Unit 2 Lymphatic System
A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?
450
Choose all that are features of lymphatic vessels.
A tunica interna is present Valves are present Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order from top to bottom.
Afferent lymphatic vessel Subcapsular sinus of the cortex Sinuses of cortex and medulla Efferent lymphatic vessel
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
Choose all that are possible causes for a lack of self tolerance.
Alteration of self antigens Cross reactivity between similar antigens Abnormal exposure to self antigens
What is lymphedema?
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues
What is hypersensitivity?
An excessive and harmful reaction to antigens
A patient who is immunodeficient would have which of the following?
An underactive immune system
The lymphatic system structure indicated in the figure is which of the following?
Cisterna chyli
Which describes lymphatic capillaries?
Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells while humoral immunity releases antibodies to do so.
What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?
Cytokines
Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?
Cytotoxic
Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?
Cytotoxic
T cells that attack foreign cells are T cells.
Cytotoxic, cytotoxic, CD8, T8, or CD8+
The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting
Duct
What type of cell phagocytizes antigen antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals and secretes histaminase and other molecules that combat parasitic infections?
Eosinophil
What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?
External barriers
Which of the following terms describes the migration of neutrophils from blood vessels?
Extravasation
Helper T cells only interact with Class-I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
False
What are functions of lymph nodes?
Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation
Where in a lymph node do B-cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and activation?
Germinal center
NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?
Granzymes
Choose all of the substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells.
Granzymes Interferons Perforins Tumor necrosis factor
Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?
Heat Redness
Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?
Hilum
Which virus causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?
Humoral
Choose all of the following that the respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to.
Hydrogen peroxide Superoxide anion Hypochlorite
Which of the following statements is true regarding a hypersensitivity reaction?
Hypersensitivity reaction takes place during the first exposure to an antigen.
Which class of MHC proteins occur only on APCs?
II
Where is lymph found?
In lymphatic vessels
Where are lymphatic vessels found?
In most body tissues, except the CNS, cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?
Inflammation
Which protein inhibits the viral infection of neighboring cells?
Interferon
Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?
Interferon
The cisterna chyli, which denotes the beginning of the thoracic duct, is formed by the convergence of which lymphatic trunks?
Intestinal and Lumbar
Choose all that are characteristics of a secondary immune response.
It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3. IgG antibodies are formed first.
Which of the following is not triggered by the inflammation response?
Itching Pain Inhibition of mucus Dilation of capillaries Constriction of airways answer: Inhibition of mucus
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?
Lymphatic organs
Which body system maintains fluid balance, absorbs lipids, and protects the body against pathogens?
Lymphatic system
Which component of the lymphatic system consists of unencapsulated aggregates of lymphocytes within many organs of the body?
Lymphatic tissues
What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?
Lymphatic trunks
Natural killer cells belong to which group of cells?
Lymphocytes
Which leukocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes
Choose all the cells that function as antigen presenting cells.
Macrophages Dendritic cells
During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?
Margination
What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?
Mast cells Basophils
Which of the following statements is true regarding memory in humoral immunity? Check all that apply.
Memory B cells are found mainly in the lymph nodes.Memory B cells are found mainly in the lymph nodes. Plasma cells form within hours, creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of illness appear.
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B cell maturation?
Red bone marrow
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?
Red pulp
Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Which lymphatic structure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?
Right lymphatic duct
Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?
Specificity
A surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed is called a(n)
Splenectomy
Which lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow and then finish maturation in the thymus?
T
Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.
T cells
Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?
T cells
Choose all the reasons why memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again.
There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.
Which of the following is true regarding infected cells?
They display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface.
Which describe allergens.
They induce allergies. They are environmental antigens. They can occur in mold, dust, and pollen.
Which lymphatic system structure is indicated in the given figure?
Thoracic duct
What is the function of a lacteal?
To absorb lipids from digested food
What are the immunological benefits of inflammation?
To initiate tissue repair To limit the spread of pathogens To remove the debris of damaged tissue
Choose all of the substances that cytotoxic T cells secrete to attack and destroy target cells.
Tumor necrosis factor Interferons Perforins Granzymes
Choose all that are required for activation of a B cell.
Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.
Factors that cause or contribute to the flow of lymph.
Valves The respiratory pump The skeletal muscle pump
What does hyperemia result from?
Vasodilation
Choose all that are examples of pathogens.
Viruses Fungi Bacteria
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
When it enters the lymphatic capillaries
Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.
antibodies
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n)
antigen
Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called_________ -presenting cells.
antigen
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.
antigen presenting
Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing __________.
antigen-MHC protein complexes
A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.
antipyretic
Diseases that result from failures of self-tolerance are called
automimmune diseases
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic
capillaries
Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.
cartilage and bone
Lymphatic nodules are located in the ______ of the lymph node.
cortex
Helper T-cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-cells.
cytokines
When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.
degranulate
Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called
diapedesis
Lymphatic vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node are called
efferent lymphatic vessels
An area within the lymph node and spleen where B cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation occurs is called a(n
germinal center
B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.
humoral, cell-mediated
An excessive harmful reaction to antigens is called ______.
hypersensitivity
B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as
immunocompetent
The inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement is called
immunodeficiency
Cytokines known as inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.
interferon
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
liver
Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called
macrophages
During the inflammatory response __________ degranulate and release __________.
mast cells; histamine
Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?
monocyte
The cell that migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage is called a(n
monocytes
What does MALT stand for?
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
The _________Correct Unavailable killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
natural
Organisms that cause disease, such as bacteria or fungi, are considered
pathogens
A cytolytic protein secreted by NK cells is ______.
perforin
Which cell produces antibodies?
plasma cell
The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called
pus
The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.
recall
Dendritic cells engulf foreign matter by ______.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Hemopoiesis occurs in the _________bone marrow.
red
The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.
secondary
The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.
specificity
The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the
spleen
The __________pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.
white
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during an allergic response.
1 = Individual experiences symptoms 2 = Individual is sensitized to antigen 3 = IgE attaches to mast cells 4 = Antigen binds to IgE answer: 2, 3, 4, 1
Arrange the following in the proper sequence in which they occur during the inflammatory response.1. Neutrophils roll along endothelium2. Integrin activation3. Margination
1, 2, 3
Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?
APCs
When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity that may sometimes form a blister between the dermis and epidermis, it is called a(n)
Abcess
What is an accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity called?
Abscess
Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.
B
What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?
Antigen
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?
Antigen-presenting cell
Interferons and complement are examples of which of the following?
Antimicrobial proteins
Choose all that are characteristics of a primary immune response.
Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10. IgM antibodies are formed first. It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding failures of self-tolerance? Check all that apply.
Antibodies not only react against a pathogen but also against the bodies own cells.Antibodies not only react against a pathogen but also against the bodies own cells. Upon exposure, antibodies may form against normal cells that blood does not usually become exposed to.
Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.
Blood capillaries (blood) Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) Lymphatic capillaries (lymph) Lymphatic vessels (lymph) Lymphatic ducts (lymph) Subclavian veins (blood)
Drag each characteristic on the left into the appropriate position on the right to identify whether it is associated with T cells, B cells, or both.
Both T & B cells: Produces memory cells Arise originally from bone marrow B cells Differentiate into plasma cells when activated Antibody mediated immunityIgG and IgM formation in the secondary immune response T cells :Can produce lethal hits to infected self-cells Include helper cell lines Direct activation produced by MHC-II recognition Direct activation produced by MHC-I recognitionMature from thyme tissue
Tissues that lack lymphatic vessels.
Cartilage Cornea Bone marrow
What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?
Collecting ducts
Which globulins make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity?
Complement
What are two antimicrobial proteins?
Complement Interferon
Choose of of the following ways antibodies function to render antigens harmless.
Complement fixation Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation
Which of the following forms pus?
Dead neutrophils and macrophages
Which cells are highly branched APCs found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic tissues?
Dendritic cells
Classify each item as a first, second, or third line of defense.
First Line of Defense:-Skin-Mucosal membranes Second Line of Defense:-Macrophages-Eosinophils-Inflammation-Fever Third Line of Defense:-Humoral immunity-Cell-mediated immunity-Lymphocytes-Antibodies
Which describes a neutrophil?
Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
Which are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals?
Neutrophils
Where are type I MHC proteins found?
On all nucleated body cells
Which of the following is produced by cytotoxic T cells?
Perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
What type of cells are macrophages?
Phagocytic
Choose all the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.
Produce superoxide anion Produce hydrogen peroxide
Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.
T, B
Choose all the features of skin that offer immunoprotection.
The presence of defensins The presence of lactic acid The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment
Choose all the factors that cause or contribute to the flow of lymph.
The skeletal muscle pump Valves The respiratory pump
The body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen is natural immunity.
active
When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?
active
Type I hypersensitivity is classified as _____, while Type II is classified as _____.
acute, antibody dependent cytotoxicity
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called __________.
adaptive immunity
Which lymphatic vessels carry lymph into a lymph node?
afferent
Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels.
afferent, efferent
A plasma cell is a mature T helper cell that produces antibodies.
false
Endothelial cells display selectins which bind to the integrins of neutrophils.
false
The inflammatory response is a specific defense mechanism that the body initiates against tissue damage.
false
True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.
false
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
false
Skin belongs to the body's which line of defense?
first
The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.
the skin
The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.
thoracic duct
The bilobed lymphatic organ that is located in the mediastinum is the
thymus
The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the
thymus
The organ where T-cells mature is the ______
thymus
Where do T cells mature?
thymus
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.
true
Histamine is released from mast cells.
true
Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.
true
The first and second lines of defense are considered nonspecific resistance while the third line of defense is considered adaptive immunity.
true
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
valves
Cytotoxic T cells recognize __________.
viral antigens and class-I MHC