Unit 4, 78 questions

D It is unclear whether more people support legislation to reduce carbon emissions than oppose it.

In 2014, a poll reported that 51 percent of Americans support legislation to reduce carbon emissions, while 47 percent oppose it. The reported margin of sampling error was +/- 4 percent. Which of the following inferences can be made from the poll? A More people support legislation to reduce carbon emissions than oppose it. B More states are passing laws to reduce carbon emissions. C A majority of people under 35 years of age support legislation to reduce carbon emissions. D It is unclear whether more people support legislation to reduce carbon emissions than oppose it.

A Liberty versus stability and order

In May of 2015, a federal appeals court ruled that the National Security Agency's collection of Americans' phone records was in violation of the USA PATRIOT Act. Which of the following debates is at the center of the national conversation regarding the surveillance program referred to in this scenario? A Liberty versus stability and order B Majority rule versus minority rights C States' rights versus federal authority D Common good versus freedom of expression

D The company wanted to ensure that the sample of the population was truly random.

In a public opinion poll, a polling company used an online survey tool to randomly contact respondents who did not have telephone lines in addition to contacting people over the phone. Which of the following best explains this decision? A The company saved money because it did not need to hire as many telephone interviewers to conduct the poll. B The company was establishing a benchmark poll at the beginning of a campaign. C The company was interested in asking different questions to different individuals. D The company wanted to ensure that the sample of the population was truly random.

B Whether or not there was a decrease in support for the Federal Reserve after the 2008 financial crisis

Source: Cato Institute, 2017. The data in the line graph would be least useful to a researcher interested in finding out which of the following? A Whether or not there are ideological differences in regards to job approval of the Federal Reserve B Whether or not there was a decrease in support for the Federal Reserve after the 2008 financial crisis C The percentage of people who identify as conservative who believe the Federal Reserve caused the 2008 financial crisis D If the Federal Reserve was an institution broadly supported by liberals

D Most who identify as very conservative believe that the Federal Reserve should be abolished.

Source: Cato Institute, 2017. Which of the following descriptions is the information on the line graph too limited to support? A The more conservative an individual is, the less likely he or she is to believe that the Federal Reserve helps to stabilize the economy. B The more liberal an individual is, the more likely he or she is to believe that the Federal Reserve helps stabilize the economy. C About half of those who identify as very liberal believe that the Federal Reserve helped stabilize the economy. D Most who identify as very conservative believe that the Federal Reserve should be abolished.

C The line graph does not illustrate differences along party lines regarding the perception of the Federal Reserve.

Source: Cato Institute, 2017. Which of the following statements accurately explains a limitation of the line graph? A The line graph does not take into account the views of those who identify as moderate. B It is difficult to tell what the relationship is between ideology and the perception of the Federal Reserve. C The line graph does not illustrate differences along party lines regarding the perception of the Federal Reserve. D It is difficult to tell if there is a relationship between the two survey questions on the Federal Reserve.

C Major political events affecting political attitudes

Source: Pew Research Center, 2014 Which of the following serves as an explanation for the differences between generations in voting patterns? A Regional political party realignment B Shifting issue networks C Major political events affecting political attitudes D Changes in political party mobilization techniques

E The gender gap among those who identified with the Republican party was narrowest for those between 25 and 34 years of age.

*Republican Party Identification in 1984* The chart above supports which of the following conclusions? A A majority of the men polled identified with the Republican party. B More men than women voted for Ronald Reagan in 1984. C The younger a man was, the more likely he was to identify himself as a Democrat. D The Geraldine Ferraro vice-presidential candidacy caused many formerly Republican women to identify with the Democrats. E The gender gap among those who identified with the Republican party was narrowest for those between 25 and 34 years of age.

C Republicans are more likely than Democrats to believe that there should be fewer regulations on businesses to promote economic growth and increase wages.

*Views on the size of Government Services, by Gender, Income, and Party* Which of the following statements is consistent with data shown in the bar graph? A Men are more likely than women to believe that there should be an increase in government spending to provide social services for the elderly. B Conservatives are more likely than liberals to believe that spending on public transportation should be increased to connect citizens to employment opportunities. C Republicans are more likely than Democrats to believe that there should be fewer regulations on businesses to promote economic growth and increase wages. D Those with higher incomes are more likely than those with lower incomes to believe that education spending should be a federal responsibility to guarantee that each citizen has an equal chance at success.

D Exit Poll: Responses can be used to judge election results before the official count is obtained. Tracking Poll: The poll is conducted over time to obtain information about changes in public opinion.

::Which of the following is an accurate comparison of an exit poll and a tracking poll? a ) Exit Poll: The poll is conducted immediately after voting occurs. Tracking Poll: Nonrandom sampling techniques are used to choose respondents to take part in the poll. b)Exit Poll: Respondents are assembled to participate in a discussion led by the polling company. Tracking Poll: Tracking polls are used to gauge presidential approval ratings over time. c) Exit Poll: The poll allows both voters and nonvoters to participate. Tracking Poll: The poll is conducted in a way that does not ensure that the opinions are representative of the larger population. d) Exit Poll: Responses can be used to judge election results before the official count is obtained. Tracking Poll: The poll is conducted over time to obtain information about changes in public opinion.

A The type of information given in a poll question can affect how individuals respond.

A 2013 YouGov poll question asked, "President Obama says the 1975 Public Affairs Act should be repealed. Do you agree or disagree?" The results showed that 13 percent of Democrats agreed and 39 percent of Republicans disagreed. However, the 1975 Public Affairs Act is fictitious. Which of the following is illustrated by the scenario? A The type of information given in a poll question can affect how individuals respond. B Public opinion polls can serve as a source of public support for elected officials. C Sampling techniques that use small sample sizes usually produce more reliable results. D When the question wording is accurate, there is no margin of error.

A an exit poll

A media organization is interested in reporting election results in a congressional election prior to the final tally of votes which will not occur until later in the evening. The organization randomly selects several polling places across the district asking voters whom they voted for. The type of poll being used in this scenario is known as A an exit poll B a benchmark poll C an opinion poll D a tracking poll

c Increasing federal spending programs to improve transportation systems

A member of Congress who advocates for a more Keynesian approach to solving a recession will likely support which of the following policies? A Lowering taxes on the wealthy to increase business investment B Doing nothing and letting the recession work itself out C Increasing federal spending programs to improve transportation systems D Increasing interest rates to stimulate the economy

C Individualism

A person loses his job and refuses to accept any government assistance to get back on his feet, instead relying on savings and seeking a new job immediately. Which of the following core values would this person most relate to? A Rule of law B Free enterprise C Individualism D Equality of opportunity

A Sample people who have cell phones, in addition to those with landlines.

A polling firm tried to predict the results of an election by sampling 1,000 adults within a state for two days prior to the election, using landline telephones of likely voters. After the election, the firm found that their poll results were not close to the actual election results. Which of the following recommendations would be the best for the firm to follow in the future? A Sample people who have cell phones, in addition to those with landlines. B Conduct the survey over a one-day period rather than two days. C Adjust the results if the sample includes more people from one party than another. D Use an Internet-based poll that encourages people to vote online for their preferred candidate.

B the balance of promoting stability and ensuring civil liberties

A state government places security cameras facing a popular site of protest in a public square in front of its statehouse. This scenario illustrates A how political attitudes quickly shift in the United States B the balance of promoting stability and ensuring civil liberties C the free-rider problem of organizing a civil rights protests D the impact of globalization on individual political attitudes

D Framing of question

Agree-Disagree v. Forced Choice Questions Agree-Disagree The best way to ensure peace is through military strength. (55% agree, 42% disagree) Forced Choice The best way to ensure peace is through military strength (33%) OR Diplomacy is the best way to ensure peace (55%) Based on the information provided, which of the following most likely explains the difference in result of the two polls? A Margin of error B Sampling method C Type of poll D Framing of question

A Questions that use the agree-disagree format increase the percentage of respondents who agree with the primary statement.

Agree-Disagree v. Forced Choice Questions Agree-Disagree The best way to ensure peace is through military strength. (55% agree, 42% disagree) Forced Choice The best way to ensure peace is through military strength (33%) OR Diplomacy is the best way to ensure peace (55%) Based on the outcome of the polls, which of the following is likely true about questions that use the agree-disagree format? A Questions that use the agree-disagree format increase the percentage of respondents who agree with the primary statement. B Questions that use the agree-disagree format create confusion about what is being asked. C Questions that use the agree-disagree format reduce support for the public policy that is being surveyed. D Questions that use the agree-disagree promote considerations of other perspectives.

C Using an agree-or-disagree format encourages respondents to agree with the position.

Agree-Disagree v. Forced Choice Questions Agree-Disagree The best way to ensure peace is through military strength. (55% agree, 42% disagree) Forced Choice The best way to ensure peace is through military strength (33%) OR Diplomacy is the best way to ensure peace (55%) Which of the following is the best conclusion a polling group might draw from the results of the two polls? A Including loaded phrases such as "military strength" in questions skews the results of the poll. B Asking the same question twice biases respondents, encouraging them to change their position. C Using an agree-or-disagree format encourages respondents to agree with the position. D A majority of Americans support using military force to ensure peace.

D equality of outcome

All of the following are traditional political values held by most Americans EXCEPT A individual freedom B representative democracy C equality of opportunity D equality of outcome E due process of law

E Ecnomic Equality

American political culture is characterized by strong popular support for all of the following EXCEPT A the rule of law B limited government C individual liberty D equality of opportunity E economic equality

C less trusting of governmental institutions and leaders

An important change in political culture since 1950 is that United States citizens have become A more likely to believe that their actions can influence government policy B more trusting of nongovernmental institutions and leaders C less trusting of governmental institutions and leaders D less supportive of school integration E less likely to think of themselves as ideologically moderate

A 35%

Based on the line graph, what percentage of people surveyed attended church weekly in 1990 ? A 35% B 30% C 25% D 15%

B In 1972, more people surveyed reported attending church weekly than reported attending rarely or never.

Based on the line graph, which of the following statements about church attendance in 1972 is true? A In 1972, about 30% of people surveyed reported attending church monthly or less. B In 1972, more people surveyed reported attending church weekly than reported attending rarely or never. C In 1972, most people surveyed reported attending church yearly. D In 1972, more people surveyed reported attending church yearly than reported attending weekly.

C bring the opposition's opinions into alignment with those of the candidate

Candidates for political office use public opinion polls for all of the following purposes EXCEPT to A assess recognition of the candidate's name B measure voters' support for the candidate's issues C bring the opposition's opinions into alignment with those of the candidate D fine-tune policy stands E identify key issues among the voters

A of their parents

Children are most likely to adopt the party identification A of their parents B of the president C of their friends D of their teachers E endorsed by the media

C The number of House members between the most liberal Republican and the most conservative Democrat decreased between 1982 and 2012.

Ideological Composition of the House of Representatives Source: Public Opinion Strategies Which of the following statements represents a trend supported by the data in the bar graph? A Both party caucuses in the House consisted of more moderate members in 2012 than in 2002. B The Republican caucus consisted of more ideologically conservative members in 1982 than in 2012. C The number of House members between the most liberal Republican and the most conservative Democrat decreased between 1982 and 2012. D The party caucuses in the Senate are more ideologically diverse than those in the House of Representatives.

C an increase in federal spending on public education and more programs aimed at helping lower-income communities

In many places, classrooms are overcrowded and curricula are outdated. Most of our qualified teachers are underpaid, and many of our paid teachers are unqualified. So we must give every child a place to sit and a teacher to learn from. Poverty must not be a bar to learning, and learning must offer an escape from poverty. But more classrooms and more teachers are not enough. We must seek an educational system which grows in excellence as it grows in size. This means better training for our teachers. It means preparing youth to enjoy their hours of leisure as well as their hours of labor. It means exploring new techniques of teaching, to find new ways to stimulate the love of learning and the capacity for creation. . . . . . . While our Government has many programs directed at those issues, I do not pretend that we have the full answer to those problems. But I do promise this: We are going to assemble the best thought and the broadest knowledge from all over the world to find those answers for America. I intend to establish working groups to prepare a series of White House conferences and meetings . . . on the quality of education, and on other emerging challenges. And from these meetings and from this inspiration and from these studies we will begin to set our course toward the Great Society. The solution to these problems does not rest on a massive program in Washington, nor can it rely solely on the strained resources of local authority. They require us to create new concepts of cooperation, a creative federalism, between the National Capital and the leaders of local communities. President Lyndon B. Johnson, May 22, 1964 A liberal response to the "strained resources" of local government most likely would include A a reduction of federal income taxes so that state and local governments can use those resources B less fe

A Free market principles influence American political culture as well as the cultures of other countries.

Just beyond the horizon of current events lie two possible political futures—both bleak, neither democratic. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe—a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths against every kind of interdependence, every kind of artificial social cooperation and civic mutuality. The second is being borne in on us by the onrush of economic and ecological forces that demand integration and uniformity and that mesmerize the world with fast music, fast computers, and fast food—with MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's, pressing nations into one commercially homogeneous global network: one McWorld tied together by technology, ecology, communications, and commerce. The planet is falling precipitantly apart and coming reluctantly together at the very same moment. Benjamin Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," 1992 Based on your knowledge of United States government and politics, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree? A Free market principles influence American political culture as well as the cultures of other countries. B The United States is moving toward a single religion while other countries become more religiously fragmented. C Capitalism has little influence beyond the borders of the United States because of retribalization in other countries. D Citizens in the United States have witnessed a decline in civil liberties because of the similarities between the two major parties.

A The United States engages in free trade agreements, which leads to the export of American businesses and influences the culture of foreign countries.

Just beyond the horizon of current events lie two possible political futures—both bleak, neither democratic. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe—a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths against every kind of interdependence, every kind of artificial social cooperation and civic mutuality. The second is being borne in on us by the onrush of economic and ecological forces that demand integration and uniformity and that mesmerize the world with fast music, fast computers, and fast food—with MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's, pressing nations into one commercially homogeneous global network: one McWorld tied together by technology, ecology, communications, and commerce. The planet is falling precipitantly apart and coming reluctantly together at the very same moment. Benjamin Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," 1992 Which of the following is the best example of the "McWorld" phenomenon described in the passage? A The United States engages in free trade agreements, which leads to the export of American businesses and influences the culture of foreign countries. B Private religious schools in the United States educate students alongside public secular schools. C Market forces set the prices on a variety of goods sold in and outside the United States, increasing global poverty abroad. D The increase in economic interdependence leads to a reduction of war and regional conflict.

B The world is becoming more globally united but also more aware of cultural differences, which may lead to conflict.

Just beyond the horizon of current events lie two possible political futures—both bleak, neither democratic. The first is a retribalization of large swaths of humankind by war and bloodshed: a threatened Lebanonization of national states in which culture is pitted against culture, people against people, tribe against tribe—a Jihad in the name of a hundred narrowly conceived faiths against every kind of interdependence, every kind of artificial social cooperation and civic mutuality. The second is being borne in on us by the onrush of economic and ecological forces that demand integration and uniformity and that mesmerize the world with fast music, fast computers, and fast food—with MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's, pressing nations into one commercially homogeneous global network: one McWorld tied together by technology, ecology, communications, and commerce. The planet is falling precipitantly apart and coming reluctantly together at the very same moment. Benjamin Barber, "Jihad vs. McWorld," 1992 Which of the following is the best summary of the author's argument? A The expansion of democracy is seen as the primary cause of political conflict in the world. B The world is becoming more globally united but also more aware of cultural differences, which may lead to conflict. C The threat of terrorism requires cooperation, which is nearly impossible to achieve. D Consumers in other parts of the world are less excited about American commercial products such as MTV, Macintosh, and McDonald's.

C the family

Of the following, the most important role in the political socialization of children is played by A their peer groups B their places of worship C the family D the media E the school

A Citizens should not let their fear of another terror attack override the country's ability to adhere to the civil liberties protections outlined in the Constitution.

One of the principal effects of 9/11 was instilling in Americans a fear that their personal security was at greater risk than ever before. Many aspects of the post-9/11 world are indeed new, but the fear it evokes echoes that felt by prior generations. At times the country has met those fears while still holding fast to its core democratic principles. Other times, fear has overruled American principles, especially the protection of individual freedoms. The most important legacy of the American experience following 9/11 will not be the novelty of fear, but rather how well the country copes with that fear while adhering to its constitutional framework. Given how searing the 9/11 experience was, it is sometimes hard to remember that prior generations of Americans didn't always sleep soundly either. Pearl Harbor is an often-cited example, but it joins many other moments of intense fear in U.S. history. During the 40-plus years of the Cold War, American school children practiced "duck and cover" drills the way today's kids might practice school lock-downs. As a teenage in the 1980s, I joined Sting in hoping we could avert a nuclear holocaust if "the Russians love their children, too." With the collapse of the Soviet Union, other threats in the United States soon appeared: the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Park bombing, to name just a few. During the 1990s, some in the military liked to refer to the United States as a "homeland sanctuary;" after 9/11, many talk about the end of that sanctuary. True, the country has experienced fewer external threats to its population than have most other nations. But it's a misconception to think that the American sense of external threat is new. Kathleen Hicks, "What Will Americans Do About Their Fear of Ter

B Political socialization

One of the principal effects of 9/11 was instilling in Americans a fear that their personal security was at greater risk than ever before. Many aspects of the post-9/11 world are indeed new, but the fear it evokes echoes that felt by prior generations. At times the country has met those fears while still holding fast to its core democratic principles. Other times, fear has overruled American principles, especially the protection of individual freedoms. The most important legacy of the American experience following 9/11 will not be the novelty of fear, but rather how well the country copes with that fear while adhering to its constitutional framework. Given how searing the 9/11 experience was, it is sometimes hard to remember that prior generations of Americans didn't always sleep soundly either. Pearl Harbor is an often-cited example, but it joins many other moments of intense fear in U.S. history. During the 40-plus years of the Cold War, American school children practiced "duck and cover" drills the way today's kids might practice school lock-downs. As a teenage in the 1980s, I joined Sting in hoping we could avert a nuclear holocaust if "the Russians love their children, too." With the collapse of the Soviet Union, other threats in the United States soon appeared: the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Park bombing, to name just a few. During the 1990s, some in the military liked to refer to the United States as a "homeland sanctuary;" after 9/11, many talk about the end of that sanctuary. True, the country has experienced fewer external threats to its population than have most other nations. But it's a misconception to think that the American sense of external threat is new. Kathleen Hicks, "What Will Americans Do About Their Fear of Ter

E Family

Party identification in the United States is most successfully transmitted by which of the following? A Workplace B Church C Educational system D The media E Family

C There are important political and cultural events that can cause the development of lasting political beliefs across groups of people in society.

One of the principal effects of 9/11 was instilling in Americans a fear that their personal security was at greater risk than ever before. Many aspects of the post-9/11 world are indeed new, but the fear it evokes echoes that felt by prior generations. At times the country has met those fears while still holding fast to its core democratic principles. Other times, fear has overruled American principles, especially the protection of individual freedoms. The most important legacy of the American experience following 9/11 will not be the novelty of fear, but rather how well the country copes with that fear while adhering to its constitutional framework. Given how searing the 9/11 experience was, it is sometimes hard to remember that prior generations of Americans didn't always sleep soundly either. Pearl Harbor is an often-cited example, but it joins many other moments of intense fear in U.S. history. During the 40-plus years of the Cold War, American school children practiced "duck and cover" drills the way today's kids might practice school lock-downs. As a teenage in the 1980s, I joined Sting in hoping we could avert a nuclear holocaust if "the Russians love their children, too." With the collapse of the Soviet Union, other threats in the United States soon appeared: the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Park bombing, to name just a few. During the 1990s, some in the military liked to refer to the United States as a "homeland sanctuary;" after 9/11, many talk about the end of that sanctuary. True, the country has experienced fewer external threats to its population than have most other nations. But it's a misconception to think that the American sense of external threat is new. Kathleen Hicks, "What Will Americans Do About Their Fear of Ter

A The Democratic Congress passes legislation that strengthens the role of the national government in determining how school choice programs would be most equitably implemented in each state.

Parents have the greatest stake in the outcome of their child's education. Accordingly, they should also have the power to make sure their child is getting the right education. As Deven Carlson points out, there is little constituency in America for the top-down reforms that have been tried time and again. In order for any reform to truly work, it must attract and maintain the support of the people. I have seen such support for parental empowerment. The more parents exercise it, the more they like it. This growing support is why states are responding to that demand one by one. . . . Equal access to a quality education should be a right for every American and every parent should have the right to choose how their child is educated. Government exists to protect those rights, not usurp them. So let's face it: the opponents of [school choice] could repeal every voucher law, close every charter school, and defund every choice program across the country. But school choice still wouldn't go away. There would still be school choice . . . for the affluent and the powerful. Let's empower the forgotten parents to decide where their children go to school. Let's show some humility and trust all parents to know their kids' needs better than we do. Betsy DeVos, Secretary of Education, January 16, 2018 If the national government were united under a Democratic Congress and a Democratic president, which action would they most likely take in response to the goals expressed in the passage? A The Democratic Congress passes legislation that strengthens the role of the national government in determining how school choice programs would be most equitably implemented in each state. B A Democratic president issues an executive order that gives control over the use of vouchers for school choice to the state level and decreases state C A Democrat

C They would vote for a greater role for the national government in education policy to limit school choice policies at the state level.

Parents have the greatest stake in the outcome of their child's education. Accordingly, they should also have the power to make sure their child is getting the right education. As Deven Carlson points out, there is little constituency in America for the top-down reforms that have been tried time and again. In order for any reform to truly work, it must attract and maintain the support of the people. I have seen such support for parental empowerment. The more parents exercise it, the more they like it. This growing support is why states are responding to that demand one by one. . . . Equal access to a quality education should be a right for every American and every parent should have the right to choose how their child is educated. Government exists to protect those rights, not usurp them. So let's face it: the opponents of [school choice] could repeal every voucher law, close every charter school, and defund every choice program across the country. But school choice still wouldn't go away. There would still be school choice . . . for the affluent and the powerful. Let's empower the forgotten parents to decide where their children go to school. Let's show some humility and trust all parents to know their kids' needs better than we do. Betsy DeVos, Secretary of Education, January 16, 2018 Which is the most likely action a Republican in Congress would take regarding policies supported by the author in the passage? A They would vote against a bill advocating for state involvement in school choice to lessen the role of the national government in education policy. B They would vote for a greater role for the national government in education policy to limit school choice policies at the state level. C They would vote for a greater role for the national government in education policy to limit school choice policies D They woul

A Parents should be involved in decisions about where their children go to school.

Parents have the greatest stake in the outcome of their child's education. Accordingly, they should also have the power to make sure their child is getting the right education. As Deven Carlson points out, there is little constituency in America for the top-down reforms that have been tried time and again. In order for any reform to truly work, it must attract and maintain the support of the people. I have seen such support for parental empowerment. The more parents exercise it, the more they like it. This growing support is why states are responding to that demand one by one. . . . Equal access to a quality education should be a right for every American and every parent should have the right to choose how their child is educated. Government exists to protect those rights, not usurp them. So let's face it: the opponents of [school choice] could repeal every voucher law, close every charter school, and defund every choice program across the country. But school choice still wouldn't go away. There would still be school choice . . . for the affluent and the powerful. Let's empower the forgotten parents to decide where their children go to school. Let's show some humility and trust all parents to know their kids' needs better than we do. Betsy DeVos, Secretary of Education, January 16, 2018 Which of these statements reflects the message the author believes is most important about education? A Parents should be involved in decisions about where their children go to school. B The national government should take greater control in deciding where students should go to school C School choice will not allow equal access for all students to a quality education D Vouchers will give an unfair advantage to the affluent and the powerful

D political values are passed to the next generation

Political socialization is the process by which A the use of private property is regulated by the government B governments communicate with each other C public attitudes toward government are measured and reported D political values are passed to the next generation E children are trained for successful occupations

A bank interest rates

The activities of the Federal Reserve Board have the most direct influence on A bank interest rates B government spending C oil prices D troop-strength levels of the armed services E availability of scarce minerals

A People with higher incomes are more likely to think of themselves as conservative than are those with lower incomes.

The graph above supports which of the following statements? A People with higher incomes are more likely to think of themselves as conservative than are those with lower incomes. B Americans with incomes under $10,000 are twice as likely to think of themselves as liberal than as conservative. C A majority of people whose incomes fall between $10,000 and $50,000 think of themselves as conservative. D No income group contains more people who think of themselves as liberal than people who think of themselves as conservative. E People with higher incomes are less likely to think of themselves as either liberal or conservative than are those with lower incomes.

C Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

The primary responsibility for determining monetary policy in the United States rests with the A International Monetary Fund B World Bank C Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System D Treasury Department E Comptroller of the Currency

C Government intervention in the free market should be avoided.

The statesman who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to [operate their business] would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume authority which could safely be trusted, not to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who [was so arrogant to think] himself fit to exercise it. To . . . direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals . . . in almost all cases [is] a useless or hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic [industry] can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Which of the following positions on the government's role in the marketplace is most influenced by the idea expressed in the passage? A Economic equality should be the goal of public policy. B Government should use its fiscal powers to address economic cycles. C Government intervention in the free market should be avoided. D A central banking system or federal reserve is necessary to control the money supply.

C The government should not try to regulate manufacturing.

The statesman who should attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to [operate their business] would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume authority which could safely be trusted, not to no single person, but to no council or senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who [was so arrogant to think] himself fit to exercise it. To . . . direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals . . . in almost all cases [is] a useless or hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic [industry] can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Which of the following best summarizes the perspective of Adam Smith in the passage? A A strong centralized government is necessary to maintain economic order. B Lowering taxes increases investment and allows the free market to flourish. C The government should not try to regulate manufacturing. D Civil liberties limit the power of the federal government to regulate the economy.

C The economy is likely the most important issue because it is a broader category that is more open to individual interpretation than both jobs and the budget deficit.

Top Priorities for the President and Congress Survey of 1,503 adults, conducted Jan. 10-15, 2018. Source: Pew Research Center, 2018 Which of the following best explains the data in the line graph? A Between 2012 and 2018, the economy did not grow enough to make economic issues a top priority. B Voters care more about jobs than the budget deficit because there has been an increase in unemployment between 2010 and 2018. C The economy is likely the most important issue because it is a broader category that is more open to individual interpretation than both jobs and the budget deficit. D Complex issues such as the budget deficit receive little attention in the media even though citizens care deeply about them.

A Public policies that create jobs but increase the deficit, such as tax cuts or infrastructure spending, will likely be prioritized over paying down the national debt.

Top Priorities for the President and Congress Survey of 1,503 adults, conducted Jan. 10-15, 2018. Source: Pew Research Center, 2018 Which of the following is a likely public policy result of the data on the line graph? A Public policies that create jobs but increase the deficit, such as tax cuts or infrastructure spending, will likely be prioritized over paying down the national debt. B Bills in Congress that create an economic stimulus through public works projects will pass with bipartisan support. C A program to extend unemployment benefits to more people will likely pass in 2018. D Public policies that pay down the deficit but are harmful to economic growth will likely pass during the next Congress.

D Economic issues were less likely to be discussed in the 2018 midterm elections than in the 2012 presidential elections.

Top Priorities for the President and Congress Survey of 1,503 adults, conducted Jan. 10-15, 2018. Source: Pew Research Center, 2018 Which of the following is likely true about midterm elections that would have taken place in 2018 based on the data in the line graph? A The budget deficit was a bigger issue in the 2018 midterm elections than it was in the 2010 midterm elections. B Members of Congress that were running for reelection in 2018 likely emphasized their record on the budget deficit rather than jobs. C Democrats were more likely than Republicans to vote in the 2018 midterm elections. D Economic issues were less likely to be discussed in the 2018 midterm elections than in the 2012 presidential elections.

C The maps show that states with the lowest corporate tax rate were more likely to vote for the Republican in the 2016 election.

Using both of the maps, which of the following best explains how states with the lowest corporate tax rates voted in the 2016 election? A The maps show that states with the lowest corporate tax rates were more likely to vote for the Democrat in the 2016 election. B The maps show that states with the lowest corporate tax rate had no distinct preference for either the Democrat or the Republican. C The maps show that states with the lowest corporate tax rate were more likely to vote for the Republican in the 2016 election. D The maps show that states with low corporate tax rates were just as likely to vote for the Democrat as they were for the Republican in the 2016 election.

B The maps indicate that states that have high corporate tax rates are more likely to enact liberal policies.

Using both of the maps, which of the following best explains the role that ideology has played in the shaping of corporate tax rates? A The maps indicate that there is no correlation between corporate tax rates and a state's ideology. B The maps indicate that states that have high corporate tax rates are more likely to enact liberal policies. C The maps indicate that states with high corporate tax rates are more likely to hold libertarian positions. D The maps indicate that states with high corporate tax rates do not have an ideological preference.

A The maps show that states with the highest corporate tax rates were more likely to vote for the Democrat in the 2016 election.

Using both the maps, which of the following best explains how states with the highest corporate tax rates voted in the 2016 election? A The maps show that states with the highest corporate tax rates were more likely to vote for the Democrat in the 2016 election. B The maps show that states with the highest corporate tax rates split their votes between the Democrat and the Republican in the 2016 election. C The maps show that states with the highest corporate tax rates were more likely to vote for the Republican in the 2016 election. D The maps show that there was no relationship between high corporate tax rates and which candidate a state was likely to vote for in the 2016 election.

B identify with the parents' party

When a child's parents both identify strongly with the same political party, the child will most likely A identify with the opposing party B identify with the parents' party C have a low sense of political efficacy D become an independent rather than a party identifier E become alienated from the political system

A Silent

Which generation group is most likely to oppose a protest of national symbols or ceremonies? A Silent B Boomer C Generation X D Millennial

A The older the respondents, the more likely they are to identify as patriotic.

Which of the following best describes a trend in the data? A The older the respondents, the more likely they are to identify as patriotic. B Generation X respondents are more likely to be politically active than the Baby-Boomer respondents. C Baby Boomer respondents are the most likely to consider themselves self-reliant. D The younger the respondents, the more likely they are to identify as religious and moral.

A A poll that asks voters at randomly selected voting places whom they voted for so that election results can be predicted more quickly

Which of the following best describes an exit poll? A A poll that asks voters at randomly selected voting places whom they voted for so that election results can be predicted more quickly B A poll conducted by having a computer randomly select phone numbers from around the country C An opinion poll that is used to intentionally sway people's opinions by using false or misleading information in the conversation D A poll that randomly samples a population to capture public opinion at a given time

C Baby-Boomer respondents are more likely to consider themselves idealistic than Generation X respondents.

Which of the following best describes how the generations view themselves in regards to the idealistic trait? A Millennial respondents are the least likely to consider themselves idealistic. B Each group is less likely to identify as idealistic as they get older. C Baby-Boomer respondents are more likely to consider themselves idealistic than Generation X respondents. D Silent Generation respondents are the most likely to consider themselves idealistic.

B A young teenager hears her parents discussing politics around the dinner table, which influences her own views.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates political socialization? A The government establishes a tax policy benefiting lower-income families. B A young teenager hears her parents discussing politics around the dinner table, which influences her own views. C A citizen serves on a jury and receives training on how to apply the law. D A suspect is informed of his rights by an officer who is about to interrogate him.

B It reduces the chances of bills becoming law because the president and the majority party in Congress are from different parties.

Which of the following best explains how partisan differences between the president and Congress affect policymaking in the federal government? A It would weaken the power of congressional party leadership in the House of Representatives because the rules require a majority of members to approve bills. B It reduces the chances of bills becoming law because the president and the majority party in Congress are from different parties. C It leads to fewer bills being introduced into Congress because it is less likely that these bills will make it through politically divided committees. D It reduces the incentive to work across party lines because legislation that is vetoed can be overridden with a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers.

C Conservative—The government should strictly limit its regulation of the marketplace.

Which of the following best matches a political ideology with that ideology's position on the proper role of government in regulating the economy? A Communitarian—The government should regulate monetary policy but not fiscal policy. B Libertarian—Government regulation should increase when the economy is in decline. C Conservative—The government should strictly limit its regulation of the marketplace. D Liberal—The government should not intervene in economic decision-making.

D There are many voters who support Social Security.

Which of the following explains why any attempt to reduce Social Security benefits is difficult? A The Supreme Court has ruled that benefits are constitutionally required. B Interest groups concerned with Social Security are ineffective. C The global economy makes government insurance programs necessary. D There are many voters who support Social Security. E Government cannot predict the number of new retirees each year.

B Congress placing regulations on the marketplace by increasing the minimum wage

Which of the following illustrates an economic policy most likely supported by an ideologically liberal individual? A The Federal Reserve increasing interest rates B Congress placing regulations on the marketplace by increasing the minimum wage C A bill that would decrease funding for the food stamp program D A state lowering income taxes to attract businesses

C Economic equality

Which of the following is NOT a core value of United States political culture? A Legal equality B Political equality C Economic equality D Freedom of religion E Freedom of speech

B The data were collected in a short time frame, which does not reveal full-year trends.

Which of the following is a limitation of the data when drawing a conclusion about the most important problem facing the country in 2017 ? A The results are incomplete, as only 3% of respondents were taken into account when the list was compiled. B The data were collected in a short time frame, which does not reveal full-year trends. C The data were compiled from an exit poll; therefore, the data reflect only the views of registered voters. D Respondents were presented with a list of problems from which they could choose more than one.

A Family

Which of the following is generally the most important agent of political socialization? A Family B The media C Place of birth D Social class

B Selecting a random sample

Which of the following is most important for getting an accurate measure of public opinion in a survey? A Surveying only cell phone users B Selecting a random sample C Asking leading questions D Contacting only registered voters E Conducting the survey online

D The United States Constitution enumerating specific powers to Congress

Which of the following is the best example of the democratic ideal of limited government? A Interest groups lobbying the government to influence legislation on a particular issue B The media covering a confirmation hearing for a potential Supreme Court justice C Citizens voting to elect a new member of the United States Congress D The United States Constitution enumerating specific powers to Congress

D About 54% of people surveyed in 2010 attended church once a year or less.

Which of the following is true about church attendance based on the line graph? A About 30% of people surveyed in 2010 rarely or never attend church. B About 26% of people surveyed in 2010 attended church once a month or less. C About 16% of people surveyed in 2010 attend church about once a year. D About 54% of people surveyed in 2010 attended church once a year or less.

C Education

Which of the following policies involves more state spending than federal spending? A Military policy B Social security C Education D Medicare E Veterans affairs

C The Libertarian Party

Which of the following political parties would be most likely to support little or no regulation in the marketplace beyond the protection of property rights and voluntary trade? A The Green Party B The Republican Party C The Libertarian Party D The Democratic Party

D After a review, the Federal Trade Commission approving a corporate merger of cable providers

Which of the following public policies is best supported by the core value of free enterprise? A The government subsidizing the cost of milk B Congress passing legislation bailing out the automobile industry C Taxpayers funding a national high-speed railway service D After a review, the Federal Trade Commission approving a corporate merger of cable providers

B Securing a national public health care system

Which of the following public policies would Democrats be most likely to support? A Removing regulations in the marketplace B Securing a national public health care system C Reducing national government oversight of education policies in each state D Decreasing mandatory spending for entitlement programs like Medicare

C Reducing national government involvement in education

Which of the following public policies would Republicans be most likely to support? A Increasing government regulations in the market B Increasing oversight of the national government on small businesses C Reducing national government involvement in education D Reducing the role of state governments in health care

C Congress will use the data to suggest that there is support for their legislative proposals.

Which of the following represents the most likely way the information in the table will be used? A The media will use the data to present horse race coverage of elections. B Political action committees (PACs) will use the data to determine which candidates for elected office they will support. C Congress will use the data to suggest that there is support for their legislative proposals. D Social movements will use this data in their legal briefings before the federal courts.

A An individual takes a civics course in school and develops opinions about politics.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the process of political socialization? A An individual takes a civics course in school and develops opinions about politics. B Members of Congress increasingly vote the same way as other members of their party. C A group is able to attract new members by offering access to a broad network of people. D As media choices increase, individuals expand their media consumption to new sources.

B The Ford/Carter "Boomer" generation has voted more consistently Republican than has the Bush/Obama "Millennial" generation.

Which of the following statements draws an accurate comparison from the information graphic? A The Nixon "Boomer" generation was far more likely to vote Democrat when they were eighteen year olds than the Truman "Silent" generation. B The Ford/Carter "Boomer" generation has voted more consistently Republican than has the Bush/Obama "Millennial" generation. C The Roosevelt "Greatest" generation voted Democrat in 2000 but voted Republican in 2006. D The Reagan/Bush "Gen X" generation voted more consistently with the national average than did the Nixon "Boomer" generation.

A The higher the income, the more likely that the person will support smaller government.

Which of the following statements is supported by data in the graph? A The higher the income, the more likely that the person will support smaller government. B Liberals are less likely than conservatives to support bigger government. C A decrease in income is likely to increase the possibility that a person will obtain a college degree. D Women are more likely than men to be in favor of smaller government and fewer government services.