Unit #3 (Ch. 8-13)
Which of the following are factors that influence hydration status?
Alcohol intake Ambient temperature Physical activity Caffeine intake
People experiencing which condition would be most at risk of a B vitamin deficiency?
Alcoholism
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
______ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.
Rickets
Howard is a 33-year-old long-distance runner. Recently, he attempted to donate blood, but was told he could not donate because his hematocrit was too low. What is one possible explanation for his condition?
The trauma of running causes lysis of red blood cells and increased blood losses in feces and urine.
Which of the following statements describe free radicals?
They have an imbalance between protons and electrons. They are unstable. They can damage cell membranes.
Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for vitamin and/or mineral supplementation?
Women of childbearing age should consume 400 micrograms per day of folic acid. People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balance multivitamin and mineral supplement.
Does the FDA have limited resources to police supplement manufacturers?
Yes
Which of the following population groups is most susceptible to iron toxicity from dietary supplements?
Young children
What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?
Zoochemicals
Niacin is
a coenzyme in metabolic reactions that yield energy from food.
In healthy individuals, aging generally results in ______ in bone mineral density.
a decrease
As a result of a chronically inadequate iodine intake, an adult may develop
a goiter.
Secretions of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract best exemplify the role of water as
a lubricant.
The richest source of vitamin B-12 would be
a tuna fish sandwich.
The likelihood of exceeding the UL for calcium is lowest when the source of the mineral is
a varied, balanced diet.
Women lose significant bone mass after menopause due to a(n)
decrease in estrogen.
As potassium intake increases, blood pressure tends to
decrease.
The consequences of osteoporosis are
decreased physical ability. pain and deformity. bone fractures.
A person with iodine deficiency may experience
decreased thyroid function.
Cortical bone is
dense and compact bone.
Which of the following are characteristics of pellagra, the deficiency disease for niacin?
dermatitis. diarrhea. dementia.
According to DSHEA, products containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals are categorized as
dietary supplements.
Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be
digested and absorbed.
Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in
disability. loss of independence. mortality.
Which part of polyunsaturated fatty acids is highly susceptible to oxidation resulting in the cell membrane's loss of integrity?
double bonds
If a person does not consume enough calcium, blood calcium levels will be maintained by
drawing calcium out of bones.
Free radicals have an unpaired
electrons
Which of the following types of cells transports oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream?
erythrocytes
Menopause may lead to a rapid loss of bone mass because
estrogen is required for maximal osteoblast activity.
As perspiration ______, heat is removed from the body.
evaporates
Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of
eye diseases. cancer. diabetes.
High intakes of nicotinic acid can lead to
facial flushing. headache. itching.
Consuming vitamin D with meals that contain iron is the best way to increase your absorption of iron.
false
True or false: Trace minerals are not essential nutrients.
false
The ______-soluble vitamins are more readily stored in the body than ______-soluble vitamins.
fat; water
Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are
filtered and excreted by the kidneys.
Functions of potassium in the body include
fluid balance.
A deficiency of ______ results in megaloblastic anemia because of its role in DNA synthesis.
folate
Neural tube defects may result from a deficiency of ______ during pregnancy.
folate
To cope with the increased demands of cell division, the RDA for ______ increases by 50% during pregnancy.
folate
The neural tube of the developing fetus closes within the first 28 days after conception. Meeting dietary needs for ______ reduces the risk for neural tube defects.
folic acid
For optimal health, get your phytochemicals from
foods, not dietary supplements
Food sources for obtaining vitamin D include
fortified milk. salmon.
For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include
fortified orange juice. fortified tofu. fortified soy milk.
When a person experiences oxidative stress, production of ______ in the body is high.
free radicals
The DASH diet is low in fat and sodium, but rich in
fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy.
Points to consider when choosing a multivitamin and mineral supplement include
full list of ingredients. how the supplement balances with other sources of nutrients (e.g., highly fortified foods). % Daily Value of each nutrient. cost and availability.
Controlling high blood pressure is important as it helps to prevent
heart disease.
Vitamins can be destroyed by
heat, light, and exposure to oxygen
A person with ______ may suffer organ damage as a result of excessive iron absorption.
hemochromatosis
The iron-containing protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood is
hemoglobin
Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.
hip
The functions of vitamin B-6 include
homocysteine metabolism. synthesis of neurotransmitters. synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a
hormone.
When too much sodium is consumed, the kidney excretes more sodium in the urine. As the kidneys excrete more sodium into urine, fluid losses in urine
increase.
When children have fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration, they are at ______ risk for dehydration.
increased
Folate requirements during pregnancy increases by 50% to accommodate
increased rates of cell division. increased rates of DNA synthesis.
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that
increases absorption of iron
For sodium-sensitive individuals, as sodium intake increases, blood pressure
increases.
After age 30, the rate of bone resorption ______ and the rate of bone synthesis ______.
increases; decreases
Absorption of calcium is increased during
infancy. pregnancy.
Having the skin turn yellow-orange, particularly the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (called hypercarotenemia) is caused by _____.
infants consuming large amounts of squash taking pills containing beta-carotene (>30 mg/day) consuming large amounts of carrots
The thyroid gland uses ______ to synthesize thyroid hormones.
iodine
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of the mineral ______.
iron
Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?
iron
Which of the following minerals is the most common deficiency in the world?
iron
Ben is a 56-year-old man who takes acid-reducing medications to treat a stomach ulcer. At his yearly check-up, he reports unusual fatigue, cold hands and feet, and difficulty concentrating on tasks at work. He most like has a deficiency of
iron.
A folate deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk for birth defects because folate
is needed for the proper development of the neural tube in the fetus.
Vitamin B-12 is important for neurological health because it
is required for formation of myelin.
Vitamin E is implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cataracts, and cardiovascular disease, because
it can prevent oxidative damage.
The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is
kyphosis.
Megadoses of niacin are sometimes used to lower blood lipids in patients with cardiovascular disease. A risk of chronically exceeding the UL for niacin is damage to the
liver. GI tract.
A person with dark skin would need a ______ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize vitamin D.
longer
Children are at increased risk for iron deficiency because of their
low dietary intake of iron-rich foods. increased iron needs to support growth.
Nicotinic acid has been promoted as a natural method to
lower blood lipids, including LDL cholesterol.
Attaining ______ peak bone mass ______ the risk of ultimately developing osteoporosis.
lower; increases higher; decreases
Older adults are at greater risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency due to
lowered production of stomach acid. reduced output of intrinsic factor.
Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, so the nuclei of immature red blood cells are unable to divide and the cells grow larger than normal. This condition is called ______ anemia.
macrocytic
Folate deficiency results in ______ anemia.
megaloblastic
Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with
milk allergies. inadequate sun exposure. vegan diets.
Compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain
more magnesium. more vitamin E. more fiber.
Megadoses of a form of ______ may be used as part of pharmacological therapy to lower blood lipids.
niacin
The coenzyme forms of ______ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein.
niacin
It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are
not stored in the body to any great extent. readily excreted from the body via urine.
Rank the following lifestyle factors in order of their contribution to the development of hypertension (most influential at the top of the list).
obesity inactivity excessive alcohol intake excessive salt intake
The #1 lifestyle factor related to hypertension is
obesity.
Cells that synthesize new bone are
osteoblasts
Even before osteoporosis is diagnosed, many older adults have low bone mineral density, known as
osteopenia.
Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from
overuse of supplemental vitamin D.
Functions of red blood cells include
oxygen transport from lungs to tissues. carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lungs.
Dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as
pellagra.
Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of
phosphorus. calcium.
health-promoting compounds found in plant foods
phytochemicals
Which food sources are naturally higher in vitamin E?
plant
Free radicals damage the ______ in cell membranes.
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Name the minerals that may help to lower blood pressure.
potassium magnesium calcium
Antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by
reducing cell damage from free radicals.
In the process of bone remodeling, osteoclasts
release minerals into the blood. break down bone tissue.
As perspiration evaporates, heat energy is
released from body.
Arrange the following foods in order from highest (at the top) to lowest (at the bottom) vitamin D content.
salmon milk egg butter
The deficiency disease for vitamin C is called ______.
scurvy
Possible side effects of high intake levels of vitamin A-yielding carotenoids include
skin that becomes yellow-orange in color.
Due to its impact on estrogen synthesis, ______ is detrimental to bone health.
smoking
Experts recommend limiting ______ intake to reduce the risk of hypertension.
sodium
The major positively charged ion in extracellular fluid is
sodium.
Typically, adults are at low risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency because
some vitamin B-12 is stored in the liver. meats and dairy products supply plenty of vitamin B-12.
Which of the following are good sources of vitamin C?
strawberries peppers citrus fruits
Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?
strength training
If high blood pressure goes untreated, what are the possible outcomes?
stroke heart disease kidney disease
The body's needs for niacin are met by
synthesis from tryptophan. food sources.
Exercise is beneficial for bone health because
the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.
Nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because
the germ, bran, and husk are discarded.
All women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because
the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant.
Infants are given an injection of Vitamin K at birth because
their intestines lack enough bacteria to produce Vitamin K.
Chronic use of antibiotics can affect blood health because
they destroy microorganisms in the large intestine that synthesize vitamin K.
Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of
thiamin
The B vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is
thiamin
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a result of ______ deficiency commonly seen among people who abuse alcohol.
thiamin
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.
toxicity
True or false: Taking high-dose supplements of trace minerals, such as iron, can lead to toxicity and dangerous, potentially life-threatening consequences.
true
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a
vitamin
Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.
vitamin
Because of ample storage of this vitamin, it can take up to 20 years on a diet free of ______ to develop signs of deficiency.
vitamin B-12
Lack of intrinsic factor or stomach acid may lead to a deficiency of ______ despite adequate dietary intakes of this nutrient.
vitamin B-12
The coenzyme form of ______ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism.
vitamin B-6
Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?
vitamin D
The fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin responsible for protecting cell membranes by helping to stop damage by free radicals is
vitamin E.
Hyponatremia occurs when too much ______ is consumed.
water
If the extracellular fluid is hypertonic to the intracellular fluid,
water will move out of the cell.
Certain population groups may benefit from a vitamin or mineral supplement. Match each population group with an appropriate supplement.
women of childbearing age = folic acid newborn babies = vitamin k adults with lactose intolerance = calcium and vitamin D women with heavy menstrual periods = iron
The DASH diet recommends ______ servings of fruit per day.
4 to 5
The human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ____ mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin.
60
Evaporation of 1 quart of perspiration releases about ______ kilocalories of heat energy from the body.
600
What percent of the body's potassium is found in the intracellular fluids?
95%
Mary is experiencing all the symptoms of a vitamin B-12 deficiency even though she is consuming a diet high in vitamin B-12. What might be the cause of her deficiency symptoms?
A lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.
When considering a multivitamin and mineral supplement, which of the following should you select?
A supplement with less than the Upper Level for any nutrients
Name the fat-soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin
D
The initiation of cancer begins with a mutation in the ____
DNA
Which of the following are rich sources of iodine?
Dairy products Processed meats
Which of the following situations may cause anemia?
Decrease in red blood cell production Decrease in hemoglobin production Significant blood loss
Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?
Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.
What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?
Eat a variety of whole plant foods
What was the first treatment for scurvy in 1740?
2 oranges and 1 lemon a day
Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.
30%
Which two of the following ions predominate in intracellular fluid?
Potassium Phosphate
Which of the following groups of individuals likely needs a dietary supplement to maintain good nutritional status?
Anyone on a calorie-restricted diet Pregnant women Adults over age 50
How is iron absorbed?
As needed
Individuals from which two of the following population groups are at the highest risk for developing osteoporosis?
Asian Caucasian
Alcoholics tend to have impaired absorption of which of the following vitamins?
B vitamins
The water-soluble vitamins include
B vitamins and vitamin C
Why is higher bone mineral density at age 25 predictive of better bone health at age 65?
Beginning adulthood with high bone mineral density lessens the impact of inevitable age-related bone loss. Minerals provide strength and structure to withstand fractures.
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
Blood clotting Muscle function Bone building
Which of the following are rich sources of antioxidants?
Blueberries Squash Oranges
What are secondary functions of iron within the human body?
Brain function Immune function Part of many enzymes
______ is abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA.
Cancer
______, which are compounds found in fruits and vegetables, lessen the risk of macular degeneration and cataracts.
Carotenoids
Where is most of vitamin E found within the body?
Cell membrane Adipose tissue
Which of the following foods and beverages are rich sources of sodium?
Chicken noodle soup, canned, 1 cup Ham, sliced, 1 ounce Pepperoni pizza, 2 slices
Select the dietary changes a person could make to increase iron absorption.
Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.
What is the main diet-cancer risk factor?
Excess calories
The consumer is ultimately responsible for protecting himself when using dietary supplements because the ______ cannot regulate supplements as closely as it regulates drugs.
FDA
True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.
False
True or false: Milk alternatives are now widely available, but decreasing in popularity.
False, increasing in popularity
Which of the following is the largest source of water for the body for a healthy adult?
Fluid consumed in the form of beverages.
Which B vitamin is important in DNA synthesis?
Folate
Which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin C in the body?
Fruits and vegetables
Identify the sources of vitamin K.
Green, leafy vegetables Plant oils
What substance produced by the digestive system is necessary in order to absorb Vitamin B-12?
Intrinsic factor
What is the relationship between folate and vitamin B-12?
High levels of folate can mask a vitamin B-12 deficiency.
Which of the following are possible outcomes associated with dehydration?
Increased fatigue Increased thirst Increased muscle weakness
Who is at the greatest risk for developing osteoporosis?
Slender, inactive women who smoke
What is the best food source for iodine?
Iodized salt, 1/2 tsp
Which of the following are potential outcomes of excessive calcium intakes?
Kidney stones Kidney failure Calcification of soft tissue
Which of the following are functions of water?
Lubricates joints Maintains body temperature Medium for chemical reactions
What is the leading cause of legal blindness among North American adults over the age of 65?
Macular degeneration
Select ways in which a person can help prevent osteoporosis.
Maintaining a healthy body weight Conducting weight-bearing exercise Consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
What is the main source of heme iron?
Meat
Which of the following population groups are at increased risk for iron deficiency?
Menstruating women Pregnant women Picky preschool children
Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?
Minerals Vitamins Amino acids
Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as
Potassium performs many of the same functions as sodium, such as
Which of the following are transported by hemoglobin?
O2 CO2
Which type of bone cell breaks down bone tissue and releases calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium into the blood?
Osteoclasts
______ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.
Osteoporosis
To be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?
Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms. The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health.
______ describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses.
Oxidative stress
Identify three food sources of thiamin.
Pork Whole grains Enriched flour
Which of the following are good food sources of potassium?
Plain yogurt, 1 cup Baked potato with skin, 1 medium Acorn squash, 1 cup
What are the two main sources of sodium in typical American diets?
Processed foods Preparation of foods in restaurants
Which of the following are defining characteristics of vitamins?
Prolonged absence of the compound from the diet produces deficiency symptoms. The body is unable to synthesize enough of the substance to maintain health.
Which two food groups supply the most thiamin in the typical American diet?
Protein foods Grains
Which of the following population groups should be monitored closely for dehydration?
Sick children Older adults Endurance athletes with increased perspiration
What is the major positive ion outside cells in extracellular fluid, and a key factor for retaining body water?
Sodium
Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
Sodium Calcium Iron
Which are items that can influence the color of urine?
Supplements Food Medications
Which of the following are functions of vitamin C?
Synthesis of bone tissue Wound healing
Select the primary function of iodine.
Thyroid hormone synthesis
What is the easiest way to determine if you are drinking enough water?
To observe the color of your urine.
Which of the following are good food sources of vitamin E?
Total Raisin Bran cereal, 1 cup Dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon
Excessive alcohol intake contributes to osteoporosis.
True
True or false: Drinking too much water is just as dangerous as drinking too little water.
True
True or false: If a person is severely dehydrated, a coma may result.
True
True or false: Older adults are encouraged to seek a synthetic Vitamin B-12 source to aid absorption.
True
True or false: Sodium is an electrolyte.
True
True or false: The signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include pale skin, fatigue upon exertion, and poor temperature regulation.
True
True or false: Tofu can be a good source of calcium for vegetarians.
True
True or false: Using dietary supplement brands approved by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) lessens the risk of consuming supplements contaminated with harmful substances.
True
When selecting a dietary supplement, the ______ on the package label is an indication that the product has been tested for strength, quality, and purity.
USP symbol
Which of the following accounts for the highest volume of fluids lost per day for a healthy adult?
Urine
Which of the following MyPlate food groups provides the most vitamin K?
Vegetables
The stomach produces the intrinsic factor that is necessary in order to absorb which vitamin?
Vitamin B-12
______ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells.
Vitamin B-12
Which vitamin aids in the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
Which vitamin is given as an injection to infants at birth due to the inability of the bacteria in the intestines to produce enough?
Vitamin K
______ is necessary for activation of clotting factors that promote blood coagulation.
Vitamin K
Factors that affect the ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D include
age. skin color.
The primary function of iron is to
aid in oxygen transportation.
Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they
aid in the function of activating enzymes.
People who abuse alcohol are prone to thiamin deficiency because
alcoholics tend to have low-quality diets. alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin. alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine.
Which of the following are nondairy milk beverages?
almond milk rice milk coconut milk soy milk
The fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus during development is called ______ fluid.
amniotic
Kyphosis is
an abnormal bending of the spine.
Children are frequently victims of iron poisoning because
an iron supplement can look a lot like candy. a single large dose of iron can be life threatening. dietary supplements may be stored in areas that are accessible to children.
Vitamin B-12 is found naturally in foods of ______ origin.
animal
Heme iron is found in
animal flesh.
A deficiency of vitamin B-6 leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia. This means that the red blood cells
are small in size. have pale color.
Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is a problem because they
are stored by the body.
The bone loss normally associated with aging does not necessarily result in osteoporosis as long as a person has
attained high peak bone mass.
In addition to the vitamin K from our diet, vitamin K is also obtained from
bacteria in our intestines.
The red blood cells of a folate-deficient person differ from a healthy person by
becoming very large and unable to divide due to the lack of DNA.
A person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as
beriberi
The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its
bioavailability
Vitamin K and calcium work together to prevent
blood loss
Osteopenia is diagnosed when
bone mineral density is below normal.
A good indicator of bone strength is
bone mineral density.
Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.
bones
The best way to prevent osteoporosis is to
build dense bones during the first 30 years of life and then minimize bone loss later in life.
The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?
calcium
When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include
calcium deposits in organs. gastrointestinal distress.
Free radicals can damage the DNA inside cells, which directs how cells grow and develop. This damage is particularly influential in the development of
cancer
The thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from
carbohydrates
To improve intake of antioxidant nutrients,
choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables.
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should
choose more fruits and vegetables.
A compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme is called a(n)
coenzyme.
Vitamin C is needed for the production of which protein?
collagen
The dense, compact ______ bone tissue comprises 80% of adult bone mass, whereas the less dense, lattice-like ______ bone tissue accounts for about 20% of adult bone mass.
cortical; trabecular
