Unit 10 Phys, Ear Information

High

Areas of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies. Sound waves of _______________ (high, low) frequency are detected closer to the oval window whereas low frequency sounds have optimal vibration (resonance) further away from the oval window.

Low

Areas of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies. Sound waves of _______________ (high, low) frequency sounds have optimal vibration (resonance) further away from the oval window.

Otitis media

Term for inflammation of the middle ear

Auricle or pinna

Term for the flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin that collects and channels sound into the external auditory canal. Shown as A in the picture. Give two names

Bony Labyrinth

Term for the series of cavities within the temporal bone that includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. Represented by the blue color or letter O

External auditory canal

Term for the tube that lies in the temporal bone and runs from the auricle to the eardrum. Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

Vestibule

The three structures composing the inner ear are the cochlea, semicircular canals, and __________

Cochlea

The three structures composing the inner ear are the semicircular canals, vestibule, and __________

Semicircular canals

The three structures composing the inner ear are the vestibule, cochlea, and __________

Malleus

Auditory ossicle that is in contact with the eardrum.

Vestibular apparatus

Combined, the semicircular canals and vestibule are referred to as the ___________________________: Function in the detection of head position and head movement (equilibrium)

Eustachian tube

Connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear. Called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube or the _____________________

Round window

During the hearing process movement of the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea. As the oval window bulges inward, it pushes on the perilymph of the scala vestibuli; these pressure waves are transmitted to the scala tympani and eventually to the _________________________, causing it to bulge outward into the middle ear. Letter D in the diagram

Oval window

During the process of hearing the central area of the eardrum connects to the malleus. The eardrum's vibrations are transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. The stapes vibrates against the membrane of the ___________________. Letter A in the diagram.

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Each macula consists of hair cells, an otolithic membrane, and otoliths. The hair cells are innervated by the vestibular branch of the ___________________________. Give the name and roman numeral of this nerve.

Macula

In the wall of each utricle and saccule is a sensory structure called a ___________________, which consists of hair cells and supporting cells

Incus

Name for the anvil-shaped ear bone

Dynamic equilibrium

Name for the type of equilibrium that refers to maintenance of body positions (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements such as rotation.

Static equilibrium

Name for the type of equilibrium that refers to maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity.

Stapes

Name of the auditory ossicle that is in direct contact with the membrane covered oval window

Malleus

Name of the auditory ossicle that is in direct contact with the tympanic membrane

Nystagmus

Name of the condition in which there is an unintentional jittery movement of the eyes. Can be caused when the brain's control of eye movements is poor, resulting in an inability to look steadily at an object, vision problems (myopia or hyperopia), or optic nerve damage

Vertigo

Name of the condition where the person has the feeling that they or their environment is moving or spinning when there is no actual movement. Result from a disturbance in the vestibular system (i.e., structures of the inner ear, the vestibular nerve, brainstem, and cerebellum) causing a conflict between the signals sent to the brain.

Ampula

Name of the enlargement at one end of each of the semicircular canals that contains the cristae ampullares. Represented by b and c on the model.

Endolymph

Name of the fluid in the cochlear duct.

Perilymph

Name of the fluid in the scala tympani?

Perilymph

Name of the fluid in the scala vestibuli?

Ceruminous glands

Name of the glands that produce earwax

Oval window

Name of the membrane-covered opening between the middle and inner ear. The stapes fits into the this structure. Letter K in the diagram

Tympanic cavity

Name of the small air filled cavity between the eardrum and inner ear that houses the auditory ossicles

Vestibule

Name of the structure of the inner ear that provide information concerning static equilibrium. Provides information about linear acceleration associated with changes in velocity when traveling horizontally or vertically. Examples: riding in a car, elevator, or when skipping rope

Semicircular canals

Name of the structures of the inner ear that provide a sense of rotational or angular movements. Helps a person maintain balance when turning the head, spinning, or tumbling.

Scala vestibuli

Name the channel above the cochlear duct which begins at the oval window and contain perilymph. Represented by number 3 in the picture.

Scala tympani

Name the channel below the cochlear duct that ends as the round window and contains perilymph. Represented by number 6 in the picture.

Otolithic membrane

Name the gelatinous glycoprotein layer that surrounds and floats directly over the hair cells of the macula. Represented by the red star in the membrane.

Tensor tympani muscle

Name the muscle that is attached to the malleus and functions to stabilize the malleus and protect the inner ear against prolonged loud noise, but not brief ones such as a gunshot. Label B in the diagram

Stapedius muscle

Name the muscle that is attached to the stapes and functions stabilize the stapes and to protect the inner ear against prolonged loud noise, but not brief ones such as a gunshot. Hint: At just over one millimeter in length, it the smallest skeletal muscle in the body. Letter A in the diagram.

Middle ear

Name the region of the ear shown in blue.

External ear

Name the region of the ear shown in gold.

Inner ear

Name the region of the ear shown in light pink

Inner ear

Portion of the ear that provides the senses of hearing and equilibrium and consists of a number of chambers and canals in the temporal bone.

Tympanic membrane

Scientific name for the eardrum

Rapidly

Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves. The tympanic membrane vibrates ________________________ (slowly or rapidly) in response to high-frequency (high-pitched) sounds.

Slowly

Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves. The tympanic membrane vibrates ________________________ (slowly or rapidly) in response to low-frequency (low-pitched) sounds and rapidly in response to high-frequency (high-pitched) sounds.

Cochlea

Structure of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti

Oval window

Structure on which stapes exerts piston-like action

Oval window

Structure that transmits the vibrations from the stapes to the fluid in the inner ear

Cochlear duct

The Scala media or __________________________ is the name of the duct that lies between the basilar and vestibular membranes and contains endolymph and organ of Corti (Spiral organ).

Cupula

The _______________ of the crista ampularis is a gelatinous glycoprotein mass that covers the hair cells and has a higher density than that of the surrounding endolymph and essentially rests above the receptor surface. Represented by letter a in the diagram

Semicircular canals

The _____________________ and vestibule contains the receptors for the sense of equilibrium

Cochlear duct

The ______________________ or scala media is the name of the duct that lies between the basilar and vestibular membranes and contains endolymph and organ of Corti (Spiral organ).

Stapes

The auditory ossicles include the malleus, incus and ______________

Incus

The auditory ossicles include the malleus, stapes and ______________

Malleus

The auditory ossicles include the stapes, incus and ______________

Nasopharynx

The auditory tube (Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube) connects the middle ear cavity to what specific region of the pharynx? Number 1 in the diagram

Cupula

The crista ampularis is the receptor for movement (dynamic equilibrium) and made up of a crista and a ___________________

Cerumen

The external auditory canal contains contains specialized sebaceous glands called ceruminous glands that produce earwax. The scientific term for earwax is ________________

Cochlear

The organ of Corti contains ~16,000 hair cells that are the receptors of hearing. At their basilar ends, hair cells synapse with the _____________________ branch of the vestibulocochlear or auditory nerve (VIII).

Basilar membrane

The organ of Corti sits on top of what membrane. Represented by number 8 in the diagram.

Otoliths

The otolithic membrane contains small protein/calcium carbonate crystals called ___________________________ (ear stones) that increase the mass of the membrane. Results in a higher inertia (resistance to change in movement). Represented by the red star in the diagram

Helicotrema

The scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate via the ______________ which is located at the apex of the cochlea.

Vestibule

The semicircular canals and _____________________ contain the receptors for the sense of equilibrium

Three

The semicircular canals contain receptors that function in detection of movement (dynamic equilibrium). The canals project in ____________________ (number) different planes at nearly right angles to each other.

Cochlea

The structure of the inner ear contain receptors for hearing.

Vestibule

The structure of the inner ear contain receptors for position (static equilibrium) and linear acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)

Semicircular canals

The structure of the inner ear that contain receptors for rotational movement (dynamic equilibrium).

Eustachian tube

The structure that allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure has three different names. It is called the pharyngotympanic tube, auditory tube or ______________________

Otolithic membrane

The supporting cells of the macula support the hair cells and secret the __________________________

Saccule

The vestibule consists of two saclike otolithic organs called the ___________________ and the Utricle

Utricle

The vestibule consists of two saclike otolithic organs called the saccule and the ________________

Round window

The window that lies directly below the oval window is the ________________. It is letter F on the picture.

Membranous Labyrinth

This is a membranous structure lies within the bony labyrinth and contains a fluid called endolymph. Represented by the color orange or letter P.

Endolymph

When the head moves, the attached semicircular canals and hair cells move with it. The fluid known as the ____________________, however, is not attached and lags behind due to its inertia. As the moving hair cells drag along the stationary fluid, the hairs bend and is transduced into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Organ of Corti

Withing the cochlea is the main organ for hearing. This structure is called the ____________________ and contains about 16,000 hair cells that are the receptors of hearing. Hair cells function to convert a mechanical vibration (stimulus) into an electrical signal (nerve impulse).