Unit 12- Digestive System

Composition of Saliva

99.5% water, bicarbonate ions, mucin (thickens), and salivary amylase (breaks down starch and carbs)

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Ileum

Absorbs B12 and further digests chyme (12ft)

Gall bladder

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

Appendicitis

Appendix Signs and symptoms: nausea, fever, chills, vomiting, poor appetite Treatment: surgery, antibiotics

Transverse colon

Breaks down food via fermentation

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Chemical digestion breaks down lipids into what two parts via bile?

Glucose

Chemical digestion breaks down polysaccharides (carbohydrates) down into what monosaccharide?

Amino acids

Chemical digestion breaks down proteins down into what via pepsin and enzymes?

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Colon Signs and symptoms: changes in bowel movement, bloating, abdominal pain Treatment: dietary changes, medications

Colorectal cancer

Colon and rectum Signs and symptoms: pain in abdomen, constipation, change in bowel habits, fatigue Treatment: medication, surgery, chemotherapy

Acini Cells

Found in the pancreas (exocrine gland) produce digestive amylase

Gallstones

Gallbladder Signs and symptoms: may not cause symptoms; pain in abdomen, indigestion, cramping Treatment: lifestyle changes, surgery for removal of stones

Large intestine

H2O is absorbed here

Obesity

Heart Signs and symptoms: excessive body fat Treatment: diet and exercise

D

Identify the blood and nerve supply of the tooth (pulp cavity)

I

Identify the crown of the tooth

F

Identify the dentin of the tooth

E

Identify the enamel of the tooth

H

Identify the neck of the tooth

I

Identify the periodontal ligament that anchors the tooth

G

Identify the root of the tooth

Liver

Identify this organ

Hepatitis A

Liver Signs and Symptoms: Pain in abdomen, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss Treatment: Rest, good diet/lifestyle, vaccine

Cirrhosis

Liver Signs and symptoms: weight change, abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting blood Treatment: liver transplant, avoid alcohol

Hepatitis B

Liver Signs and symptoms: yellowing of eyes, abdominal pain, dark urine Treatment: antiviral

Mechanical digestion

Location: mouth and stomach Physically making the food smaller Muscles, smooth muscle, and teeth required

Chemical digestion

Location: mouth, stomach, duodenum Enzymes and stomach acids break down fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids Enzymes required

Haustral churning

Occurs in the large intestine in the hastrum where the hastrum is filled, squeezed out of water, and moves to the next hastrum until defecation

Gastric juice

Pepsin (mixed with HCl to digest protein), hydrochloric acid (provides environment for enzyme function), and mucus (goblet cells which protects stomach lining)

Bile

Produced by liver Bilirubin gives it the color Stored in gallbladder Breaks down lipids (emulsification) Gets rid of feces

Celiac Disease

Small intestine Signs and symptoms: joint pain, mouth sores, abdominal pain Treatment: folic acid, iron, gluten free diet (or only 6)

Crohn's Disease

Small intestine and beginning of large intestine Signs and symptoms: diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, blood in stool, mouth sores, reduced appetite Treatment: anti-inflammatory, surgery, drugs, immune system supressors

Peristalsis

Smooth muscle propulsion moving food along alimentary canal

Ulcers

Stomach, duodenum, esophagus Signs and symptoms: upper abdominal pain Treatment: medication, antibiotics

Islet cells and insulin

The pancreas functions as an endocrine gland as it produces hormones and makes what?

Digestive enzymes and acini cells

The pancreas functions as an exocrine gland as it makes what?

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder, salivary glands

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Break down food, nutrient distribution, get rid of waste, regulating blood sugar, regulating water

What are the five functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion

What are the four functions of the alimentary canal?

Anus, rectum, colon, and cecum

What is included in the lower GI tract?

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine

What is included in the upper GI tract?

Saliva

What is produced in these three glands? Parotid Sublingual Submandibular

Pancreas

a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

Salivary amylase

breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth

Ascending colon

carries feces from cecum to transverse colon

Bolus

chewed food and saliva

Mastication

chewing food mixed with saliva which produces bolus

Cecum

connects small to large intestine and absorbs fluid and salts that remain after small intestine

Rectum and Anal canal

connects with sigmoid colon and removes waste

Pyloric sphincter

controls amount of chyme going into duodenum (G)

Duodenum

hollow jointed tube (25-38cm) that connects stomach to jejunum. Receives chyme and aids in chemical digestion (14in)

Parotid/ salivary glands

identify these glands

Gall bladder

identify this organ

Large intestine/colon

identify this organ

Small intestine

identify this organ

Stomach

identify this organ

Pancreas

identify this organ/gland

Duodenum

identify this structure

Esophagus

identify this structure

Pharynx

identify this structure

Rugae

inside the stomach, folds that increase the surface area and are mucus based

Cardiac sphincter

keeps food in the stomach (C)

Stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food Three regions: -fundus -body -pylorus

Small intestine

lined with villi (fingerlike projections) that absorb nutrients and sends them to the bloodstream

Jejunum

lining helps digestion via enterocytes to further digest chyme (8ft)

Segmentation

makes packets of chyme in the small intestine with localized contractions (propulsion) and able to absorb nutrients by villi

Maceration

mixing waves in stomach and produces chyme by adding gastric juices to bolus

Pylorus

portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

Liver

produces bile

Salivary glands (parotid)

production of saliva

Appendix

protects and produces beneficial bacteria

Goblet cells

secrete mucus

Parietal cells

stomach cells that secrete hydrochloric acid

Chief cell

stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen

Sigmoid colon

stores fecal matter, connects descending colon to rectum

Descending colon

stores the food to be emptied into the rectum

Deglutition

swallowing the bolus, pharynx to esophagus

Body

the main portion of the stomach

Pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

Fundus

the top portion of the stomach

Mouth

where digestion begins