UNIT 14 glhf

The idea that we should return favors to people who have helped us in the past is called A. social exchange theory. B. altruism. C. a reciprocity norm. D. reciprocal determinism. E. relative deprivation.

C

Joanne and her friends are supporters of a new movement. After going to a rally with thousands of fellow supporters, they become stronger in their views. This strengthening of their views BEST exemplifies A. social facilitation. B. obedience. C. normative social influence. D. group polarization. E. deindividuation.

D

The "prisoner's dilemma" is a famous thought experiment in which two robbers are arrested and given the opportunity to confess their crimes or remain silent. The prisoners are forced to weigh their own best interests against the interest of their partner. This dilemma is a classic example of A. a social trap. B. a social norm. C.conformity. D. the bystander effect. E. social inhibition.

A

A student is diagnosed with a learning disability and consistently feels as though the teacher is calling him out. As a result, the student stops trying, Since he believes that he is going to fall anyway What does this situation exemplify? A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder B. A self-fulfilling prophecy. C. Anxiety D.Cognitive dissonance. E.The chameleon effect.

B

According to the reward theory of attraction, Julia would most likely be attracted to A. Anika, a classmate of Julia's who made a rude comment about a mutual friend behind their back. B. Simon, who holds the door open for her each day at school. C. Nick, who doesn't reciprocate when Julia says hi to him in the hallway. D. Sadie, who Julia noticed is reading the same book that Julia is reading. E. James, who can never remember Julia's name.

B

In the 1960s, a social psychology experiment was conducted to try and explain why people like Eichmann and millions of others participated in the Holocaust. This experiment was conducted to see if a person could do horrible things because they were following the orders of someone in authority. Who was responsible for this important social psychology experiment AND how was it conducted? A. Philip Zimbardo; the Stanford prison experiment. B. Stanley Milgram; obedience study using electrical shocks. C. Solomon Asch, conformity study testing visual acuity and ability to distinguish between lines of similar length D. Philip Zimbardo; conformity study using electrical shocks. E. Stanley Milgram: obedience study testing whether individuals would go along with the group even if they knew their answer was incorrect.

B

John did not get into the college of his choice, and he blames his teachers for failing to adequately prepare him. John's beliefs are an example of A. just-world phenomenon. B. scapegoating. C. other-race effect. D. implicit bias. E. deindividuation.

B

Negative stereotypes about certain races or ethnic group can cause members of those groups to perform poorly on tasks at which they would otherwise be successful. Which of the following best describes this concept? A. Confirmation bias B. Stereotype threat C. Belief perseverance D. Just-world phenomenon E. Ethnocentrism

B

When it is time to register for classes for next school year, Phoebe will only sign up for classes that her friends are also taking. She thinks the other students at her school would make poor classmates. Which of the following psychological concepts is Phoebe exemplifying? A. Ethnocentrism B. In-group bias C. Out-group homogeneity bias D. Social facilitation E. Self-serving bias

B

Which example BEST illustrates groupthink for the prom committee trying to choose between "masquerade" or "Paris" as their theme for the dance? A. The group is split in half between both options. B.All members of the group quietly have conceNns about "Paris" but do not voice them because they want the group to get along, and it seems like people are leaning towards "Paris." C.Most of the group members support "masquerade" and as they discuss their reasons for supporting it, their level of enthusiasm goes up D.The group swings back and forth between both options. E.When voting, people obey the group leader out of fear of punishment

B

Which of the following clearly demonstrates the frustration-aggression principle? A. Identical twins are more likely to have similar aggressive reactions than fraternal twins. B. In baseball, a pitcher is more likely to hit a member of the opposing team if that opponent previously scored a point against the pitcher's team. C. Men who have higher levels of testosterone are more likely to drink and then become more violent. D. A child who is rewarded for aggressive behavior is more likely to repeat it in the future E. Lack of parental involvement and exposure to violent video games puts one at risk for aggressive behavior.

B

Which of the following would BEST explain why people participate in riots? A. Social loafing. B. Deindividuation. C. Social inhibition. D. Social facilitation E. Group polarization

B

A school hosts a soccer game in front of the entire student body. The girls team is very young and inexperienced, but the boys' team is full of seniors who have played for four years. While both teams have a similar record going into the game, the tears play very differently during the in-school game in front of a packed stadium. The girls play well below their ability and lose miserably. However, the boys who typically play tougher opponents, revel in the attention and play their best game of the season. How would a social psychologist explain EACH teams' performance during the in-school game? A. The girls are experiencing social facilitation, whereas the boys are experiencing social inhibition. B. The girls are experiencing social inhibition, while the boys are demonstrating social loafing. C. The girls are experiencing social inhibition, while the boys are demonstrating social facilitation. D. The girls are demonstrating social loafing, whereas the boys are showing social inhibition. E. Social loafing explains both teams performance

C

A television commercial featuring the voice of a world-famous athlete features a detailed description of the challenges he faced when he was young and the hard work required to become a champion. At the end of the commercial the audience sees the logo of the athlete's signature brand of shoe but is never given any specific information about the product. What form of persuasion does this commercial represent? A. The foot-in-the-door technique. B. The door-in-the-fang technique. C. The peripheral route to persuasion. D. The central route to persuasion. E. The lowball technique.

C

A young lawyer feels upset about arguing on behalf of a client whose actions she believes are immoral. According to Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following is MOST likely to occur? A. The lawyer will continue to operate in this state of tension for an extended period of time. B. The client will change his behavior to better align with the lawyer's beliefs. C. The lawyer will adjust her personal ideas to justify her role as an advocate for the client. D. The lawyer will have an argument with the client. E. The lawyer will argue the case but will feel a sense of regret in the future

C

According to research on pluralistic ignorance, what variable impacts the likelihood that individuals will try to report an emergency situation such as smoke entering a room? A. The number of fire alarms installed. B. The potential danger of the situation. C. The presence of other people in the room who are not doing anything about the situation. D. The payment of individuals participating in the experiment. E. The amount of heat accompanying the smoke.

C

Desegregation started to take place in the U.S. during the 1960s. One of the goals of this process was to help build positive associations and relationships between Caucasians and African Americans by utilizing the A. bystander effect. B. deindividuation effect. C. mere exposure effect. D. foot in the door phenomenon. E. confirmation bias

C

Heterosexual females tend to be attracted to males with physical attributes that indicate an ability to survive and provide for offspring. For this reason, which of the following physical attributes would heterosexual females most likely find attractive in a male? A. Asymmetrical features B. Short stature C. Mature facial features D. Pale skin complexion E. Round face

C

People are MOST likely to be influenced by peripheral route to persuasion if they are A. naturally analytical. B. above average intelligence. C. not as invested in the outcome. D. passionate about the issue. E. have considerable experience with the topic.

C

Savannah shows up late to her first psychology class. Her professor, Dr. Smith, assumes this happened because Savannah is lazy and disorganized. Dr. Smith's perception of Savannah is BEST explained by which concept? A. Self-serving bias B. Situational attribution. C.Fundamental attribution error. D. Just-world bias. E. Actor-observer bias.

C

Savannah shows up late to her first psychology class. Her professor, Dr. Smith, assumes this happened because Savannah is lazy and disorganized. Dr. Smith's perception of Savannah is BEST explained by which concept? A. Self-serving bias. B. Situational attribution. C.Fundamental attribution error. D. Just-world bias. E. Actor-observer bias.

C

The Freudian idea that we attribute our own opinions to others is most closely related to the modern social psychology concept of A. scapegoating. B. the diffusion of responsibility. C.the false consensus effect. D. egocentrism. E. conformity

C

Tonya is accustomed to listening to her teacher talk about psychological terms and theories that seem to contradict each other. With an upcoming vacation and an approaching exam to think about, Tonya is not focused on anything the teacher is saying. However, when Tonya hears about how people would slowly shock a stranger to death in the Milgram experiment, she raises her hand and tells her teacher that she would never do that. What is likely going on inside Tonya's mind? A.Representative bias. B. Representative heuristic. C. Fundamental attribution error D. Cocktail party phenomenon. E. Just-world phenomenon.

C

Which of the following correctly pairs the social psychology experiment with the appropriate psychologist? A. Philip Zimbardo.... conformity study using line drawings. B. Solomon Asch... conformity study using electrical shock. C. Philip Zimbardo... Stanford prison experiment. D. Stanley Milgram... conformity study using line drawings. E. Stanley Milgram. Lanford prison experiment.

C

Farley was driving to school when he was cut off by a truck. Farley feared he was going to get into an accident. Unable to control his anger, Farley shouted at the driver. Which part of Farley's brain activated his anger response? A. Thalamus. B. Hippocampus. C. Reticular formation. D. Amygdala. E. Cerebellum

D

Mr. Johnson asks his students to return any pencils they borrow to the container at the front of the room when they are done. However, many students do not take the time to do this and within a couple of days, he finds that his pencil container is empty. Which of the following BEST illustrates what has happened with Mr. Johnson's class and the pencil container? A. The bystander effect B. Aggression. C. Conformity. D. Social trap. E. Scapegoating.

D

One of the first social psychology experiments on conformity tested whether individuals would go against their own visual perception to agree with others in a group. The groups were shown a series of cards that depicted lines of varying lengths. On each card, participants were asked to select which line was the same length as the line in the question. Unbeknownst to the participant, they were the only one participating in the experiment. The other seven were told which answer to give, even if it was incorrect at times. Which social psychologist was responsible for this famous study? A. Leon Festinger. B. Philip Zimbardo. C. Stanley Milgram. D. Solomon Asch. E. 1 Stanley Schachter.

D

Sam's old neighbor had teenage boys that were very noisy and rambunctious. When a new neighbor moves in with three teenage boys, he assumes they will be loud and rowdy. Sam's preconceived opinion about his new neighbors is an example of A. ethnocentricism. B. prejudice. C. discrimination. D. stereotyping.. E. fundamental attribution error.

D

Sherry is a very effective car saleswoman. Rather than being pushy with customers or relying on her charisma, she is extremely knowledgeable about her product,listens to her customers, and suggests cars with features that match their wants and needs. Which term BEST describes how Sherry is able to convince her customers to buy cars? A. Normative social influence. B. Obedience. C. Foot-in-the-dopr phenomenon. D. Central route to persuasion. E. Lowball approach.

D

Students in a psychology class are divided into two groups based on whether they wore sandals or sneakers to school that day and asked to describe the opposite group. According to in-group and out-group biases, the students who wore sneakers will most likely claim that A. the sandals group formed by chance and are no different from the sneakers group. B. the sandals group chose their footwear based on the weather, so it says little about their character. C. the sandals group is superior to the sneakers group and made a better choice about footwear. D. the sandals group made poor decisions about their footwear and look unattractive in sandals. E. the sandals group is full of unique individuals who chose to wear sandals for a breadth of nuanced reasons.

D

Tom is a sixteen-year-old male. He is a fairly aggressive person, sometimes vandalizing school property. He is a linebacker on the football team, where often knocks down the opposing quarterback. During his football games and when engaging in competitive activities, he becomes even more aggressive than usual. Which of the following hormones would have the MOST impact on his aggressive nature? A. Prolactin. B. Thyroxin. C. Serotonin. D. Testosterone. E. Melatonin.

D

Which of the following is the BEST example of deindividuation? A. Lane can almost remember the name of an old classmaty but cannot quite figure it out. B. Jamie holds many stereotypes about musicians and sees them as a homogenous group rather than as people. C. Francis disagrees with the decisions being made at the office but does not say anything out of a desire for group harmony. D. Devon, who is normally quite polite, feels anonymous in a large crowd waiting in line for tickets and shouts rude insults at the concert venue. E. After being named team captain, Ira acts more authoratively.

D

Which of the following scenarios led to the highest levels of obedience to authority in Stanley Milgram's shock experiments? A. When the person receiving orders witnessed other participants defying the authority figure. B. When the person receiving orders wondered whether the person giving orders had legitimate authority. C. When the person supposedly receiving the shocks was physically near the person receiving orders. D. When the authority figure was from a prestigious institution When the person receiving the orders was female.

D

A psychologist is studying the impact of personality on a person's initial judgment of others. He or she is most likely studying A. behaviorism. B. interpersonal perception. C. the bystander effect. D. group polarization. E. modes of therapy.

B

According to evolutionary psychology, males are more likely to be attracted to females with a low waist-to-hip ratio because it represents A. the dominance and health of the female's genes. B. the ratio of muscle to fat on the female's body. C. the female's body mass index (BMI). D. the number of calories the female consumes each day. E. the likelihood that the female produces healthy offspring.

E

Sally is competing in a race. Once she sees her family cheering for her in the stands, she immediately begins to run faster. This response can MOST likely be attributed to A. obedience. B. conformity, C. us vs, them. D. deindividuation. E. social facilitation.

E

According to the concept of proximity, with which of the following people is Juan most likely to develop a relationship? A. His lab partner in biology class. B. A girl he saw on the bus last week. C. The actress in his favorite movie D. A player on the opposing soccer team E. The pilot of a flight he took.

A

Carley and her boyfriend attended a comedy show. The comedian had a packed house and was hilarious. A few weeks later, they asked some friends to join them for the same comedy show. Very few people were in attendance and the comedian was not nearly as funny. Carley and her friends leave disappointed. Which of the following explains why the comedian's performance was compromised in front of a small crowd? A. Social facilitation. B. Deindividuation. C. Social loafing. D. Group polarization. E. Groupthink.

A

A psychology student concludes that participants in the Milgram study who administered the highest level of shock lacked empathy for others. This student's conclusion most likely results from which of the following? A. The fundamental attribution error B. Self-serving bias C.Peripheral route to persuasion D. Cognitive dissonance E. The bystander effect

A

If harm was inflicted on a person, it would only be called aggression if there was which of the following? A. Intent. B. Antagonism. C. A releaser. D. A catharsis. E. A victim.

A

The mere exposure effect is most dependent upon A. proximity. B. physical attractiveness. C.similarity. D. symmetry. E. self-disclosure.

A

When Thomas became a father, his attitude about safety changed almost immediately. This BEST shows the impact of what concept? A.Role-playing. B. Foot-in-the-door. C. Obedience. D. Door-in-the-face E. Conformity.

A

When companies use beautiful supermodels to endorse their products, they are attempting to use A. peripheral route to persuasion. B. central route to persuasion. C. cognitive dissonance D. groupthink E. informational social influence.

A

When gas prices increase after an election, people often blame the newly elected officials, especially if they belong to the opposite political party. This is an example of A. scapegoating. B. self-serving bias. C. in-group bias. D. social trap. E. social facilitation.

A

Which of the following is the best example of discrimination? A. Candance refuses to allow any teenage boys to babysit her two-year-old daughter. B. Delilah believes that all professional athletes are arrogant, though she has never met one. C. Salina, a foreign exchange student, thinks her American classmates al frivolous and unintelligent. D. Based on what he's seen on television, Gabe believes that tall people are better at basketball. E. When Lauren sees a car swerve off the road, she immediately assumes the driver was texting.

A

Because many of her favorite celebrities follow a vegetarian diet, Tyra has decided to commit to a meat-free diet. Tyra's decision is most likely the rest of A. central route to persuasion. B. peripheral route to persuasion. C. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D. cognitive dissonance. E. social loafing

B

The famous Robber's Cave experiment (Sherif, 1954, 1958, 1961) involved two different groups of boys at a summer camp in Oklahoma. The groups engaged in intense competitions while at camp and quickly started to dislike one another. Then, the two groups were forced to work together to accomplish specific tasks. In this experiment, the researchers studied which of the following concepts in regards to the feelings of the groups toward one another? A. Reciprocity norms B. Social traps C. Conflict resolution D. Normative social influence E. Cognitive dissonance

C

The idea that we should return favors to people who have helped us in the past is called A. social exchange theory. B. altruism. C. a reciprocity norm D. reciprocal determinism. E. relative deprivation.

C

Zach blamed his teacher for making bad test questions when he failed his science test. Zach's assessment of cause and effect in this situation is an example of the A. serial position effect. B. hypothalamus. C.self-serving bias. D. fundamental attribution error. E. hierarchy of needs.

C

Eight-year-old John notices that his dad is more aggressive than his mom. According to the biological theory of aggression, which of the following BEST explains this observation? A. Males have higher levels of serotonin then females. B. Males have lower levels of serotonin than females. C. Males are reinforced more than females for being aggressive. D. Males have higher levels of testosterone than women. E. Males usually have more anger issues related to unresolved issues dealing with their father.

D

Ella is an introverted 28-year-old woman who is finishing her residency in pediatric oncology and enjoys watching horror movies. Based on the concept of similarity, with which of the following people would Ella most likely form a relationship? A. Lana, who is an extroverted 39-year-old teacher who enjoys nature documentaries. B.Amber, who is an extremely extroverted 21-year-old university student who enjoys reality television. C. Tre, who is an introverted 40-year-old political science professor who enjoys video games. D. José, who is an introverted 28-year-old medical stillent who enjoys ghost stories E. Monica, who is an introverted 18-year-old high school student who enjoys watching sports

D

Eustace is a noodler (somebody who fishes with his bare hands). Eustace worries this unusual hobby will hinder his ability to make friends. Thus, he is quiet around new people who do not get the chance to get to know him. They in turn find him stand-offish and do not invite him to gatherings. This is an example of A. the mere-exposure effect. B. a social trap. C.hindsight bias. D. a self-fulfilling prophecy. E.stereotype threat.

D

Heterosexual males might have increased attraction to physical attributes that suggest females can produce healthy offspring. For this reason, heterosexual males would most likely be attracted to females with A. long hair. B. tall stature. C. short stature. D. youthful facial features. E. asymmetrical features.

D

After the local football team won the championship, fans began to riot, loot local businesses, and damage private property. Which phenomenon of group behavior BEST explains this occurrence? A. Social facilitation. B. Cognitive dissonance. C. Bystander effect. D. Group polarization. E. Deindividuation.

E

Donald is a 70-year-old healthy and active senior. After being retired for a few years, he decides to re-enter the workforce and applies to work as a server at a popular restaurant in town. When reviewing his application, the restaurant manager expresses concern for Donald's ability to perform the duties of the job at 70. The manager's concern is an example of A. prejudice. B. discrimination. C. an in-group bias D. social loafing. E. group polarization.

A

In 1964, a young lady was brutally murdered on her way home from work in Queens, New York. Dozens of people reported hearing her scream out for help, but none came to her personal aid. Who was the young lady that was murdered AND what social psychology term has been created to explain why people did not come to her aid? A. Kitty Genovese; bystander effect. B. Kitty Genovese; social loafing. C. Little Albert: bystander effect. D. Little Albert; social loafing. E. Jane Elliott; development of prejudice.

A

In a study conducted in the 1960s, participants were assigned as either "teachers" or "learners." The "teachers" were told to read a series of word pairs for the "learner" to remember. If the "learner" answered incorrectly, the "teacher" was instructed to administer an electrical shock. The "teachers" were encouraged by the researcher to increase the voltage with each incorrect answer. While the "learners" were never actually shocked, they played the part by crying out in pain. Which of the following psychologists is responsible for this famous social psychology experiment? A. Stanley Milgram. B. Solomon Asch. C. Philip Zimbardo. D. Leon Festinger. E. Irving Janis.

A

Johnny decided to cheat on his psychology test. While he initially felt guilty about doing this, he concluded that it was an appropriate action to take because his teacher had done a poor job teaching the unit, and he was not going to become a psychologist anyway. Johnny's change in attitude is BEST explained by which of the following? A. Cognitive dissonance. B. Peripheral route to persuasion. C. Fundamental attribution error. D. Deindividuation. E. Reciprocity norm

A

Nathan and Min-Jung have been dating for nine months and have expressed that they love one another. They are excited at the thought of seeing each other and describe this sensation as "butterflies in their stomach". Which hormones and neurotransmitters are at work in Nathan and Min-Jung? A. Adrenaline and dopamine. B. Norepinephrine and dopamine. C. Norepinephrine and oxytocin. D. Adrenaline and oxytocin. E. Estrogen and dopamine,

A

Stanley Milgram implemented a number of features to increase participants' level of obedience in his famous study. Which of the following elements probably did NOT cause participants to be more obedient? A. Participants were paid for taking part in the experiment. B. Names were not used. Labels such as "teacher" and "learner" were used throughout the experiment. C. The experimenter wore a lab coat. D. The study was conducted at a prestigious university. E. The shocks were given incrementally, starting at a low voltage. The experimenter wore a lab coat. The study was conducted at a prestigious university. The shocks were given incrementally, starting at a low voltage.

A

You and your friends are planning to hang out on Friday night. You would really like to see the new movie that is playing, but your friends quickly mention the new. amusement park in town. Instead of mentioning the movie, you decide the amusement park is a great idea. This is an example of which of the following social psychological concepts? A. Groupthink. B. Group polarization. C. Deindividuation. D. Social loafing. E. Social facilitation.

A

A client wants to quit smoking because he knows it is unhealthy. However, he tells his therapist that he smokes cigarettes because he eats healthily. The client believes that the benefits of eating healthy will outweigh the damage caused by smoking. What concept explains the thought process that the therapist should help the client overcome? A. Psychotic delusion. B. Cognitive dissonance. C. Reaction formation. D. Negative triad. E. Obsessions and compulsion

B

Chase recently cheated on a math test. He knew cheating was wrong but rationalized his behavior by telling himself that people cheat all the time and he didn't have time to study. Which of the following concepts best explains Chase's behavior? A. Leon Festinger's halo effect B. Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance C. Albert Bandura's peer pressure D. Albert Bandura's observational learning E. B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning

B

Dr. James is usually a kind and patient teacher, but one day in class he loses his temper with a couple of students. His students are MOST likely to make a dispositional attribution when explaining Dr. James' behavior if A. the students know him well. B. Dr. James has lost his temper in class before. C.the studepts' other professors often lose their temper in class. D. the students were from a collectivistic culture. E. Dr. James has not been known to lose his temper with students outside of class.

B

Freddy's soccer team is comprised of many talented players. When the team plays at home in front of a cheering crowd, they are undefeated. However, when they are away for games and have very few fans in attendance, they do not play as well. As a result, the team has won only half of their games on the road. According to social psychology, what might play a role in why Freddy's team does so well at home? A. Social inhibition. B. Social facilitation. C. Groupthink. D. Group polarization. E. Social loafing.

B

In a culture with a pervasive stereotype that males are aggressive, which of the following is most likely true? A. Two men in an argument are equally as likely to raise their voices as two women in an argument. B. Two men in an argument are more likely to raise their voices than two women in an argument. C.Two women in an argument are more likely to raise their voices than two men in an argument D. Two women are more likely to hug after engaging in an argument than two men E. Two men are more likely to hug after engaging in an argument than two women.

B

Samantha is the pitcher on the high school softball team. When her team wins, she is quick to take credit for the number of batters she struck out. However, when they lose, she fails to mention the number of hits she gave up. Instead, she blames her team's fielders for not playing well. Which social psychology principle is Samantha demonstrating? A. Social loafing B. Self-serving bias C. False-consensus effect D. Hindsight bias E. Social facilitation

B

Stanley Milgram became famous for his "shocking" experiment in the 1960s. In this experiment, he divided participants into two groups: "teachers" and "learners."Teachers" were instructed to shock the "learners" for every wrong answer they provided. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Milgram's social psychology experiment? A. Very few of the "teachers" protested about providing the electrical shocks to their "learners" who answered incorrectly. B. Most of the"teachèrs"protested that they did not want to continue the study, but almost two thirds of the teachers" proceeded with the researcher's demands and continued all the way to 450 fake volts C. There was no difference in compliance between when the "teacher" could see the "learner" and hear them scream in agony through the wall, D. Once the fake volts reached dangerous levels, the "teachers" refused to conform to the demands of the researcher. E. Obedience was even greater if the 'teacher" never met or had contact with the researcher

B

Thomas needs a new pair of shoes. Instead of doing extensive research on many types of shoes, he runs to the store and buys a new pair of shoes after seeing that his favorite professional basketball player wears them during games. Thomas' behavior is MOST indicative of what psychological phenomenon? sto A.Central route to persuasion. B. Peripheral route to persuasion. C. Cognitive dissonance D. Groupthink. E. Normative social influence.

B

Tyson's friends want to go out for pizza, but he would rather eat something else. Tyson is most likely to conform to the opinions of his group of friends and go out for pizza if A. he has already stated his opinion on where he wants to eat. B. he is new to the group and looking to make friends. C. he is the most popular member of the group. D. another member of the group voices their disapproval of pizza E. he is from an individualistic culture.

B

When Ellie sees her best friend stealing a small trinket from a store, Ellie assumes she must be doing it for a good reason. Ellie's beliefs are based on A. the just-world phenomenon. B. the halo effect. C.relative deprivation. D. cognitive restructuring. E. stimulus discrimination.

B

When Johanna does well on her first psychology exam, she believes it is due to her diligent preparation. When she struggles on a subsequent exam, she complains to her friends that it is because the professor did a poor job teaching the material. Johanna's perception of her performances on the two exams is BEST explained by which concept? A. Internal attribution B. Self-serving bias C.Fundamental attribition error D. Social facilitation E. Informational social influence

B

Which of the following is an example of a social norm? A. Children are allowed to break the law with no consequence B. Only certain clothing is acceptable to wear to a funeral. C. Drivers have to stop their cars at red lights. D. Toddlers typically learn to walk between 9 and 18 months E. Some parents do not allow their children to eat sweets

B

An experiment was conducted in which some subjects were given $20 to complete a boring task, and others were given $1. Afterwards, subjects rated how much they enjoyed the task. Surprisingly, those that were given only $1 reported enjoying the task more than those receiving $20. Researchers concluded that this occurred because those receiving $1 felt a greater need to justify completing the task for such a small amount of money. The results of this experiment BEST illustrate which psychological concept? A. Group polarization. B. Social facilitation. C. Cognitive dissonance theory D. Fundamental attribution error. E.Peripheral route to persuasion

C

In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, young men assigned to the role of guards were given mirrored sunglasses and uniforms. While feeling a sense of anonymity in a group, they began to lose self-restraint and act aggressively. This describes a phenomenon known as A. bystander effect. B. social loafing. C. deindividuation. D. the fundamental attribution error. E. groupthink.

C

In the popular Chinatown in New York City, Chinese-American residents see themselves as unique and individual. However, many other people living in the area see all Chinatown residents as the same. Which social psychology principle does this best demonstrate? A. In-group bias B. Group polarization C. Out-group homogeneity bias D. Ethnocentrism E. Scapegoating

C

Jordan has a crush on Morgan. According to research on the mere exposure effect, how can Jordan increase the chance of gaining Morgan's affection? A. By sitting as far away from Morgan in class as possible. B. By avoiding eye contact with Morgan. C. By running into and hanging out with /organ frequently. D. By avoiding wearing the color red. E. By emphasizing their differences since opposites attract.

C

On the basketball court, Kobe usually makes about seven out of ten shots when he practices alone. When his friends come to watch him shoot, he makes nine out of ten shots. Which of the following BEST illustrates this phenomenon? A. Social loafing. B. In-group bias. C. Social facilitation. D. Mere-exposure effect. E. Normative social influence.

C

According to research, which statement BEST summarizes the effects of viewing violent media? A. Viewing violent media helps viewers to release pent up aggression. B. Correlational research has established a link between viewing violent media and aggressive behavior in children. C. Experiments have shown that viewing violent media cannot cause increased levels of aggressive behavior in children. D. Experiments have shown that viewing violent media can cause increased levels of aggressive behavior in children. E. No experiments have been conducted on this topic because they would be inherently unethical.

D

According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, what are the two methods of encouraging someone to make a certain choice? A. The direct route based on facts and the indirect route, which might use celebrity endorsements. B. The central route based on facts and the indirect route, which might use celebrity endorsements C. The direct route based on facts and the peripheral route, which might use celebrity endorsements D. The central route based on facts and the peripheral route, which might use celebrity endorsements. E. The direct route based on facts and the subtle route, which might use celebrity endorsements.

D

According to the evolutionary approach, aggression A. is an instinctive biological urge. B. reflects the interplay between nature and nurture. C. is an outlet for the way we interpret and view our world. D. once helped our ancestors compete for a mate. E. is an example of subconscious energy being unleashed through our ego.

D

Charlie was not aware that the father of the pitcher on his son's baseball team had recently passed away. The pitcher has two bad games in a row and Charlie tells his son that the pitcher has been slacking and is not taking the game seriously. This incorrect assessment of the pitcher is due to the A. serial position effect. B. hypothalamus. C.self-serving bias. D. fundamental attribution error. E. hierarchy of needs.

D

Demetri's family moves to rural Pennsylvania, where there is a large Amish population. When Demetri sees the Amish families living in homes without air conditioning or working hard in their fields, he tells his dad he feels bad for the Amish people and feels it is wrong that they have to live how they do. Demetri's judgment of the Amish culture is an example of A. out-group homogeneity bias. B. group polarization. C. self-serving bias. D. ethnocentricism. E. social impairment.

D

In 1951, one of the very first social psychology experiments was conducted. In this " vision test" participants were asked to identify which line on a set of cards was the same length as the sample in a group setting. Unbeknownst to the participants, the other participants were part of the study and were told to intentionally give an incorrect answer on some cards. The psychologist wanted to see if a person would go against their better judgment and conform to the group. Which social psychologist is known for this study? A. Philip Zimbardo. B. Stanley Milgram. C. Albert Bandura D. Solomon Asch. E. Harry Harlow.

D

When considering the behavior of participants in Milgram's study of obedience, an outside observer assumes that the participants who went to the highest level of shock were inherently vindictive and evil. This is MOST likely due to which of the following? A. Biased sampling B. Social loafing C.Placebo effects D. Fundamental attribution error E. Social facilitation

D

Aaron's mother will not let him play video games. She makes him turn off his computer and go outside. Aaron loses points for leaving the game early so he lets out the air from his mother's tires. Which of the following concepts explains Aaron's aggressive behavior? A. Bystander effect. B. Deindividuation. C. Just-world phenomenon. D. Instinctive behavior. E. The frustration-aggression principle.

E

According to evolutionary psychology, which of the following best describes why we are attracted to people who look similar to us? A. We develop relationships with people based on the physical and personality traits that our society classifies as desirable. B. We develop relationships with those that remind us of our parents, especially an opposite-sex parent, including physical similarities. C. We develop relationships with people that illicit a release of neurotransmitters into our brain, which occurs when others look like us. D. We develop relationships with people with unconditional positive regard for us because they help us build confidence E. We develop relationships with people who do not appear to be a threat to us, which includes people who look like us.

E

Charles is studying for a psychology test he has the next day. He re-reads his notes but realizes that he did not take many notes during class because he was always texting. He decides to read the book, but after five minutes Charles is texting again and soon it is midnight. Charles starts to read again, but falls asleep after five minutes. After taking the test and receiving a low score Charles turns to his friend and says, "This teacher is horrible, I stayed up until midnight studying, and I got a 62%. He just doesn't know how to teach." Charles's statement is an example of what? A. Spotlight effect. B. Internal locus of control. C.External locus of control. D. Self-esteem. E. Self-serving bias

E

Michael strongly believes that cheating is wrong and prides himself on the fact that his academic achievement is a product of his own hard work and effort. According to Solomon Ash's conformity studies, which of the following situations would MOST likely influence Michael to cheat? A. Michael must take a test alone in a hallway since it is a make-up. B. Michael is taking a test in the hallway with one other student who is blatantly cheating in front of him. C. Michael is taking a test during class, but since the teacher is not paying full attention, most students are secretly looking up answers on their cell phones. D. Michael, a senior had to take a health class with nirth graders since he changed schools and did not have to take the course to graduate in his last school. Students regularly meet up during lunch to copy homework assignments. E. In his calculus class with students his own age, the teacher regularly leaves the classroom during tests. Students freely ask for help from one another while the teacher is out of the room.

E

Research suggests that frustration alone is not enough to lead to aggression. In combination with frustration, which additional factor MOST often contributes to aggression? A. A history of violence, B. Another equally frustrated individual. C. A genetic predisppsition to violence. D. Unresolved anger issues that may have been repressed. E. Appropriate environmental cues.

E

Stanley is hired as a security guard at a local store so that customers feel safe and potential shoplifters are discouraged from stealing. He has never worked in security before and is unsure of how to make people think that he has authority. Which of the following pieces of advice would help Stanley the MOST? A. Show up to work dressed like a typical store-goer so potential troublemakers will show respect when they are confronted. B. Never directly confront a troublèmaker. Get the store manager if there is a problem, and call the police if there is criminal activity. C. Stay in the video monitoring room and watch for people causing trouble instead of walking around and being present among the shoppers. D. Ignore all but the most serious offenses, people will listen to bigger requests if they have not had to comply with a bunch of smaller requests. E. Make sure to find a uniform, and if possible a badge and store identification so as to be clearly identified as security.

E

Studies on groupthink show that this phenomenon often occurs in group decision making settings where A. group members feel comfortable disagreeing publicly with others in the group. B. decisions are seen as unimportant. C. group members are encouraged to take their time and to consider all angles of a problem. D. no single person in the group holds more power or authority than anyone else. E. individuals in the group avoid sharing doubts or contradicting opinions in order to avoid conflict.

E

What is a key difference between groupthink and group polarization? A. In groupthink, the group comes to a positive outcome, while in group polarization the result is negative. B In groupthink, the group functions well, whereas in group polarization the group fights. at C. In groupthink, people start thinking alike, whereas in group polarization, people start to think differently. D. In groupthink, people stay quiet because they fear a strong leader, while in group polarization people speak up because of a lack of a strong leader. E. In groupthink, the group needs to come to a decision, whereas in group polarization, people are discussing their individual views.

E

What is confirmation bias? A. The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments B. The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors. C.Overestimating the accuracy of decision making D. Overestimating the degree to which others agree with our beliefs. E. The tendency to search for information that is consistent with our belief

E

Which of the following BEST explains the main difference between prejudice and discrimination? A. Prejudice is based on anger and discrimination is based on fear. B. Prejudice is caused by nurture and discrimination is caused by nature. C. Prejudice develops in infancy and discrimination develops in adulthood. D. Prejudice is a legal term and discrimination is a psychological term. E. Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is a behavior.

E

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression? A. Jane slaps the books out of a freshman's hands in the hallway. B. Local teens smash mailboxes on a popular street. C. Billy punches a wall out of anger. D. A pitcher chooses to hit the batter to get revenge for what he perceived to be an illegal play in the previous inning, E. A defensive lineman tackles the ball carrier to prevent the opposing team from scoring a touchdown

E