Tophat Chapter 8
What time period represents the least sensitivity to teratogens? 0-2 wks 2-8 wks 8-12 wks 12+ wks
0-2 wks
What time period represents the greatest sensitivity to teratogens? 0-2 wks 2-8 wks 8-12 wks 12+ wks
2-8 wks
In which of the following examples are children constructing, or actively working toward, developing their own understanding of the world? A child watches his mother as she tries to complete a difficult puzzle. A peer shows a child how to tie her shoe. A child bangs on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds. A child watches her sister drop different toys off the side of her high chair.
A child bangs on different items with a wooden spoon to produce different sounds.
Which of the following is an example of disequilibration? A child encounters a whale and places it into a cognitive structure with fish, as these animals all live in the water... but why do whales breathe air? A child encounters a fluffy cat and places it into a cognitive structure with other cats. A child creates a new cognitive structure for semis after having an existing cognitive structure in place for cars. None of the above
A child encounters a whale and places it into a cognitive structure with fish, as these animals all live in the water... but why do whales breathe air?
Identity versus role confusion Autonomy versus doubt and shame Trust versus mistrust Generatively versus stagnation A teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity. A mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms. A newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care. A man has children but does not take care of them
A teenager adheres to a religion that promotes conformity. A mother does not let her toddler dig in the dirt for worms. A newborn is in foster care and receives inconsistent care. A man has children but does not take care of them
Foreclosed Identity diffusion Achieved Psychosocial moratorium A young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father was a plumber and that is what he always wanted her to be A young man cannot make any firm decisions about his future unsure of whether he would like to pursue a career in advertising¸ become a medical doctor or own a flower shop A young woman has thoughtfully considered various career options and has decided to work towards becoming a physicist who works for NASA A young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified
A young woman decides to pursue a career as a plumber because her father was a plumber and that is what he always wanted her to be A young man cannot make any firm decisions about his future unsure of whether he would like to pursue a career in advertising¸ become a medical doctor or own a flower shop A young woman has thoughtfully considered various career options and has decided to work towards becoming a physicist who works for NASA A young woman is in college and plans to take a gap year before pursuing graduate school in a field of interest that she has not yet identified
Which of the following teratogens can result in infant microcephaly, altered physical characteristics, and cognitive impairments? Thalidomide Mercury Alcohol Tobacco
Alcohol
Which of the following hypotheses could be tested with a high amplitude sucking paradigm? Do newborns prefer listening to proper grammar relative to incorrect grammar? Do newborns show a preference for their native language relative to other languages they are not routinely exposed to? Do 4-month-olds show a preference for their mother's voice relative to the voice of a female stranger? All of the above
All of the above
Object permanence is required for infants to be successful in which of the following scenarios? An infant sees her mother walk into an adjacent room and starts playing with a new toy. An infant sees her toy peeking out from under a rug and crawls over to grab it. An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it. An infant sees a toy on top of her blanket and reaches over to grab it.
An infant drops a Cheerio off her high chair and looks to find it.
A child is running around on the playground and runs into the pole of the swing set and bumps their head. The child cries and says "that pole got in my way! it wanted to hurt me!" What concept is the child demonstrating? Animism Egocentrism Centration Personification
Animism
A young child is fascinated with animals and, as a result, enjoys going to the zoo. While at the zoo, she encounters the duck-billed platypus, an interesting mammal that bears some physical similarity to a duck and also lays eggs. The child includes this new animal in her existing schema for ducks. Which of the following cognitive processes did this child use to classify the platypus? Equilibration Accommodation Disequilibration Assimilation
Assimilation
Who has a more difficult time during their teenage years? Boys who mature earlier Boys who mature later
Boys who mature later
Developmental psychologists may choose to study any of the behaviors described below. Match the provided descriptions of developmental research to the domain of development under investigation when considering cognitive development, social development, or the intersection of cognitive and social development (an area of research called social cognition). Examining how language develops over the first two years of life Cognitive development Studying how the characteristics of children's friendships change as they age Social development Examining how children form close relationships with their caregivers Social development Studying the development of memory from infancy to childhood Cognitive development Studying how children process and interpret the behaviors of their peers at school Social cognition Examining how children come to understand that their thoughts and feelings may differ from those of their peers Social cognition cognitive development social cognition social development cognitive development social cognition social development
Cognitive Development Social Development Social Development Cognitive Development Social cognition Social cognition
Malcolm has trouble thinking abstractly, but can reason based on physical objects and how those are related. Piaget would say Malcolm is in which stage? Sensorimotor Concrete operational Formal operational Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Ben found a $5 bill on the ground at the mall. He decides to keep it because his friends will think it's dumb to go and turn it into mall security. Ben is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels? Pre-conventional Conventional Post conventional Unconventional
Conventional
Cross-sectional research designs allow researchers to examine age-related changes in different groups of participants. Which of the following research questions would be best addressed using a cross-sectional design? Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades? What strategies do 2nd graders use to solve a difficult math problem? How do the characteristics of romantic relationships change with age? How does memory develop from infancy to early childhood?
Do children have different relationships with same- or opposite-sex peers in 4th, 6th, and 8th grades?
Sasha is trying to convince her parents to let her go over to her friend's house for a party. She comes up with hypothetical situations and reasons through them to help her parents understand that she will be safe. What stage in Piaget's developmental theory is Sasha in? Sensorimotor Formal operational Preoperational Concrete operational
Formal operational
Match each prenatal developmental process to the period of pregnancy in which they occur. Formation of the blastocyst Formation of major bodily structures Finishing touches on brain development Embryo Germinal Fetus
Germinal Embryo Fetus
Who has a more difficult time during their teenage years? Girls who mature earlier Girls who mature later
Girls who mature earlier
Which of the following researchers studied and supported the theory that nonhuman primates seek warmth and comfort over food from a caregiver? Ainsworth Harlow Bowlby Lorenz
Harlow
Secure Dismissive-avoidant Her date accused her of using him for a free meal. Anxious-preoccupied Fearfully avoidant Her date was open to communication about past relationships and said that he valued emotional connections in romantic relationships but also liked his independence at times. Her date accused her of using him for a free meal. Her date accused her of not paying enough attention to him. Her date kept texting people throughout the meal and told her she was too clingy for him
Her date was open to communication about past relationships and said that he valued emotional connections in romantic relationships but also liked his independence at times. Her date accused her of using him for a free meal. Her date accused her of not paying enough attention to him. Her date kept texting people throughout the meal and told her she was too clingy for him
Indicate whether the choices shown on the left represent aspects of adolescent egocentrism associated with the imaginary audience or the personal fable. Adolescent thinking that everyone is talking about his recent breakup Adolescents think that everyone notices how their hair looks bad on a certain day Adolescent thinking that she will not become pregnant even after repeated instances of unprotected sex Adolescent thinking she will not get injured while simultaneously driving her car and texting her friend Imaginary audience Imaginary audience Personal fable Personal fable
Imaginary audience Imaginary audience Personal fable Personal fable
The video linked at the end of the previous paragraph shows some of the current research being conducted on infant and child morality. Based on the research in this video, what can we conclude? Infants are born with a universal moral code. Infants aren't born with morals but quickly learn them. Our moral code is completely determined by biology. Infants are inherently selfish and have few morals.
Infants are born with a universal moral code.
Which of the following is true concerning the ethics of conducting experiments to determine whether teratogens cause negative outcomes in developing humans? It is unethical to randomly assign pregnant women to an experimental condition (e.g., exposure to teratogens) that might negatively impact their developing infant. It is unethical to conduct experiments on teratogens in humans unless their participation is expected to benefit them directly. It is not unethical to assign pregnant women to any experimental condition as long as they are aware of the possible risks beforehand. It is important to know definitively whether an environmental agent is a teratogen, so such research is warranted, even when conducted with humans.
It is unethical to randomly assign pregnant women to an experimental condition (e.g., exposure to teratogens) that might negatively impact their developing infant.
Object permanence Conservation Egocentrism Abstract thinking Formal operational Sensorimotor Concrete operational Pre-operational
Sensoriomotor Concrete Operational Pre-operational Formal Operational
Which of the following statements about teratogens is incorrect? Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant. Teratogens do the most damage to major bodily structures during the period of the embryo. Exposure to teratogens during the period of the fetus can cause damage to the brain and negatively impact cognitive functioning over the long term. Women who are attempting to become pregnant should limit their exposure to known teratogens.
Teratogens cannot cause any negative developmental effects before a woman knows she is pregnant.
In the process of ovulation, an egg is released from one of a woman's two ovaries. In the event that fertilization of an egg does not occur, what happens to the unfertilized egg? The egg is reabsorbed into the ovaries. The egg is expelled along with the uterine lining during the next menstrual cycle. The egg is destroyed in the uterus. The egg is recycled for the next menstrual cycle.
The egg is expelled along with the uterine lining during the next menstrual cycle
Sally is concerned that she was drinking alcohol around the time she conceived her son, and despite not having a drop of alcohol after that night, she believes she might have done real damage to him. What can you tell her to help calm her nerves? Teratogens only have an impact during the period of the fetus. No need to worry! The most impactful time for teratogens is between 2-8 weeks of gestation. If diagnosed early in life, the child's brain damage can be corrected with surgery. Alcohol is not a known teratogen.
The most impactful time for teratogens is between 2-8 weeks of gestation.
Which of the following statements is not true of habituation paradigms? They can be used to understand infant preferences for different stimuli. They can be used with young participants. They can provide important information about cognitive processing in infancy. They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.
They tell researchers why infants show novelty preferences.
Match the child behaviors to the term that best describes them. Symbolic thinking Animism Egocentrisim Using language to stand for complex thoughts and ideas Giving another child a present that the gift giver would like to have received thinking that a child's teddy bear misses her when she goes to preschool
Using language to stand for complex thoughts and ideas Giving another child a present that the gift giver would like to have received thinking that a child's teddy bear misses her when she goes to preschool
How is an ectopic pregnancy problematic? a The fallopian tube cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth. b The uterus cannot expand to support a growing zygote or contract during childbirth. c An ectopic pregnancy is not problematic and can proceed without intervention. d The uterus could rupture as the zygote grows, resulting in harm to the pregnant woman.
a
Max just graduated from college and is considering his various career options. To do this, he takes different university classes and pursues different volunteer opportunities in the field. He's even conducted some informational interviews with people who have jobs he's considering! What is he working towards? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Identity achievement b Romantic relationships c Identity diffusion d Retirement
a
Relative to younger adults, older adults place greater emphasis on which aspect of their lives? a Maintaining personally satisfying relationships with others Your answer b Pursuing different educational opportunities c Maintaining their physical health through diet and exercise d Identity development
a
Samantha decided when she got to college that she would wait until she was 21 to have her first alcoholic drink. She waited until age 21 to drink because the law states you have to be 21 to drink in the United States. Which stage of moral development is Samantha likely in? a Conventional b Preconventional c Postconventional d Biconventional
a
Which of the following statements best characterizes the relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease? a Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia b Dementia is a specific type of Alzheimer's disease c Alzheimer's disease and dementia are the same things d There is no relation between dementia and Alzheimer's disease
a
Maria is participating in the Strange Situation. She does not seem upset when her mom leaves, and she ignores her mom when she comes back into the room. Maria is demonstrating which attachment style? anxious-ambivalent avoidant disorganized-disoriented secure
avoidant
Annette has studied Piaget's theory of cognitive development and believes it adequately describes the way the world works. What would she say about the developmental shift from, for instance, the preoperational to the concrete operational period of development? a Children in these two stages are quantitatively different from one another. b Children in these two stages are qualitatively different from one another. c Children in these two phases think quite alike; one simply has more experience to draw from. d Although divided into distinct stages, neither child is more advanced than the other.
b
If you were to watch a tree grow, you would see that the trunk fully forms before the tree starts to grow its branches. This type of growth can be described as which of the following? a Cephalocaudal b Proximodistal c Cephalodistal d Proximocaudal
b
Individuals view themselves as confident in their thoughts and ideas after successfully resolving the developmental crisis of __________. a autonomy versus shame and doubt b initiative versus guilt c industry versus inferiority d identity versus role confusion
b
Taylor comes from a long line of plumbers: her dad was a plumber, her uncle was a plumber, and her grandfather was a plumber. Taylor figures that she was meant to be a plumber, too, and pursues this career path without really exploring any other options. What is her identity state, according to Marcia? a Diffused b Foreclosed c Achieved d Psychosocial moratorium
b
The concept of a social clock reflects which of the following? a Biological influences on the development of social relationships b Social expectations for culturally appropriate times for life events such as marriage and retirement c Challenges that influence the longevity of a marriage d Age-related limitations on the development of social skills
b
Think about the process of twinning, as described above. Which of the following statements is correct? a Monozygotic or identical twins can be of different sexes. b It is possible for a woman to be pregnant with dizygotic or fraternal twins that were conceived by sperm from two different men. c Some dizygotic or fraternal twins are genetically identical. d Dizygotic or fraternal twins are more alike genetically than two siblings who were born years apart.
b
What is the defining feature of the fetal period? a Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall b Refinements and finishing touches c Rapid cell division d The emergence and development of major bodily systems
b
What is the main strength and contribution of Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, in comparison to other developmental theories? a It includes positive and negative consequences. b It covers the entire lifespan. c It is centered around developmental crises. d It is succinct.
b
Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is true? a Marital satisfaction generally increases after the birth of a child b Marital satisfaction generally decreases after the birth of a child c Marital satisfaction remains the same after the birth of a child d Marital satisfaction after the birth of a child is unrelated to other factors occurring in the marriage or household, such as conflict or stress
b
After your friend describes her blind dates in full detail, she chastises you for convincing her to try online dating in the first place. She declares that she will never date again because it's not worth the heartbreak and dating makes her feel uncomfortable. What attachment style best characterizes your friend? a Undetermined or unclassified b Anxious or preoccupied c Dismissive or avoidant d Secure
c
Mateo is in his mid-twenties, and he is unsure if he wants to commit to his girlfriend because it means he would be more vulnerable to being hurt by her. Mateo is most likely in which of Erikson's stages? a identity vs. role confusion b generativity vs. stagnation c intimacy vs. isolation d initiative vs. guilt
c
Tasha was a participant in the Strange Situation with her mother. During the experiment, she showed sadness when her mother left the room and was easily comforted when her mother returned. What attachment style is Tasha likely to have? a Insecure-avoidant b Disorganized c Secure d Insecure-resistant
c
What is the defining feature of the period of the zygote? a An egg is released from one of two ovaries b Refinements and finishing touches c Rapid cell division d The emergence and development of major bodily systems
c
Why do some social scientists advocate that changes in the juvenile justice system should be made? a Adolescents require stronger punishments to help them become better at controlling their inhibitions b Adolescent sentencing should be made to match sentencing for adults c Adolescent behavior should be judged in developmentally appropriate ways because their brains are less developed than those of adults d The juvenile justice system is too lenient
c
Windsor is studying infants and their ability to learn and think about the world, whereas his friend Janet is studying how infants interact with other people and peers. Windsor would be known as a ______________ psychologist while Janet would be known as a ______________ psychologist. social; cognitive cognitive; social ethical; social cognitive; ethical
cognitive, social
Henry was a participant in the Strange Situation. During the experiment, he clung to his father's sleeve and wouldn't let go. When his father left the room, he cried and immediately clung to him when he returned. What attachment style is Henry likely to have? a Insecure-avoidant b Disorganized c Secure d Insecure-resistant
d
Minh is sixteen and just noticed a pimple beginning to form on her chin. She is convinced that she will be humiliated at school as everyone will notice her pimple and mock her. Minh does not realize that most teenagers have __________ and so will likely not notice her small blemish. a imaginary audience b personal fable c object permanence d adolescent egocentrism
d
Research suggests that teenagers engage in risky behavior because after puberty their dopamine reward system develops before their __________ has fully developed. a medulla oblongata b hypothalamus c substantia nigra d prefrontal cortex
d
What are the primary differences between dismissive-avoidant and fearfully avoidant adult attachment styles? a Dismissive-avoidant individuals seek close relationships; fearfully avoidant individuals are not very aware of the potential pain that comes with close relationships. b Dismissive-avoidant individuals value developing romantic relationships; fearfully avoidant individuals are overly trusting of romantic partners. c Dismissive-avoidant individuals were likely securely attached in infancy; fearfully avoidant individuals were likely insecurely attached in infancy. d Dismissive-avoidant individuals value independence and do not seek close relationships; fearfully avoidant individuals seek close relationships but are preoccupied with the potential pain that can come from them.
d
What would you tell a new parent about how attachments are formed? a Infant attachments are based on parent consistency and sensitivity. b Infant attachments are based on parent repetitiveness and warmth. c Infant attachments are based on parent hostility and kindness. d Infant attachments are based on the goodness of fit between the responsiveness of the parents and the needs of the infant.
d
Which of the following factors does not seem to protect against cognitive decline in old age? a A strong social support network b Being physically active c Remaining intellectually active (e.g., doing crossword puzzles) d Eliminating caffeine from one's diet
d
Which of the following factors is not associated with better adjustment to retirement? a Having a spouse b Having sufficient financial resources to support retirement c Being in better health d Having spent no more than 30 years in the workforce
d
Which of the following moral questions would Kohlberg be least interested in? a "Why do you think it is okay to steal from the rich and give to the poor?" b "What would make you jump in front of a bus to save someone?" c "If you had to save three people in the world, who would they be, and why?" d "Is it inherently evil to kill a person who has killed someone else?"
d
Which of the following statements about factors associated with reoffending in juveniles is correct? a Poorer impulse control is not independently associated with reoffending in juveniles. b Positive social contexts are associated with lower rates of reoffending by juveniles with poorer impulse control. c More negative social contexts are not independently associated with reoffending in juveniles. d Positive social contexts are associated with lower rates of reoffending by juveniles with better impulse control.
d
At the zoo, Pete notices that baby elephants follow their mothers around the pen, eat hay, and generally behave a lot like adults. Meanwhile, Pete's 9-month-old brother still rides around in a stroller. Pete asks his dad why human babies take so long to grow up. Assuming his dad answers correctly, he would say that human babies take longer than animals to develop because: humans need to be able to adapt to any environment. humans aren't very smart. humans live a lot longer than animals. humans take longer to bond with their mothers.
humans need to be able to adapt to any environment.
Even if it seems like some of them are lacking in higher-level cognitive abilities, where do teens and adults fit within Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a They are in the post-pubescent category b They are in the formal operational stage c No adults allowed -- this is only a theory of cognitive development in childhood! d Post-modern operations
idk
Which of the following is not a teratogen? Maternal mental illness Cigarette use Illegal drug use Environmental toxins
maternal mental illness
Which of the following would not be considered a teratogen Paint fumes Marijuana The flu Down syndrome
paint fumes
Our brains are designed to become specialists based on routine exposure to common stimuli. Which of the following psychological phenomena does NOT illustrate this principle? Pruning discrimination between language sounds the cross-race effect proactive interference
proactive interference
Assimilation Accommodation you learn a new phrase in your second language you learn how to interpret Egyptian hieroglyphics
you learn how to interpret Egyptian hieroglyphics you learn a new phrase in your second language