this ain't vocab but it's the unit 7 test so yea
The Corn Law maintained high prices on grain by levying import duties on foreign grain in ________.
Britain
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 *The Carlsbad Decrees limited the activities of all of the following groups EXCEPT*
Catholic priests and Protestant ministers
Who was Karl Marx's collaborator in the writing of The Communist Manifesto?
Friedrich Engels
In 1821, the Ottoman's faced a revolt of the ________.
Greeks
What leader of France abdicated the throne as a result of this uprising in France? (shows February Days, France, 1848)
Louis Philippe
Why did the Habsburg Empire resist nationalism?
Nationalism would seriously weaken the ethnically diverse Habsburg Empire.
When Tsar Alexander I died in November 1825, who succeeded him?
Nicholas
Who is most associated with Venezuelan independence?
Simón Bolívar
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 *Why did the Carlsbad Decrees implement these particular restrictions and limitations?*
University groups were viewed as promoters of liberalism and nationalism.
"The possession of private property is a right given to man by nature...There is no reason why the directing power of the state should be brought in; for man is prior to the state, and therefore he must have had by nature the right to preserve his life and person before any community was organized...The necessary materials for the preservation of life are lavishly supplied by the earth; but the earth could not supply them by itself without man's cultivation, and since man applies the activity of his mind and the strength of his body in the production of the good things of nature, it follows that he claims for himself the portion of physical nature which he has himself tended, which he has in a sense stamped with his own personal impress. That men should commonly unite in associations of this kind [labor unions and the like], whether made up wholly of workers or of both classes together, is to be welcomed...Natural law grants man the right to join particular associations, and the state is appointed to support natural law, not to destroy it..." —Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum *Which idea found in Rerum Novarum would nineteenth century socialists have agreed with?*
Workers should be permitted to join labor unions in order to ensure fair treatment by employers.
Early nineteenth-century nationalism directly opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna that ________.
ethnicity, rather than monarchies or dynasties, provide the basis for political unity
Classical Capitalist economists advocated growth through ________.
free market enterprise
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 *What did Marx and Engels view as the fundamental cause of the conflict discussed in this selection?*
historical tension concerning the control of the means of production between classes
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 *Marx and Engels' assertion that "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" is an extension of what other intellectual idea?*
socialism
What type of person joined the Burschenschaften?
students
Chartism focused on reforms concerning _________.
suffrage
What type of factory work did the women in the image above do? (pic looks like looms or something)
textile production
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefitted must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." —The People's Petition of 1838 *In addition to the demands mentioned above, The People's Petition also called for*
the elimination of property qualifications to vote.
"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848 *What specific economic and social conditions were Marx and Engels referring to in this selection?*
the social and economic order that emerged with the Industrial Revolution
Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas from the ________.
writers of the Enlightenment
Which group of women typically composed the work force depicted in the image above?
young, single women and widows
The revolutions of 1848 began in ________.
France
What economic benefit did this industrial innovation have? (has a steam engine)
It allowed for the cheaper and more efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods.
How did this innovation further contribute to the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century? (picture of steam engine)
It created additional demand for industrial goods like iron, steel, and glass.
"Required as we are, universally, to support and obey the laws, nature and reason entitle us to demand, that in the making of the laws, the universal voice shall be implicitly listened to. We perform the duties of freemen; we must have the privileges of freemen. WE DEMAND UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. The suffrage to be exempt from the corruption of the wealthy, and the violence of the powerful, must be secret... WE DEMAND THE BALLOT The connection between the representatives and the people, to be benefitted must be intimate... To public safety as well as public confidence, frequent elections are essential. WE DEMAND ANNUAL PARLIAMENTS With power to choose, and freedom in choosing, the range of our choice must be unrestricted." —The People's Petition of 1838 *What is the significance in English political history of The People's Petition?*
It reflected the ideas of the first large-scale working-class political movement in Europe.
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford...mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become...when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." —Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835 *How were artisans negatively affected by the factory system process Ure described?*
They lost control of their means of production.
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford...mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become...when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." —Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835 *Which of the following contributed to the rise of the new labor system in England that Andrew Ure referenced?*
available supply of natural materials like coal and iron ore
"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 *Which nineteenth century ideology triumphed with the issuance of the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819?*
conservatism
"When the first water-frames for spinning cotton were erected at Cromford...mankind were little aware of the mighty revolution which the new system of labor was destined by Providence to achieve, not only in the structure of British society, but in the fortunes of the world at large. Arkwright alone had the sagacity to discern, and the boldness to predict in glowing language, how vastly productive human industry would become...when made to consist of the task of guiding the work of mechanical fingers and arms, and regularly impelled with great velocity by some indefatigable physical power..." —Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, 1835 *Who was most likely to provide the capital needed for this system of labor and production?*
factory owner
By 1830, ________ had achieved independence.
most of Latin America
The process by which workers became a commodity in the labor marketplace is called ________.
proletarianization
In the 1840s, the goal of prisons shifted from _____ to _____.
punishment; rehabilitation
3.) Liberty is the absolute right of all adult men and women to seek no sanction for their actions except their own conscience and their own reason, to determine them only of their own free will, and consequently to be responsible for them to themselves first of all, and then to the society of which they are a part, but only in so far as they freely consent to be a part of it... 4.) There is only one dogma, one law, one moral basis for men, and that is liberty. To respect your neighbor's liberty is duty; to love, help and serve him, is virtue... 5.) Political organization. It is impossible to determine a concrete, universal and compulsory norm for the internal development and political organization of nations [and] any undertaking of this nature, being utterly devoid of practical utility, would militate against the richness and spontaneity of life, which delights in infinite diversity, and would in addition be contrary to the very principle of liberty. Nevertheless, there do exist essential, absolute conditions without which the practical realization and organization of liberty will always be impossible. These conditions are: 9(a). The radical abolition of all official religion and every privileged or state-protected, -financed or -maintained church... 9(c). Abolition of monarchy, republic. 9(d). Abolition of class, rank, privilege and distinction in all its forms. Complete equality of political rights for all men and all women; universal suffrage." —Mikhail Bakunin, "Principles and Organization of the International Brotherhood," 1866 *What ideology was Mikhail Bakunin influenced by when he developed the anarchist plan in the above document?*
socialism
The migration from the countryside during the nineteenth century produced a situation in which ________.
the physical resources of cities were stretched beyond capacity
Many factories hired unmarried women and children because ________.
they were willing to work for less than men