Unit 10 Phys, Ear Information
High
Areas of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies. Sound waves of _______________ (high, low) frequency are detected closer to the oval window whereas low frequency sounds have optimal vibration (resonance) further away from the oval window.
Low
Areas of the basilar membrane vibrate at different frequencies. Sound waves of _______________ (high, low) frequency sounds have optimal vibration (resonance) further away from the oval window.
Otitis media
Term for inflammation of the middle ear
Auricle or pinna
Term for the flap of elastic cartilage covered by skin that collects and channels sound into the external auditory canal. Shown as A in the picture. Give two names
Bony Labyrinth
Term for the series of cavities within the temporal bone that includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. Represented by the blue color or letter O
External auditory canal
Term for the tube that lies in the temporal bone and runs from the auricle to the eardrum. Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
Vestibule
The three structures composing the inner ear are the cochlea, semicircular canals, and __________
Cochlea
The three structures composing the inner ear are the semicircular canals, vestibule, and __________
Semicircular canals
The three structures composing the inner ear are the vestibule, cochlea, and __________
Malleus
Auditory ossicle that is in contact with the eardrum.
Vestibular apparatus
Combined, the semicircular canals and vestibule are referred to as the ___________________________: Function in the detection of head position and head movement (equilibrium)
Eustachian tube
Connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear. Called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube or the _____________________
Round window
During the hearing process movement of the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea. As the oval window bulges inward, it pushes on the perilymph of the scala vestibuli; these pressure waves are transmitted to the scala tympani and eventually to the _________________________, causing it to bulge outward into the middle ear. Letter D in the diagram
Oval window
During the process of hearing the central area of the eardrum connects to the malleus. The eardrum's vibrations are transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. The stapes vibrates against the membrane of the ___________________. Letter A in the diagram.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Each macula consists of hair cells, an otolithic membrane, and otoliths. The hair cells are innervated by the vestibular branch of the ___________________________. Give the name and roman numeral of this nerve.
Macula
In the wall of each utricle and saccule is a sensory structure called a ___________________, which consists of hair cells and supporting cells
Incus
Name for the anvil-shaped ear bone
Dynamic equilibrium
Name for the type of equilibrium that refers to maintenance of body positions (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements such as rotation.
Static equilibrium
Name for the type of equilibrium that refers to maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity.
Stapes
Name of the auditory ossicle that is in direct contact with the membrane covered oval window
Malleus
Name of the auditory ossicle that is in direct contact with the tympanic membrane
Nystagmus
Name of the condition in which there is an unintentional jittery movement of the eyes. Can be caused when the brain's control of eye movements is poor, resulting in an inability to look steadily at an object, vision problems (myopia or hyperopia), or optic nerve damage
Vertigo
Name of the condition where the person has the feeling that they or their environment is moving or spinning when there is no actual movement. Result from a disturbance in the vestibular system (i.e., structures of the inner ear, the vestibular nerve, brainstem, and cerebellum) causing a conflict between the signals sent to the brain.
Ampula
Name of the enlargement at one end of each of the semicircular canals that contains the cristae ampullares. Represented by b and c on the model.
Endolymph
Name of the fluid in the cochlear duct.
Perilymph
Name of the fluid in the scala tympani?
Perilymph
Name of the fluid in the scala vestibuli?
Ceruminous glands
Name of the glands that produce earwax
Oval window
Name of the membrane-covered opening between the middle and inner ear. The stapes fits into the this structure. Letter K in the diagram
Tympanic cavity
Name of the small air filled cavity between the eardrum and inner ear that houses the auditory ossicles
Vestibule
Name of the structure of the inner ear that provide information concerning static equilibrium. Provides information about linear acceleration associated with changes in velocity when traveling horizontally or vertically. Examples: riding in a car, elevator, or when skipping rope
Semicircular canals
Name of the structures of the inner ear that provide a sense of rotational or angular movements. Helps a person maintain balance when turning the head, spinning, or tumbling.
Scala vestibuli
Name the channel above the cochlear duct which begins at the oval window and contain perilymph. Represented by number 3 in the picture.
Scala tympani
Name the channel below the cochlear duct that ends as the round window and contains perilymph. Represented by number 6 in the picture.
Otolithic membrane
Name the gelatinous glycoprotein layer that surrounds and floats directly over the hair cells of the macula. Represented by the red star in the membrane.
Tensor tympani muscle
Name the muscle that is attached to the malleus and functions to stabilize the malleus and protect the inner ear against prolonged loud noise, but not brief ones such as a gunshot. Label B in the diagram
Stapedius muscle
Name the muscle that is attached to the stapes and functions stabilize the stapes and to protect the inner ear against prolonged loud noise, but not brief ones such as a gunshot. Hint: At just over one millimeter in length, it the smallest skeletal muscle in the body. Letter A in the diagram.
Middle ear
Name the region of the ear shown in blue.
External ear
Name the region of the ear shown in gold.
Inner ear
Name the region of the ear shown in light pink
Inner ear
Portion of the ear that provides the senses of hearing and equilibrium and consists of a number of chambers and canals in the temporal bone.
Tympanic membrane
Scientific name for the eardrum
Rapidly
Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves. The tympanic membrane vibrates ________________________ (slowly or rapidly) in response to high-frequency (high-pitched) sounds.
Slowly
Sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate at the same frequency as the incoming sound waves. The tympanic membrane vibrates ________________________ (slowly or rapidly) in response to low-frequency (low-pitched) sounds and rapidly in response to high-frequency (high-pitched) sounds.
Cochlea
Structure of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti
Oval window
Structure on which stapes exerts piston-like action
Oval window
Structure that transmits the vibrations from the stapes to the fluid in the inner ear
Cochlear duct
The Scala media or __________________________ is the name of the duct that lies between the basilar and vestibular membranes and contains endolymph and organ of Corti (Spiral organ).
Cupula
The _______________ of the crista ampularis is a gelatinous glycoprotein mass that covers the hair cells and has a higher density than that of the surrounding endolymph and essentially rests above the receptor surface. Represented by letter a in the diagram
Semicircular canals
The _____________________ and vestibule contains the receptors for the sense of equilibrium
Cochlear duct
The ______________________ or scala media is the name of the duct that lies between the basilar and vestibular membranes and contains endolymph and organ of Corti (Spiral organ).
Stapes
The auditory ossicles include the malleus, incus and ______________
Incus
The auditory ossicles include the malleus, stapes and ______________
Malleus
The auditory ossicles include the stapes, incus and ______________
Nasopharynx
The auditory tube (Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube) connects the middle ear cavity to what specific region of the pharynx? Number 1 in the diagram
Cupula
The crista ampularis is the receptor for movement (dynamic equilibrium) and made up of a crista and a ___________________
Cerumen
The external auditory canal contains contains specialized sebaceous glands called ceruminous glands that produce earwax. The scientific term for earwax is ________________
Cochlear
The organ of Corti contains ~16,000 hair cells that are the receptors of hearing. At their basilar ends, hair cells synapse with the _____________________ branch of the vestibulocochlear or auditory nerve (VIII).
Basilar membrane
The organ of Corti sits on top of what membrane. Represented by number 8 in the diagram.
Otoliths
The otolithic membrane contains small protein/calcium carbonate crystals called ___________________________ (ear stones) that increase the mass of the membrane. Results in a higher inertia (resistance to change in movement). Represented by the red star in the diagram
Helicotrema
The scala tympani and scala vestibuli communicate via the ______________ which is located at the apex of the cochlea.
Vestibule
The semicircular canals and _____________________ contain the receptors for the sense of equilibrium
Three
The semicircular canals contain receptors that function in detection of movement (dynamic equilibrium). The canals project in ____________________ (number) different planes at nearly right angles to each other.
Cochlea
The structure of the inner ear contain receptors for hearing.
Vestibule
The structure of the inner ear contain receptors for position (static equilibrium) and linear acceleration (dynamic equilibrium)
Semicircular canals
The structure of the inner ear that contain receptors for rotational movement (dynamic equilibrium).
Eustachian tube
The structure that allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized with the atmospheric pressure has three different names. It is called the pharyngotympanic tube, auditory tube or ______________________
Otolithic membrane
The supporting cells of the macula support the hair cells and secret the __________________________
Saccule
The vestibule consists of two saclike otolithic organs called the ___________________ and the Utricle
Utricle
The vestibule consists of two saclike otolithic organs called the saccule and the ________________
Round window
The window that lies directly below the oval window is the ________________. It is letter F on the picture.
Membranous Labyrinth
This is a membranous structure lies within the bony labyrinth and contains a fluid called endolymph. Represented by the color orange or letter P.
Endolymph
When the head moves, the attached semicircular canals and hair cells move with it. The fluid known as the ____________________, however, is not attached and lags behind due to its inertia. As the moving hair cells drag along the stationary fluid, the hairs bend and is transduced into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Organ of Corti
Withing the cochlea is the main organ for hearing. This structure is called the ____________________ and contains about 16,000 hair cells that are the receptors of hearing. Hair cells function to convert a mechanical vibration (stimulus) into an electrical signal (nerve impulse).
