Unit 12- Digestive System
Composition of Saliva
99.5% water, bicarbonate ions, mucin (thickens), and salivary amylase (breaks down starch and carbs)
Esophagus
A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Ileum
Absorbs B12 and further digests chyme (12ft)
Gall bladder
An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine
Appendicitis
Appendix Signs and symptoms: nausea, fever, chills, vomiting, poor appetite Treatment: surgery, antibiotics
Transverse colon
Breaks down food via fermentation
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Chemical digestion breaks down lipids into what two parts via bile?
Glucose
Chemical digestion breaks down polysaccharides (carbohydrates) down into what monosaccharide?
Amino acids
Chemical digestion breaks down proteins down into what via pepsin and enzymes?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Colon Signs and symptoms: changes in bowel movement, bloating, abdominal pain Treatment: dietary changes, medications
Colorectal cancer
Colon and rectum Signs and symptoms: pain in abdomen, constipation, change in bowel habits, fatigue Treatment: medication, surgery, chemotherapy
Acini Cells
Found in the pancreas (exocrine gland) produce digestive amylase
Gallstones
Gallbladder Signs and symptoms: may not cause symptoms; pain in abdomen, indigestion, cramping Treatment: lifestyle changes, surgery for removal of stones
Large intestine
H2O is absorbed here
Obesity
Heart Signs and symptoms: excessive body fat Treatment: diet and exercise
D
Identify the blood and nerve supply of the tooth (pulp cavity)
I
Identify the crown of the tooth
F
Identify the dentin of the tooth
E
Identify the enamel of the tooth
H
Identify the neck of the tooth
I
Identify the periodontal ligament that anchors the tooth
G
Identify the root of the tooth
Liver
Identify this organ
Hepatitis A
Liver Signs and Symptoms: Pain in abdomen, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss Treatment: Rest, good diet/lifestyle, vaccine
Cirrhosis
Liver Signs and symptoms: weight change, abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting blood Treatment: liver transplant, avoid alcohol
Hepatitis B
Liver Signs and symptoms: yellowing of eyes, abdominal pain, dark urine Treatment: antiviral
Mechanical digestion
Location: mouth and stomach Physically making the food smaller Muscles, smooth muscle, and teeth required
Chemical digestion
Location: mouth, stomach, duodenum Enzymes and stomach acids break down fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Enzymes required
Haustral churning
Occurs in the large intestine in the hastrum where the hastrum is filled, squeezed out of water, and moves to the next hastrum until defecation
Gastric juice
Pepsin (mixed with HCl to digest protein), hydrochloric acid (provides environment for enzyme function), and mucus (goblet cells which protects stomach lining)
Bile
Produced by liver Bilirubin gives it the color Stored in gallbladder Breaks down lipids (emulsification) Gets rid of feces
Celiac Disease
Small intestine Signs and symptoms: joint pain, mouth sores, abdominal pain Treatment: folic acid, iron, gluten free diet (or only 6)
Crohn's Disease
Small intestine and beginning of large intestine Signs and symptoms: diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, blood in stool, mouth sores, reduced appetite Treatment: anti-inflammatory, surgery, drugs, immune system supressors
Peristalsis
Smooth muscle propulsion moving food along alimentary canal
Ulcers
Stomach, duodenum, esophagus Signs and symptoms: upper abdominal pain Treatment: medication, antibiotics
Islet cells and insulin
The pancreas functions as an endocrine gland as it produces hormones and makes what?
Digestive enzymes and acini cells
The pancreas functions as an exocrine gland as it makes what?
Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, salivary glands
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Break down food, nutrient distribution, get rid of waste, regulating blood sugar, regulating water
What are the five functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion
What are the four functions of the alimentary canal?
Anus, rectum, colon, and cecum
What is included in the lower GI tract?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine
What is included in the upper GI tract?
Saliva
What is produced in these three glands? Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
Pancreas
a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum.
Salivary amylase
breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth
Ascending colon
carries feces from cecum to transverse colon
Bolus
chewed food and saliva
Mastication
chewing food mixed with saliva which produces bolus
Cecum
connects small to large intestine and absorbs fluid and salts that remain after small intestine
Rectum and Anal canal
connects with sigmoid colon and removes waste
Pyloric sphincter
controls amount of chyme going into duodenum (G)
Duodenum
hollow jointed tube (25-38cm) that connects stomach to jejunum. Receives chyme and aids in chemical digestion (14in)
Parotid/ salivary glands
identify these glands
Gall bladder
identify this organ
Large intestine/colon
identify this organ
Small intestine
identify this organ
Stomach
identify this organ
Pancreas
identify this organ/gland
Duodenum
identify this structure
Esophagus
identify this structure
Pharynx
identify this structure
Rugae
inside the stomach, folds that increase the surface area and are mucus based
Cardiac sphincter
keeps food in the stomach (C)
Stomach
large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food Three regions: -fundus -body -pylorus
Small intestine
lined with villi (fingerlike projections) that absorb nutrients and sends them to the bloodstream
Jejunum
lining helps digestion via enterocytes to further digest chyme (8ft)
Segmentation
makes packets of chyme in the small intestine with localized contractions (propulsion) and able to absorb nutrients by villi
Maceration
mixing waves in stomach and produces chyme by adding gastric juices to bolus
Pylorus
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
Liver
produces bile
Salivary glands (parotid)
production of saliva
Appendix
protects and produces beneficial bacteria
Goblet cells
secrete mucus
Parietal cells
stomach cells that secrete hydrochloric acid
Chief cell
stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen
Sigmoid colon
stores fecal matter, connects descending colon to rectum
Descending colon
stores the food to be emptied into the rectum
Deglutition
swallowing the bolus, pharynx to esophagus
Body
the main portion of the stomach
Pharynx
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
Fundus
the top portion of the stomach
Mouth
where digestion begins