Unit #3 (Ch. 8-13)

Which of the following are factors that influence hydration status?

Alcohol intake Ambient temperature Physical activity Caffeine intake

People experiencing which condition would be most at risk of a B vitamin deficiency?

Alcoholism

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.

Rickets

Howard is a 33-year-old long-distance runner. Recently, he attempted to donate blood, but was told he could not donate because his hematocrit was too low. What is one possible explanation for his condition?

The trauma of running causes lysis of red blood cells and increased blood losses in feces and urine.

Which of the following statements describe free radicals?

They have an imbalance between protons and electrons. They are unstable. They can damage cell membranes.

Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for vitamin and/or mineral supplementation?

Women of childbearing age should consume 400 micrograms per day of folic acid. People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balance multivitamin and mineral supplement.

Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers?

Yes

Which of the following population groups is most susceptible to iron toxicity from dietary supplements?

Young children

What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?

Zoochemicals

Niacin is

a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food.

In healthy individuals, aging generally results in ______ in bone mineral density.

a decrease

As a result of a chronically inadequate iodine intake, an adult may develop

a goiter.

Secretions of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract best exemplify the role of water as

a lubricant.

The richest source of vitamin B-12 would be

a tuna fish sandwich.

The likelihood of exceeding the UL for calcium is lowest when the source of the mineral is

a varied, balanced diet.

Women lose significant bone mass after menopause due to a(n)

decrease in estrogen.

As potassium intake increases, blood pressure tends to

decrease.

The consequences of osteoporosis are

decreased physical ability. pain and deformity. bone fractures.

A person with iodine deficiency may experience

decreased thyroid function.

Cortical bone is

dense and compact bone.

Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin?

dermatitis. diarrhea. dementia.

According to DSHEA, products containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals are categorized as

dietary supplements.

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in

disability. loss of independence. mortality.

Which part of polyunsaturated fatty acids is highly susceptible to oxidation resulting in the cell membrane's loss of integrity?

double bonds

If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by

drawing calcium out of bones.

Free radicals have an unpaired

electrons

Which of the following types of cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream?

erythrocytes

Menopause may lead to a rapid loss of bone mass because

estrogen is required for maximal osteoblast activity.

As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.

evaporates

Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of

eye diseases. cancer. diabetes.

High intakes of nicotinic acid can lead to

facial flushing. headache. itching.

Consuming vitamin D with meals that contain iron is the best way to increase your absorption of iron.

false

True or false: Trace minerals are not essential nutrients.

false

The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.

fat; water

Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are

filtered and excreted by the kidneys.

Functions of potassium in the body include

fluid balance.

A deficiency of ______ results in megaloblastic anemia because of its role in DNA synthesis.

folate

Neural tube defects may result from a deficiency of ______ during pregnancy.

folate

To cope with the increased demands of cell division, the RDA for ______ increases by 50% during pregnancy.

folate

The neural tube of the developing fetus closes within the first 28 days after conception. Meeting dietary needs for ______ reduces the risk for neural tube defects.

folic acid

For optimal health, get your phytochemicals from

foods, not dietary supplements

Food sources for obtaining vitamin D include

fortified milk. salmon.

For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include

fortified orange juice. fortified tofu. fortified soy milk.

When a person experiences oxidative stress, production of ______ in the body is high.

free radicals

The DASH diet is low in fat and sodium, but rich in

fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy.

Points to consider when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement include

full list of ingredients. how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods). % Daily Value of each nutrient. cost and availability.

Controlling high blood pressure is important as it helps to prevent

heart disease.

Vitamins can be destroyed by

heat, light, and exposure to oxygen

A person with ______ may suffer organ damage as a result of excessive iron absorption.

hemochromatosis

The iron-containing protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood is

hemoglobin

Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.

hip

The functions of vitamin B-6 include

homocysteine metabolism. synthesis of neurotransmitters. synthesis of nonessential amino acids.

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone.

When too much sodium is consumed, the kidney excretes more sodium in the urine. As the kidneys excrete more sodium into urine, fluid losses in urine

increase.

When children have fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration, they are at ______ risk for dehydration.

increased

Folate requirements during pregnancy increases by 50% to accommodate

increased rates of cell division. increased rates of DNA synthesis.

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that

increases absorption of iron

For sodium-sensitive individuals, as sodium intake increases, blood pressure

increases.

After age 30, the rate of bone resorption ______ and the rate of bone synthesis ______.

increases; decreases

Absorption of calcium is increased during

infancy. pregnancy.

Having the skin turn yellow-orange, particularly the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (called hypercarotenemia) is caused by _____.

infants consuming large amounts of squash taking pills containing beta-carotene (>30 mg/day) consuming large amounts of carrots

The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.

iodine

Vitamin C enhances the absorption of the mineral ______.

iron

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

iron

Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?

iron

Ben is a 56-year-old man who takes acid-reducing medications to treat a stomach ulcer. At his yearly check-up, he reports unusual fatigue, cold hands and feet, and difficulty concentrating on tasks at work. He most like has a deficiency of

iron.

A folate deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk for birth defects because folate

is needed for the proper development of the neural tube in the fetus.

Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it

is required for formation of myelin.

Vitamin E is implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cataracts, and cardiovascular disease, because

it can prevent oxidative damage.

The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is

kyphosis.

Megadoses of niacin are sometimes used to lower blood lipids in patients with cardiovascular disease. A risk of chronically exceeding the UL for niacin is damage to the

liver. GI tract.

A person with dark skin would need a ______ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize vitamin D.

longer

Children are at increased risk for iron deficiency because of their

low dietary intake of iron-rich foods. increased iron needs to support growth.

Nicotinic acid has been promoted as a natural method to

lower blood lipids, including LDL cholesterol.

Attaining ______ peak bone mass ______ the risk of ultimately developing osteoporosis.

lower; increases higher; decreases

Older adults are at greater risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency due to

lowered production of stomach acid. reduced output of intrinsic factor.

Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, so the nuclei of immature red blood cells are unable to divide and the cells grow larger than normal. This condition is called ______ anemia.

macrocytic

Folate deficiency results in ______ anemia.

megaloblastic

Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with

milk allergies. inadequate sun exposure. vegan diets.

Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

more magnesium. more vitamin E. more fiber.

Megadoses of a form of ______ may be used as part of pharmacological therapy to lower blood lipids.

niacin

The coenzyme forms of ______ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.

niacin

It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are

not stored in the body to any great extent. readily excreted from the body via urine.

Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension (most influential at the top of the list).

obesity inactivity excessive alcohol intake excessive salt intake

The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is

obesity.

Cells that synthesize new bone are

osteoblasts

Even before osteoporosis is diagnosed, many older adults have low bone mineral density, known as

osteopenia.

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

Functions of red blood cells include

oxygen transport from lungs to tissues. carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lungs.

Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as

pellagra.

Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

phosphorus. calcium.

health-promoting compounds found in plant foods

phytochemicals

Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?

plant

Free radicals damage the ______ in cell membranes.

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Name the minerals that may help to lower blood pressure.

potassium magnesium calcium

Antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by

reducing cell damage from free radicals.

In the process of bone remodeling, osteoclasts

release minerals into the blood. break down bone tissue.

As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is

released from body.

Arrange the following foods in order from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) vitamin D content.

salmon milk egg butter

The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ______.

scurvy

Possible side effects of high intake levels of vitamin A-yielding carotenoids include

skin that becomes yellow-orange in color.

Due to its impact on estrogen synthesis, ______ is detrimental to bone health.

smoking

Experts recommend limiting ______ intake to reduce the risk of hypertension.

sodium

The major positively charged ion in extracellular fluid is

sodium.

Typically, adults are at low risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency because

some vitamin B-12 is stored in the liver. meats and dairy products supply plenty of vitamin B-12.

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?

strawberries peppers citrus fruits

Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?

strength training

If high blood pressure goes untreated, what are the possible outcomes?

stroke heart disease kidney disease

The body's needs for niacin are met by

synthesis from tryptophan. food sources.

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because

the germ, bran, and husk are discarded.

All women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because

the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant.

Infants are given an injection of Vitamin K at birth because

their intestines lack enough bacteria to produce Vitamin K.

Chronic use of antibiotics can affect blood health because

they destroy microorganisms in the large intestine that synthesize vitamin K.

Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of

thiamin

The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamin

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of ______ deficiency commonly seen among people who abuse alcohol.

thiamin

Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.

toxicity

True or false: Taking high-dose supplements of trace minerals, such as iron, can lead to toxicity and dangerous, potentially life-threatening consequences.

true

An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a

vitamin

Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.

vitamin

Because of ample storage of this vitamin, it can take up to 20 years on a diet free of ______ to develop signs of deficiency.

vitamin B-12

Lack of intrinsic factor or stomach acid may lead to a deficiency of ______ despite adequate dietary intakes of this nutrient.

vitamin B-12

The coenzyme form of ______ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism.

vitamin B-6

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D

The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is

vitamin E.

Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.

water

If the extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid,

water will move out of the cell.

Certain population groups may benefit from a vitamin or mineral supplement. Match each population group with an appropriate supplement.

women of childbearing age = folic acid newborn babies = vitamin k adults with lactose intolerance = calcium and vitamin D women with heavy menstrual periods = iron

The DASH diet recommends ______ servings of fruit per day.

4 to 5

The human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ____ mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin.

60

Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.

600

What percent of the body's potassium is found in the intracellular fluids?

95%

Mary is experiencing all the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency even though she is consuming a diet high in vitamin B-12. What might be the cause of her deficiency symptoms?

A lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

When considering a multivitamin and mineral supplement, which of the following should you select?

A supplement with less than the Upper Level for any nutrients

Name the fat-soluble vitamins.

A, D, E, K

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

D

The initiation of cancer begins with a mutation in the ____

DNA

Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?

Dairy products Processed meats

Which of the following situations may cause anemia?

Decrease in red blood cell production Decrease in hemoglobin production Significant blood loss

Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?

Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.

What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?

Eat a variety of whole plant foods

What was the first treatment for scurvy in 1740?

2 oranges and 1 lemon a day

Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.

30%

Which two of the following ions predominate in intracellular fluid?

Potassium Phosphate

Which of the following groups of individuals likely needs a dietary supplement to maintain good nutritional status?

Anyone on a calorie-restricted diet Pregnant women Adults over age 50

How is iron absorbed?

As needed

Individuals from which two of the following population groups are at the highest risk for developing osteoporosis?

Asian Caucasian

Alcoholics tend to have impaired absorption of which of the following vitamins?

B vitamins

The water-soluble vitamins include

B vitamins and vitamin C

Why is higher bone mineral density at age 25 predictive of better bone health at age 65?

Beginning adulthood with high bone mineral density lessens the impact of inevitable age-related bone loss. Minerals provide strength and structure to withstand fractures.

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

Blood clotting Muscle function Bone building

Which of the following are rich sources of antioxidants?

Blueberries Squash Oranges

What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?

Brain function Immune function Part of many enzymes

______ is abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA.

Cancer

______, which are compounds found in fruits and vegetables, lessen the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.

Carotenoids

Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?

Cell membrane Adipose tissue

Which of the following foods and beverages are rich sources of sodium?

Chicken noodle soup, canned, 1 cup Ham, sliced, 1 ounce Pepperoni pizza, 2 slices

Select the dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption.

Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.

What is the main diet-cancer risk factor?

Excess calories

The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs.

FDA

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

True or false: Milk alternatives are now widely available, but decreasing in popularity.

False, increasing in popularity

Which of the following is the largest source of water for the body for a healthy adult?

Fluid consumed in the form of beverages.

Which B vitamin is important in DNA synthesis?

Folate

Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?

Fruits and vegetables

Identify the sources of vitamin K.

Green, leafy vegetables Plant oils

What substance produced by the digestive system is necessary in order to absorb Vitamin B-12?

Intrinsic factor

What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B-12?

High levels of folate can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?

Increased fatigue Increased thirst Increased muscle weakness

Who is at the greatest risk for developing osteoporosis?

Slender, inactive women who smoke

What is the best food source for iodine?

Iodized salt, 1/2 tsp

Which of the following are potential outcomes of excessive calcium intakes?

Kidney stones Kidney failure Calcification of soft tissue

Which of the following are functions of water?

Lubricates joints Maintains body temperature Medium for chemical reactions

What is the leading cause of legal blindness among North American adults over the age of 65?

Macular degeneration

Select ways in which a person can help prevent osteoporosis.

Maintaining a healthy body weight Conducting weight-bearing exercise Consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D

What is the main source of heme iron?

Meat

Which of the following population groups are at increased risk for iron deficiency?

Menstruating women Pregnant women Picky preschool children

Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?

Minerals Vitamins Amino acids

Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as

Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as

Which of the following are transported by hemoglobin?

O2 CO2

Which type of bone cell breaks down bone tissue and releases calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium into the blood?

Osteoclasts

______ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.

Osteoporosis

To be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?

Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms. The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health.

______ describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses.

Oxidative stress

Identify three food sources of thiamin.

Pork Whole grains Enriched flour

Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?

Plain yogurt, 1 cup Baked potato with skin, 1 medium Acorn squash, 1 cup

What are the two main sources of sodium in typical American diets?

Processed foods Preparation of foods in restaurants

Which of the following are defining characteristics of vitamins?

Prolonged absence of the compound from the diet produces deficiency symptoms. The body is unable to synthesize enough of the substance to maintain health.

Which two food groups supply the most thiamin in the typical American diet?

Protein foods Grains

Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?

Sick children Older adults Endurance athletes with increased perspiration

What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?

Sodium

Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?

Sodium Calcium Iron

Which are items that can influence the color of urine?

Supplements Food Medications

Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?

Synthesis of bone tissue Wound healing

Select the primary function of iodine.

Thyroid hormone synthesis

What is the easiest way to determine if you are drinking enough water?

To observe the color of your urine.

Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?

Total Raisin Bran cereal, 1 cup Dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon

Excessive alcohol intake contributes to osteoporosis.

True

True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.

True

True or false: If a person is severely dehydrated, a coma may result.

True

True or false: Older adults are encouraged to seek a synthetic Vitamin B-12 source to aid absorption.

True

True or false: Sodium is an electrolyte.

True

True or false: The signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include pale skin, fatigue upon exertion, and poor temperature regulation.

True

True or false: Tofu can be a good source of calcium for vegetarians.

True

True or false: Using dietary supplement brands approved by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) lessens the risk of consuming supplements contaminated with harmful substances.

True

When selecting a dietary supplement, the ______ on the package label is an indication that the product has been tested for strength, quality, and purity.

USP symbol

Which of the following accounts for the highest volume of fluids lost per day for a healthy adult?

Urine

Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?

Vegetables

The stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin?

Vitamin B-12

______ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells.

Vitamin B-12

Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth due to the inability of the bacteria in the intestines to produce enough?

Vitamin K

______ is necessary for activation of clotting factors that promote blood coagulation.

Vitamin K

Factors that affect the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D include

age. skin color.

The primary function of iron is to

aid in oxygen transportation.

Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they

aid in the function of activating enzymes.

People who abuse alcohol are prone to thiamin deficiency because

alcoholics tend to have low-quality diets. alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin. alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine.

Which of the following are nondairy milk beverages?

almond milk rice milk coconut milk soy milk

The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.

amniotic

Kyphosis is

an abnormal bending of the spine.

Children are frequently victims of iron poisoning because

an iron supplement can look a lot like candy. a single large dose of iron can be life threatening. dietary supplements may be stored in areas that are accessible to children.

Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods of ______ origin.

animal

Heme iron is found in

animal flesh.

A deficiency of vitamin B-6 leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia. This means that the red blood cells

are small in size. have pale color.

Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is a problem because they

are stored by the body.

The bone loss normally associated with aging does not necessarily result in osteoporosis as long as a person has

attained high peak bone mass.

In addition to the vitamin K from our diet, vitamin K is also obtained from

bacteria in our intestines.

The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by

becoming very large and unable to divide due to the lack of DNA.

A person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as

beriberi

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its

bioavailability

Vitamin K and calcium work together to prevent

blood loss

Osteopenia is diagnosed when

bone mineral density is below normal.

A good indicator of bone strength is

bone mineral density.

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

The best way to prevent osteoporosis is to

build dense bones during the first 30 years of life and then minimize bone loss later in life.

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

calcium

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

calcium deposits in organs. gastrointestinal distress.

Free radicals can damage the DNA inside cells, which directs how cells grow and develop. This damage is particularly influential in the development of

cancer

The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates

To improve intake of antioxidant nutrients,

choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables.

A compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme is called a(n)

coenzyme.

Vitamin C is needed for the production of which protein?

collagen

The dense, compact ______ bone tissue comprises 80% of adult bone mass, whereas the less dense, lattice-like ______ bone tissue accounts for about 20% of adult bone mass.

cortical; trabecular