Unit 2 Reformation and Religious Warfare AP European History Second Quiz!!

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

3000 Calvinists killed in a three day bloody massacre on August 1572. Catholic and Calvinist parties had apparently been reconciled to the marriage of reigning Valios King, Charles IX, and Henry of Navarre, the Bourbon ruler of Navarre, who was responsible for introducing Calvinist ideas into his kingdom. Huguenots travel to Paris for the wedding but the Guise family persuaded the king and his mother Catherine d'Medici that this gathering if you Huguenots was a threat. It was better to kill all of the Huguenot leaders when we were all together then risk a great loss of life during the Civil War expected by Charles.

Martin Luther

95 These- 95 complaints and concerns with the Roman Catholic Church, mostly about the errors of indulgences German theologian who led the Reformation in Germany. Disliked by Erasmus and started Lutheranism. Struggled with believing God had forgive him of his sins after confessing. Become a monk after surviving a storm. Twin Pillars of the Protestant Reformation- Justification by faith and the Bible as the sole authority in the religious affairs Music was used the spread the Gospel during the Rise of Lutheranism and composed "A Mighty Fortress is Our God" which became the battle hymn for the Reformation. Translated the New Testament into german by using Erasmus' previous translation. Sadly only 4%-5% were literate Luther thought Jews would convert to Lutheranism after hearing what he preached. They did not do so, so he wrote a booklet that was so hateful it would inspire 400 years of antisemitism that Hitler would implement his ideas during the Holocaust.

Christian Humanism

A combination of classical learning with their main goal of reforming the Catholic Church. Desiderius Erasmus- most famous Christian humanist who formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. Believed to change society, we first have to change the people who compose it. Thomas More- One of the major Christian humanists along with Desiderius Erasmus Major beliefs= 1-ability to reason and improve yourself 2- reading the classics-> being more pious 3- changing society-> first to have humans change

Queen Elizabeth and her religious policy

A politique ruler who didn't want to cause division between England so she declared herself the "head of all spiritual and temporal matters" to lower Calvinist vs Catholic conflict. Cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, plotting against her in jail so Mary had to behead her Elizabeth does not want to start any wars and lose her country and power. Yet she encourages ship men to raid Spanish ships and colonies. Did not want to fight larger powers. Conflict strikes with Spain and England.

The Act of Supremacy

Act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VII, which declared he was "the only supreme head on the earth of the Church in England." The English monarch now had control in all matters of doctrine, clerical appointments, and discipline. -------------------------------------------------------- Imposed after Henry VIII secretly married Anne Boylen and was granted a divorce. Elizabeth was born from his second marriage. Henry in search of a male heir to keep the family bloodline.

The Edict of Nantes

And edict progmulated by Henry the fourth in 1598. Catholicism was treated as the official religion of France and the Huguenots were allowed to worship but only in certain areas. Signed at France at Notes. The Edict of Nantes is significant because it finally ended ended the 36 years of a brutal civil war known as the French Wars of Religion.

Thomas Cranmer

Archbishop of Canterbury who wrote the Book of Common Prayer. Elected by Henry VIII, after he is denied a divorce to Catherine of Aragon, who is THE PERSON WHO ANNULS THEIR MARRIAGE without the pope. Was a Cambridge Academic who published the Bible in English Executed for heresy under Mary's reign (half sister of Elizabeth). Before then he ruled for Edward VI after Henry VIII's death. Architect of extreme Protestant changes under Edward.

The "philosophy of Christ"

Central message of Erasmus' work and his religious viewpoint By "the philosophy of Christ" he meant Christianity should show people howto live good lives on a daily basis. External forms of religion like the veneration of Saints, pilgrimages, and fasts were not important to the medieval preoccupation of religion Emphasized inner piety, not dogmatic beliefs and practices that the medieval church stressed He believed that the life of Jesus and His teachings on the Sermon on the Mount should be models for Christian piety and mortality. Erasmus also believed that the Church's ceremonies and rigid discipline was merely a substitute for genuine spiritual concerns. The Church had lost sight of its original mission and the only way to purify the Church was by studying the Scripture and the writings of early church fathers to her translated and corrected the New Testament along with new Latin translations.

The Schmalkaldic League / Wars

Charles tries to settle Lutheran concern in the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. Afraid of Charles intentions, 8 princes, and 11 imperial cites, all Lutheran started a defensive alliance called the Shmalkaldic League They ally with the new French king, Henry II a Catholic, to revive the Shmalkaldic War in 1552. Charles exhausted by trying to maintain religious orthodoxy and goes into solitude to the last 2 years of his life League vowed to assist each other when one of them was attacked on the account of the word of God and the doctrine of the Gospel. Religion divides the empire into 2 armed camps

Indulgences vs. Sale of Indulgences

Confessional letters that are bought to enter heaven. Sold by the Church to make a profit. Buy time off purgatory and people were told to but them for your loved ones who did so much for you. John Tetzel, Roman Catholic German Dominican Friar and preacher, who sold indulgences and said in his sermons "As soon as the coin from the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs" Issued in wide scale exchange for money during the centuries before the Reformation. Led to many people distrusting the Church which led to one of the main reasons behind the Reformation Don't focus on acquiring the two most important graces, confession or vising church and altars are not needed. Merely purchase confessional letters. That's enough Adds to the corruption of the Church

King Henry VIII

Disliked by Sir Thomas Moore for starting a new Church the Church or England or Anglican Church for a divorce with Catherine of Aragon after not having male heir with his wife. Makes himself the head of the Church and grants himself permission to divorce with Thomas Cranmer's help. Marries Anne Bolyen, Catherine's lady in waiting. Cannot kill Catherine because she has too much power and recognition. his four next wives are either executed or died. Charles the V says no because he wants to be buddy buddy with the Holy Roman Empire and cannot upset Catherine's nephew so won't grant the divorce. Acts of Supremacy claimed "supreme head of the church". Few changes with Ritual and Doctrine. Book of Common prayer replaces the Latin liturgical book with English prayers. Book of Common Prayer- prayer book and liturgical guide

The Anabaptists

Disliked by both Catholics and Protestants and seen as radicals who were dangerous to society. Arose in Zurich and expelled from the city in 1523. after they frightened Zwingli. Swiss Brethren first group of Anabaptist who were baptized as adults , after being baptized by the Catholic Church as children. These people were called the ana or re-baptists . Under Roman Law there were subject to death penalty. Catholic and Lutheran joint arm recaptured Munster. Radical Anabaptist leader were captured and executed gruesomely. the New Jerusalem ceased to exist.

Frederick III (the Wise), the Elector of Saxony

Duke of Saxony, is one of the most powerful princes in the HRE and an elector. Likes Luther and sees his as a way of sticking it to the Emperor (and strengthening Saxony). Hides out Luther in the Wartburg Castle for a while (a year or two). Here Luther writes his German translation of the Bible off Erasmus previously translated version of the New Testament. Saxony= the incubator in which the Reformation can survive and spread Founded the university of Wittenberg in which Luther was an importnat preacher. The University became the center of Protestant teaching. One of the 7 electors. Worked for constitutional reform of the HRE

The Spanish Armada

E versus S Spain wants the Church of England to return to Catholicism. Think E will turn on Queen Elizabeth when S invades. Spain believed they will succeed by a confident hope for a miracle done by God. The Spanish Armada was a fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England. The Armanda was defeated by the skill of the British military rulers and by rough seas during he assault. England's recovery over Spanish forces established England as an emerging sea power. One of Queen Elizabeth the first's greatest achievement. Defeat helped bring the decline of the Spanish Empire

The Peace of Augsburg (main provisions)

End to religious warfare in Germany with the Peace of Augsburg which marked an important turning point in Reformations' history. Acknowledged the division of Christianity, w. Lutheranism legally qual w/ Catholicism. Princes chose peoples religion, not the people. Charles' hope for a untied empire was dashed and the ideal of medieval Christian unity was irretrievably lost. The rapid proliferation of new Protestant groups served to underscore that new reality.

Mary ("bloody Mary")

First daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism. Burden more than 3000 Protestant heretics which is how she got the name bloody Mary. Disliked because of her burning Protestants and because her husband was Spanish Phillip II, (because England does not like Philip.) Lost Calais the only E possession in F after the Hundred Years' War, so was further disliked. More Protestants after her reign than before. Protestantism seen w/ Church destruction and religious anarchy before her reign. Afterward is seen w/ the E resistance to Spanish interference. Catholic Restoration ends when Mary dies.

Huguenots

French Calvinists who came from all of us to society. 40 to 50% of French nobility convert and become Huguenots including the House of Bourbon who ruled in southern France Kingdom of Navarre and stood next to the Valios the royal line of succession. Huguenots became a potentially dangerous political threat to Monarchical power because so many nobles have converted. May only make up 10% of the society but we're strong willed and well organized.

Martin Bucer

German reform who was the mediator between Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther. Bucer worked to reconcile the conflicting theological doctrines in Zwinglaism's tetrapolitan Doctrine and Lutheranism's Confession of Augsburg. Intrigued by Luther and took his message into the city of Zurich. Both Luther and Zwingilism were influenced

Predestination

God has already decided before birth who are one of the few saved (the elect) or the many not saved (reprobate). Good works cannot save those who are predestined for the internal fires. Three test that could lead to Salvation: participation of the Sacraments of Communion and Baptism.. a "decent and godly life, and an open profession of faith" Nobles and aristocrats loved this, because it benefited them and allowed them to stay in power. Success and wealth came form God's favor. These people were then probably one of the elect.

Sir Thomas More

He was against Henry VIII for staring the Church of England or the Anglican Church. Did not like how he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and started his own church, because he was trying to divorce his wife. Served Henry VIII and came face to face with the corruptions mentioned in "Utopia". Intolerant of heresy -> him to advocate persecution of those who would fundamentally change the Catholic Church Son of a London lawyer who becomes a monk after surviving a storm (double check). Had private devotionals for hours. Wrote "Utopia"

Emperor Charles V

Held the pre-trial of the Diet of Worms with Pope Leo X. They disliked Luther because he preached against indulgences and believes faith alone is the only deciding factor on the path to heaven, Charles V's biggest enemy= France. Born in Belgium. Defended Christianity from the Ottomans.

Henry of Navarre

Henry of Navarre is the political leader of the Huguenots whom converted to Calvinism and Catholicism many times. Was a Huguenot who saved his life during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by converting to Catholicism. It starts the war of the 3 Henry when he fails to have an heir. The war ends with the succession of Henry of Navarre, a Protestant now, succeeding Henry as Henry IV. The peace of Saint German en Lage was a treaty signed between Protestants and the Catholic French monarchy that ended the 3rd phase of the French Wars of Religion. Treaty promised the daughter, Princess Margaret of Valios, of Catherine de Medici, the queen's mother, to Henry of Navarre who was a Protestant leader

Puritans

Inspired by Calvinist theology and were potentially more dangerous to Anglicanism in the long run. Violence with Puritans and Catholics. Puritans= Anglican Protestants who want to remove Catholicism from the Church of England Elizabeth managed to keep them in check during her reign. Group of 17th century Protestants within the Church of England who wanted to PURIFY the church of excess decoration, simplify creeds, reduce power of Bishops and increase religious discipline

Matteo Ricci

Italian Priest and one of the founding figures of Jesuit China missions. He converted several prominent Chinese officials to Catholicism, such as his colleague Xu Guangai (who aided in translating Euclid's Elements into Chinese as well as the Confucian Classics into Latin for the first time.) landed in the Portuguese settlement of Macau where he began his missionary work in China. First person to enter the Forbidden City of Beijing in 1601 when invited by the Wanli Emperor who sought his selected services in matter such as a court distronomy and calenderical science.

Thomas Muntzer

Leader of the peasant revolt who dies while in that position. First spiritualist who distinguished their disdain for tradition and institutions former follower of Luther who was a social, revolutionary and believed the world was coming to an end. ex-follower of Luther and was a fierce and apocalyptic preacher. He supported the peasant's revolt along with Zwingli - encouraging them with fiery language. Seen as leader in fight for classless society. German preacher who preached the oppressions of the poor, Preached to peasants who destroyed church property. Revolt in 1525. Luther against it and many peasant felt betrayed by Luther who sides with the nobility

William of Orange

Main leader of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish that's started the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. Wishes to unify all seventeen provinces, a goal seemingly realized in 1576 with the Pacification of Ghent. This agreement stated the provinces would be under William, withdraw the Spanish troops and all religions would be accepted. Religious differences impede unity and in the end the Netherlands split into two. The United Provinces in the North emerge as the Dutch Republic in 1609. The southern provinces remain in Spanish possession. Spain does not recognize the Dutch Republic "Northern Provinces" independence until 1648. N Germanic and Dutch speaking. S French side and Flemish or French speaking. Both controlled by Philip who is far and bc of geography and open to religious influences they have more Anabaptists or Lutherans. Then Calvinism comes and the provinces are so divided by religion and duke of Parma (new Spanish ruler after Philip who wants religion to separate them) leads to split of N and S. {three main causes of the split- geography Politics Religion}

Justification

Martin Luther's belief that rejected the Catholic teaching that faith and good works would get you into heaven. (Luther discovered this in The Letter St. Paul to the Romans: "The just shall live by faith alone; no good works are needed. You go to heaven based on your beliefs and faith, no the Roman Catholic Church's approval of you.") This idea of faith setting you free is important b/c Luther uses it to fracture the Catholic Church and is later excommunicated by the Pope b/c of his protest

The Diet (and Edict) of Worms

Martin Luther's pre-trial where the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X (allowed the sale of indulgences) were in charge and told Luther to recant his teachings publicly. Luther says okay BUT all you have to do is show me what part of the Scripture I am going against. Does not recant his teachings because no Scriptural evidence is presented to him. Exed (Excommunicated) and told his would be capture and sent to Charles V when found and later be killed. Document that announces this is called the Edict of Worms. -------------------------------------------------------- Charles and Pope Leo know that killing Luther would work against them because it would prove to the masses that the Catholic Church was aware the Luther's teachings were correct and the Church was afraid of this. So instead they try to get him to recant his beliefs publicly and to his followers so they think less of this and are more willing to change their beliefs.

The Mennonites

Menno Simons was the leader who redjuvanated Dutch Anabaptism. In the 1500s in Netherlands, Germany Spread idea of peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that stressed the separation from the world. Mennonites= Simons' followers who spread from the Netherlands into America and Canada where they found religious freedom. Ancestors of Anabaptist and emphasized pacifism. Amish= an American follower of Mennonite religion.

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

Of all the new religious orders, the most important was the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) who became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation Spanish nobleman who founded the Society of Jesus. His injuries in battle cut his military career short. He also experienced a spiritual torment similar to Luther 's but unlike Luther, resolved his problems by a decision to submit his will to the will of the church, rather than by a new doctrine. Wrote "The Spiritual Exercises" which was a training manual for spiritual development Had highly disciplined schools based off humanist schools' educational methods. Liked Japan, many converted there Showed connections between Confucian ethics and Christian mortality to convince the Chinese to convert. Goal- to teach Catholics to refer to high religious authority and spiritual directions. CATHOLIC REFORMATION pledged total allegiance to the Pope and were organized like a military group Most active in missionary work took over premier academic posts in Catholic universities and became the most famous educators in Europe Pope Paul III first to recognize the group

Francis Xavier

One of the original members of the Society of Jesus who carried the message of Catholic Christianity to the English converted 10,000s in India -> traveled to Malacca and Moluccas-> reached Japan in 1549. Here her spoke highly of the Sarnese "people of the most excellent morals- good in general not malicious". 1,000s of Japanese converted to Christianity. Died of fever while on his way to China, but overall converted many places and was active.

Desiderius Erasmus (and his well-known books)

One of the two major Christian humanists along with Thomas More (they were friends) Most famous Christian humanist who formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. Wanted to restore Christianity to the early simplicity found in the teachings of Jesus. Edited out the errors of the Latin Vulgate Bible in the New Testament, to the earliest available manuscripts and made a new Latin translation. Wrote the "Praise of Folly"= most famous work, that had a humorous yet effective criticism of society's most corrupt practices. Harsh especially on abuses with in clergy ranks. "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched." his works paved the way for Reformation. Luther used Erasmus' work as the basis of his German translation of the New Testament. Desiderius Erasmus disapproved of Luther and the Protestant reformers Wrote "Annotations"= detailed commentary on the Vulgate Bible itself Believed in "the philosophy of Christ"

Philip II

Philip the second of the king of Spain in the mid 1500s. Wanted Spain to have more power and make it dominant. His desire to improve Spain fails when agriculture increases, inflation in the industry occurs, gold imports increase, and taxes increase. Most catholic king who is under leadership of the Holy League who is against the Turkish encroachment in the Mediterranean. Provided aid to the Catholic League in France declared war on England in an unsuccessful bid to end Protestantism in both of those countries. Wanted to keep possession of the areas he inherited from his late father Charles V (Spain, the New World, parts of Italy, and the Netherlands). For Philip, this meant strict conformity to Catholicism, enforced by aggressive use of the Spanish Inquisition, and the establishment of strong, monarchical authority. This was hard cuz the gov structure of the states and territories of his empire are based on individual relationships with Philip. What he has to do is centralize it and be the center of the gov. He is bad at this bc he is unwilling to delegate authority, so he prioritized not as important matters like spelling and marginal notes. He gets weeks behind on state correspondence. Spanish official says, "If God used the Escorial [the Royal palace where Philip worked] to deliver my death sentence, I would be immortal. 2/3 of taxes go to unpaid debt

The Council of Trent

Pope Paul III calls a general council of the Christendom to resolve the religious differences by the protestant revolt. Only three meetings form 1545-1563 due to an outbreak of plague, war between France and Spain, and changing of popes, prevented regular meetings two sides; 1) Moderate Catholic Reformers- make a comprise in formulating doctrinal definitions that would encourage the return of Protestants to the church. 2)Conservatives- uncompromising restatement of Catholic doctrines. Conservatives win and the Catholic doctrines are reaffirmed, restating the seven sacraments, transubstantiation, and clerical celibacy. reaffirmed purgatory but against indulgences

The Peasant War

Religiously, socially and economically fought for. No single explanation for the war. Long standing disscontempt with theses new theological ideas that are swirling around Europe. Extremely bloody. Luther took sides with the princes and not his followers even tho they shared the same beliefs. Luther was thinking long term. after he rubbed elbows with the princes and nobility then he could convince them to convert to Lutheranism and by doing so make there whole city state Lutheran. In Germany, Stulingen (SW Germany), life for peasant really difficult. product feudal reaction, many living on border territories where armies constantly swept over and caused famine and issues. Roman Catholic Army went against Swiss Lutheran Army in their region-> tension increases. Validate their rebellion by Luther's idea of priesthood of all believers and Zwingli's idea that Christians should reform the world. (look at next sentence in notes)

"Priesthood of all believers"

Revolutionary idea by Luther. Idea that every believer had the ability to read and interperate the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so. Mentioned in Luther's "Freedom of a Christian". Separated Italy and Clergy **All are capable of understanding God's word without help. All members of the Protestant faith were considered priests. This belief came from the Bible, which states all who spread the word of God are priests.** -------------------------------------------------------- Common to many forms oF Protestantism, especially Zwinglaism. Often times women were excluded from this, but not in al cases.

Transubstantiation

Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and the wine changes into the body and blood of Christ Consubstantiation= the Protestant doctrine that the bread and the wine metaphorically transforms into the body and blood of Christ. Argument between Luther and Zwingli. Zwingli was against this idea and believed it should be figurative not literal. The Lord's Supper was the only meal of remembrance to Zwingli, unlike how Luther viewed it. This dispute dived the reform group and lead to the creation of different Protestant groups. The Marburg Colloquy of 1529 produced no agreement and no evangelical alliance.

The Habsburg-Valois Wars

Series of conflicts between leading European powers over the control of Italian states. France lost their claims to Italian lands and Charles V inherited the Spanish Empire and Austrian Hapsburg lands from his fam. Tried to keep Germany divided which led to the unification of German states

Saint Teresa of Avila

Spanish Mystic and nun of Carmelite order. Had mystical visions that she claimed, resulted in the ecstatic union of her soul with God. Formed the new barefoot order. Teresa also believed that mystical experiences should lead to an active life of service on behalf of her Catholic faith. Consequently she founded a new order of barefoot Carmelite nuns and worked to foster mystical experiences.

John Calvin

Started Calvinism and was influenced by Luther's writings and humanist. The organizer of the Protestant Movement. Believed predestination and the Jesus is spiritually present in the Lord's Supper to the believer. His body is at the right hand of God. Calvin's Geneva was the fortress of Reformation and replaced Lutheranism as the international form of Protestantism. Calvin believed there was no exact certainty to salivation but there could be signs 1) . living an upright life 2) . profession of faith 3) participation in the Sacraments Geneva was the the Switzerland model community where all member must exhibit behavior needed to be saved- -attend church 3-4x a week -no gambling, dancing, heavy drinking -no fancy jewelry or clothing where missionaries trained who were sent to all parts of Europe

Politiques

The French wars of religion was against the Catholics and Calvinist. A French group of public figures who placed politics before religion and believe that no religious truth was worth the ravages of a Civil War. The group ultimately prevailed but only when both sides were exhausted by bloodshed. Politiques were important because they were third choice for many people and European countries. Instead of picking a Catholic only leader or a protestant only leader they could use somebody like Elizabeth the first of England who could unite the country and stabilize it with toleration of both religions

List and Meaning of the Seven Sacraments

The Seven Sacraments are ceremonies that point to what is sacred, significant, and important for Christians. They are special occasions for experiencing God's saving presence. They are -Baptism: dousing of infants with water to induct them into the church -The Eucharist (Holy Communion)- Taking bread and wine in remembrance of the Last Supper -Penance: Making contribution for your sins -Confirmation: a "coming of age" rite in which young people are indoctrinated to the church's teachings -Matrimony: Marriage -Holy Orders: becoming a priest -Last Rites of Extreme Unction (or Last Rites): anointing with oil to heal the sick/dying

The Guise Family

The extreme Catholic party, aka ultra Catholics, fevered strict opposition to the Huguenots. Possessing the loyalty of Paris in large sections of northern and north western France through their client patronage system, the Guises **could recruit and pay for large armies and received support brought in from the papacy and Jesuits who favored their family's uncompromising Catholic position*.

Melchiorites / Millenarianism

They believed the wolrd would soon come to an end and they would usher into the Kingdom of God w/ Munster as the New Jerusalem. When the Melchiorites took over the city under their own rule. they were quickly stopped and killed by Catholics and Lutherans. Munster, Westphalia, Germany (all one place) home to many Anabaptist after converting from Luthernaism. Melchiorites- more wild eyed variety who were in Munster and adhere to a vivid millenarianism. Anabaptists burned all books except the Bible, drives out everyone who they thought were godless or unbelievers, and proclaimed communal ownership of all properties.

Sacraments of the Catholic Church

Two major one are baptism and communion because the Scripture says specifically to do so. The Seven Sacraments are ceremonies that pint to what is sacred, significant, and important for Christians. They are special occasions for experiencing God's saving presence. They are -Baptism: dousing of infants with water to induct them into the church -The Eucharist (Holy Communion)- Taking bread and wine in remembrance of the Last Supper -Reconciliation/Penance: Making contribution for your sins -Confirmation: a "coming of age" rite in which young people are indoctrinated to the church's teachings -Matrimony: Marriage -Holy Orders: becoming a priest -Anointing of the Sick/Last Rites of Extreme Unction (or Last Rites): anointing with oil to heal the sick/dying The sacraments of Initiation in order are -Baptism, -Confirmation, and -The Eucharist Remind of the past events in the life of Jesus. A way of making Jesus present now. Channels of graces throughout which ministry of Jesus continues today. Points the future when the fullness of God's Kingdom will come.

Marburg Colloquy

a meeting in Marburg Germany the "Shattering of Protestantism" Zwingli and Luther try to untie Swiss Reformation and German Reformation. This does not work b/c of different religious views and stay divided w/ two different religions. Tries to resolve dispute over the Eucharist. Zwingli- Christ can not be both in heaven and in the bread. Luther thought Zwingli was wrong. The way the Catholics look at Luther, is similar to the way Luther looks at Zwingli. Zwingli is even more reformed than Luther.

Cardinal Caraffa (Pope Paul IV)

appointed by Pope Paul III to aid with Paul's sought out reform (even tho he still acted as a Renaissance pope with political involvement, nepotism, and being a patron of the arts and letters.) asked Pope Paul III to establish the Roman Inquisition or Holy Office in 1542 to ferret out doctrinal errors. No comprise was to be made with Protestantism later became Pope Paul the IV who increased the power of the Inquisition that even the liberal cardinals were silenced called the "first true pope of the Catholic Counter-Reformation" as stated in the Index of the Forbidden Books- list of books Catholics cannot read. Protestant theologians, unwholesome authors, and a category so general enough that Erasmus was on the list

Vulgate

authorized and standard Latin edition of the Bible for the Catholic Church that contracted many errors Vulgate means common. Latin translation most commonly used by the Western Church

Philip Melanchthon

friend of Martin Luther who wrote the Confessions of Ausburg; the main writings of Luther. The Confessions of Ausburg was an attempt to bring the Lutheran and Catholic princes, that ended up in failure.

Ulrich Zwingli

influenced by Christian humanism. His preaching of the Gospel caused unrest by some cities who did not want this. White washed the walls because it was a . distraction from God's word and allowed no music because "for all that God has forbidden there is no compromise". Believed the only meal of remembrance was the Last Supper. When Zwingli died (look back at textbook) Luther said he got what he deserved Zwingli's movement of Reforms in Zurich soon spread to other cities in Switzerland including Bern and Basel. Thought the Scriptural words "This is my body." "This is my blood." was figurative not literal.

The Augsburg Confession

primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. written in both German and Latin and was presented by an # of German rulers and free cities at the Diet of Worms. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called the Princes and free territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the HRE and rally support against the Turkish in rasion. It is the fourth document contained int the Lutheran Book of Concord. SUMMARY **Written by Philip M that sums up Lutheranism and makes sure that all Lutherans are cohesive and on the same page**

Pluralism

taking multiple Church positions at once. occurred when the nobles and wealthy bourgeois had higher positions among clergy and wanted to increase revenues of high church officials (bishops. archbishops, and cardinals) Terrible and leads to absenteeism because you can only give attention to about one or two of yours potions, but after that it gets to be too hard. Done for power and titles Absenteeism= Church office holders ignore their duties and hired underlings who sometimes were unqualified Complaints of the ignorance and ineptness of parish priests became wide spread in the 1400s

"Utopia"

written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More. An imaginary island in the vicinity of the New World that contains More's economic. Social, and political concerns of this day. 9 hrs of work per day, rewards based on a persons needs not on effort or type of job, and communal land and not private property. Everyone worked for a common goal. has ideal and imaginary conditions of society. Erasmus wrote this in hope of the gov and Church re-establishing lost principles of Christian faith Two books 1) gov is perfect and citizens are too 2)if human reason alone determined gov. then society would be perfect Newly discovered World is the site of his dream society because it is left to imagination and he tries to prevent problems of his current society by changing customs of the New World an emotional outlet for him