Unit 1 Microbiology

Cholera symptoms

"rice water stool" (watery diarrhea) Shock, coma, death Lowered blood volume (up to 20 L fluid)

What are the exceptions to Koch's postulates?

1) disease can be caused by more than 1 organism 2) one microorganism can cause more than 1 disease 3) sometimes microbes can't be grown in culture 4) some diseases lack experimental animals for testing

What are the 6 reasons that infectious diseases are still a problem today?

1) people are living longer 2) people are more mobile (traveling) 3) microbes become drug-resistant 4) new emerging or re-emerging diseases 5) some chronic illness can be due to microbes (heart disease, cancers, etc) 6) climate change

What are the 3 things that healthy microorganisms do?

1) sun energy and create oxygen through photosynthesis 2) recycle nutrients 3) help us stay health

What was the mortality rate for scab vaccinations?

1-2% mortality instead of 30% if vaccine used

When was antibody structure disovered?

1962

What is the worldwide mortality rate caused by microorganisms?

25.9%

What is the incubation period for rabies?

3-12 weeks

In the 20th century, what was the mortality rate and number of deaths by smallpox?

30% mortality, 300 million deaths

How many viruses are in and on us?

380 trillion

What is the mortality rate for neonatal sepsis?

50% mortality

What is a DALY?

A measurement of burden of disease One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness or disease

What is sepsis?

A potentially deadly immune response syndrome

What is a phagocyte?

A white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens by breaking them down.

What did Koch discover? How?

Anthrax in cattle, discovered bacteria in blood

What is used to treat syphilis today?

Antibiotics

How many microbes does the human body have?

Around 10 trillion (as many cells as we have)

What percent of people affected with Cholera have symptoms?

Around 20% (80% are asymptomatic)

What is the current US life expectancy?

Around 80 years

Why is Cholera known as the blue death?

As blood loses fluid volume, blood gets thicker, skin gets blue

Cholera pathogenicity

Bacteria produces enterotoxin Intestinal cells excrete fluid rather than absorbing

Who is Florence Nightingale? What theory did she believe in? What did she do?

Believed in miasma theory of disease kept clean air and equipment had less illness in her nursing ward

Spontaneous generation theory

Believed that living things can spontaneously arise from nonliving things

What was the first "vaccination"?

Chinese blew scabs up nose

What are the top 3 noticeable diseases?

Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis

What is the most important medical advancement since 1840 (via poll)

Clean water and sanitation

Most common infection

Common cold

How to control sepsis

Control inflammatory response (blood pressure, temp, oxygen)

What did Ehrlich do? What did he make? What did he call it?

Developed early chemotherapy Used chemicals to treat syphillis Called it the "magic bullet", or Salvarsan 606

Miasma theory of disease

Discredited theory in which "poisonous" vapor from decomposing materials causes disease

What is pathogenicity?

Disease progression

What animal is the primary rabies transmitter?

Dogs

What are rabies symptoms?

Drooling, convulsions, numbness, muscle spasms Death once symptoms appear

What is the most tested microorganism?

E. coli

Who initially suggested the germ theory of disease? What did he call microbes? What were the 3 modes of transmission that he proposed?

Facastoro Seminaria (seeds of disease) Transmissible through direct contact, inanimate objects, air

What were Koch's pure culture techniques?

Grow microbes on potato slices and broth with gelatin

What is an example of a virus that lacks experimental animals for testing?

HIV

What is a HALE

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy -The number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population

What were the first two forms of chemotherapy?

Herbs and quinine (for malaria)

Who suggested agar used for pitri dishes?

Hesse

Symptoms of sepsis

High or low temperature increased heart and/or respiratory rate Increased WBC count

Who "discovered cells" using microscopy?

Hooke

What is the sepsis mortality rate?

If it goes into septic shock, 30-50%

What is the difference in the leading causes of death between the 1900s and now?

In the 1900s, the top 3 leading causes of death were caused by infectious disease

How did the romans hypothesize illness?

Invisible animals crawl in mouth and nose, creating disease

Who studied anthrax in cattle?

Koch

Who discovered microbes? What did he initially name them?

Leeuwenhoek Animalcules

Germ theory of disease

Microbes can cause disease

Who created the idea of variation?

Montagu

What are the 3 deadliest animals?

Mosquitoes, humans, snakes

How does the microbe that causes neonatal sepsis infect?

Normal vaginal flora If it ties in the blood/spinal fluid of the baby, it infects

Do we vaccinate against smallpox

Not for the public, it is gone We do have vaccines on hand for healthcare workers

Are antibiotics used in Cholera treatment?

Not so much. They can be used to shorten duration. The primary treatment is IV fluids.

How is puerperal fever treated?

Penicillin

Most common reason for hospitalization

Pneumonia

What is an example of a disease that can be caused by more than 1 organism?

Pneumonia

Rabies treatment

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccine Doses over 1 month

How do you prevent neonatal sepsis?

Prevention: give newborns antibiotics if mother is positive

Who disproved spontaneous generation? How?

Redi, meat and maggots Needham, microbes in broth Pasteur, swan necked flask

Most common intestinal illness in very young

Rotavirus

How does the microbe that causes puerperal fever infect?

SP is a normal flora for the respiratory tract and vagina If it enters the mothers bloodstream, it becomes septicemia (sepsis)

What is the difference between an STI and an STD?

STI: infection, a microbe that people can get through sexual contact (typically asymptomatic) STD: develops because of an STI and has led to some symptom of disease v

Who pioneered aseptic technique? How?

Semmelweis Washed hands to reduce childbirth (puerperal fever)

Who is known as the father of epidemiology?

Snow

Cholera diagnosis

Stool sample (culture/grow in lab with salty medium)

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis microbe name

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep)

What is an example of a microorganism that can cause more than 1 disease?

Streptococcus pynogenes (strep)

Puerperal fever microbe name

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A, beta hemolytic streptococci)

What did Metchnikoff do?

Studies starfish that were infected Found phagocytes

What is the most common waterborne illness in the US?

Swimmers ear

What are examples of diseases that can't be grown in culture?

Syphilis Leprosy

What is the best form of vaccine for Cholera?

The newest, oral vaccine

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms (living things too small for eye to see)

What are Koch's postulates?

To prove causative agent of an infectious disease 1) specific agent found in every case of disease 2) isolate organism in pure culture 3) inoculate into a health animal (do you get the same disease?) 4) Re-culture the same organism

How is rabies transmitted? How does it infect?

Transmitted through bite/saliva of animals Viruses travel to the brain and cause inflammation

Cholera treatment + prevention + control

Treatment: replace fluids and electrolytes (oral/iv) Prevention: vaccine (required for travelers to some countries), sanitation Control: you don't have lifelong immunity, you can become a carrier

Syphilis etiologic agent (what causes it)

Treponema pallidum Bacterium

Most common to see the doctor about

UTI

What did Lister do?

Used carbolic acid to sanitize surgical sites

What did Jenner do?

Used cow pox to protect against smallpox

How did Pasteur contribute to vaccines?

Used rabbits to create rabies vaccine

Where does the term vaccine come from?

Vacca --> cow (Jenner cow pox vaccine) --> vaccine

If smallpox were to spread again, how would we stop it?

Vaccination and isolation of contacts

Cholera etiologic agent (species name, type, characteristics, shape)

Vibrio cholerae Bacterium Type: gram-negative Characteristic: halophile (salt loving) Shape: vibrio (comma shaped) Reservoir: contaminated water (fecal)

Cholera transmission to humans

Water or food

What is a pathogen reservoir?

Where it is primarily found

Do we still have the bubonic plague in the US today?

Yes, it can infect both animals and people

What is a notifiable disease?

any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities

What are the 6 types of microorganisms

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, algae

When was smallpox eradicated? How?

began in 1967, last case was in 1977 in Somalia Campaign to eliminate it via inoculation

What is a etiologic agent

causative agent

Cholera reservoir

contaminated water (fecal)

Zoonotic

disease that can be transmitted between animals and humans

Variolation

inoculation of smallpox into the skin

Cell theory

living things are made of one or more cells

Local infection

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Systemic

pertaining to the body as a whole

What is chemotherapy

the use of drugs/chemicals to treat a disease

What did John Snow do?

traced water pumps to figure out how cholera was spreading saw clusters of infection around specific water pumps said "something in the water"

Rabies prevention

vaccinate animals