolved positively? a. integralism b. intimacy c. initiative

c. initiative

What is the ritualization that involves the final unification of previous ritualizations? a. elitism b. sapientism c. integralism

c. integralism

What principle states that a person's proprium is the frame of reference that determines what is pursued in life and what is not? a. principle of organized energy level b. principle of mastery and competence c. principle of propriate patterning

c. principle of propriate patterning

What are the preferences that one has? a. personal dispositions b. cardinal dispositions c. secondary dispositions d. central dispositions

c. secondary dispositions

What is the process of self-help that Horney believed people could apply to themselves to solve life's problems, and to minimize conflict? a. self-realization b. self-actualization c. self-analysis

c. self-analysis

What are the genetically determined characteristics that determine the speed, energy and emotion with which a person responds to a situation? a. surface traits b. source traits c. temperament traits d. dynamic traits

c. temperament traits

What type of person says or thinks things like "If I give in, I shall not be hurt"?

compliant type

What are some source traits that determine how effectively a person works toward a desired goal? a. surface traits b. constitutional source traits c. environmental-mold traits d. ability traits

d. ability traits

What is the mathematical expression of the strength of the relationship between two variables? a. negative correlation b. positive correlation c. coefficient d. correlation coefficient

d. correlation coefficient

What type of traits determine why a person responds to situations? a. surface traits b. source traits c. temperament traits d. dynamic traits

d. dynamic traits

What are source traits that are a result of experience? a. surface traits b. source traits c. constitutional source traits d. environmental-mold traits

d. environmental-mold traits

What is the virtue that arises if a child leaves the first stage of development with more basic trust than basic mistrust? a. virtue b. will c. wisdom d. hope

d. hope

What is the ritualism that can occur during the third stage of development, and consists of confusing playing a role with one's identity? a. legalism b. idolism c. inferiority d. impersonation

d. impersonation

In Eysenck's theory, a higher order that encompasses or explains a number of correlated traits or first-order factors? a. syntality b. temperaments c. temperament traits d. superfactors

d. superfactors

What type of person says "If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me"?

detached type

What is a dynamic, constitutional source trait?

erg

The level at which an erg exists determines the amount of _______ present?

erg tension

What is the tendency to view everything outside of oneself as important?

externalization

What is any acquired system of motivation in which the tensions involved are not of the same kind as the antecedent tensions from which the acquired system?

functional autonomy

What is a specific mode of responding, that develops because a more general trait exists?

habits

What type of person says "If I have power, no one can hurt me"?

hostile type

What term did Eysenck use to refer to the disordered neurotic extravert? a. dysthymic b. hysteric c. psychotic

hysteric

What is the type of research that includes the intense study of a single case?

idiographic method

What occurs when normal respect and deep appreciation for a person become excessive admiration and idealization?

idolism

In accordance with the epigenetic principle, what are the three phases that crises exist in?

immature phase, critical phase, resolution phase

What is the difference between individual traits and common traits?

individual traits are possessed by a particular person, whereas common traits are possessed by several people

What are the eight stages of development according to Erikson's epigenetic principle?

infancy- basic trust vs distrust early childhood- autonomy preschool- initiative vs guilt school- industry vs inferiority adolescence- identity vs role confusion young adulthood- intimacy vs isolation adulthood- generativity vs stagnation old age- ego integrity vs despair

What is the ritualism that can occur during the second stage of development?

legalism

What states that all we need to know about personality is contained in natural language?

lexical hypothesis

What is a dynamic source trait with an environmental origin?

metaerg

What is the only type of conscience that a child has?

must conscience

What did Horney refer to as the need for security and freedom from fear?

need for safety

What refers to the child's need for food, water, and sleep?

need for satisfaction

What does a coefficient of -1.00 indicate?

negative correlation

What are the ten strategies for minimizing basic anxiety?

neurotic tends

What are the five factors in the five factor model of personality?

neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

What type of research studies groups of individuals and analyzes averages?

nomothetic method

What is the ritualization characterizing the first stage of development? a. numinous b. judiciousness c.

numinous

What displaces must conscience?

ought conscience

What is identical to an individual trait?

personal disposition

What did Allport believe was one of the best methods to use when attempting to understand a person's personality?

personal documents

What did Allport believe determines a person's behaviors?

personality structure

What does a correlation of +1.00 indicate?

positive correlation

What includes all the facts about a person that make him or her unique?

proprium

What is the term used to describe Erikson's use of his developmental theory of personality to analyze historical figures?

psychohistory

What did Erikson call the interval between youth and adulthood?

psychosocial moratorium

What concept did Hull use to explain phenomena like experimental extinction, in which we observe decreased performance of a response?

reactive inhibition

What are distortions or exaggerations of ritualizations?

ritualisms

What are inappropriate or false ritualizations, and are the causes of much social and psychological pathology?

ritualisms

What are experiences society provides that are conducive to the positive resolutions of the various crises?

ritualizations

What is the innate tendency to strive for truthfulness, productivity, and harmonious relationships with fellow humans?

self-realization

What is the most powerful sentiment of all, and organizes the entire personality?

self-sentiment

what is the term that describes the fact that sentiments are subsidiary to ergs?

subsidiation

What are the raw materials of personality according to Allport?

temperament, intelligence, physique

What are the six values measured by Spranger's scale of values?

theoretical economic aesthetic social political religious

What involves the unquestioning commitment to overly simplistic ideologies?

totalism

What accounts for the consistency in human behavior?

traits

What is it called when one's idealized self is substituted for the real self, one's behavior is governed by several unrealistic "shoulds"?

tyranny of the should

What is Eysenck's term for the limbic system, a subcortical brain system that influences the autonomic nervous system?

visceral brain