Unit 5: Worlds Entangled 1600-1750

FIRST YEARS AS KING Henry VIII took the throne at age 17 and married Catherine of Aragon six weeks later. Over the next 15 years, while Henry fought three wars with France, Catherine bore him three sons and three daughters, all but one of whom died in infancy. The sole survivor was Mary (later Mary I), born in 1516. Henry was an active king in those years, keeping a festive court, hunting, jousting, writing and playing music. He issued a book-length attack on Martin Luther's church reforms that earned him the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X. But the lack of a male heir—especially after he fathered a healthy illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, in 1519—gnawed at the king. Did Henry agree with Martin Luther's reforms? What does it mean that Henry fathered an illegitimate son?

No; he wrote a book against Martin Luther's church reforms. Henry fathering an illegitimate son means that he had a child out of wedlock. He had a child with someone that was not his wife.

Bartolomé de las Casas

-Witnessed the Spanish atrocities toward the Indigenous people of Hispaniola (enslavement and murder). -When he first arrived in Hispaniola, he enslaved Indigenous people. -Later in his life, he heard a sermon denouncing slavery and spent the rest of his life condeming slavery and trying to convince Spain to end it.

Two principal and general customs have been employed by those, calling themselves Christians, who have passed this way, in extirpating and striking from the face of the earth those suffering nations. The first being unjust, cruel, bloody, and tyrannical warfare. The other after having slain all those who might yearn toward or suspire after or think of freedom, or consider escaping from the torments that they are made to suffer, by which I mean all the native-born lords and adult males, for it is the Spaniards' custom in their wars to allow only young boys and females to live being to oppress them with the hardest, harshest, and most heinous bondage to which men or beasts might ever be bound into. . . . 4. What are they two ways that the Spanish have killed the Native people? 5. Bartolomé de Las Casas is obviously critical of the Spanish treatment of Native people. He repeatedly notes that the Spanish are "calling themselves Christians." Why do you think he points out their faith?

1. Warfare 2. Animals He points out their faith because a commonly known christian "rule" is to love everyone and treat everyone with kindness. And here are these people brutally murdering innocents.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

1491-1556 Founder of the Jesuits Opens schools Sends out missionaries Stop spread of Protestantism

Document A: The Introduction to the 95 Theses (Modified) As a young man, Martin Luther became increasingly bothered by the practice of granting sinners indulgences to buy their way out of punishment for their sins. In 1517, Luther decided to write up his criticisms of indulgences and to send them to the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther's criticisms, known as The 95 Theses Against Indulgences, eventually made their way to the Pope, who responded by attacking Luther and eventually excommunicating him from the Catholic Church. The passage below is an excerpt from the letter Luther sent to the Archbishop of Mainz with the 95 Theses. The grace of God be with you in all its fullness and power! Spare me, Most Reverend Father in Christ and Most Illustrious Prince, that I, the dregs of humanity, have so much boldness that I have dared to think of [writing] a letter to someone of your Sublimity. . . . Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name. I do not bring accusation against the outcries of the preachers, which I have not heard, so much as I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from [the indulgences]. The unhappy souls believe that if they have purchased letters of indulgence they are sure of their salvation. Source: Martin Luther's letter to the Archbishop of Mainz, 1517. Vocabulary illustrious: respected and admired dregs: a worthless part of something sublimity: something of pure beauty or grandeur distinguished: successful and well-respected When was this document written? What was Luther's purpose in writing it? How would you describe Luther's tone in this document? According to this document, why did Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

1517 - his criticisms with the archbishop Calm but objective and quick to the point Because of the "unhappy souls" having to buy salvation

Document B: Against Catholicism (Modified) As Luther gained popularity, some of his followers began to write down things that Luther said in private. These notes were known as Luther's Table Talk and were collected and published in the 1560s. The following is presumed to be from Luther's Table Talk in 1535. The main reason I fell out with the pope was this: the pope boasted that he was the head of the Church, and condemned all that would not be under his power and authority. He said, although Christ is the head of the Church, there must be a physical head of the Church upon earth. With this I could have been content, if he had taught the gospel pure and clear, and not introduced human inventions and lies. Further, he took power, rule, and authority over the Christian Church, and over the Holy Scriptures, the Word of God. No man can explain the Scriptures. The pope did and he made himself lord over the Church, proclaiming [the Church] at the same time a powerful mother, and empress over the Scriptures. This could not be tolerated. Those who, against God's Word, boast of the Church's authority, are mere idiots. The pope gives more power to the Church, which is begotten and born, than to the Word [the Bible], which has conceived, and born the Church. When was this document written? What was Luther's purpose in writing it? How would you describe Luther's tone in this document? According to this document, why did Luther challenge the Catholic Church?

1560s - share luther's opinion of the church More patronizing for sure He thinks they're just idiots who shouldn't run the church

1520- Magellan reaches the Pacific After sailing through the dangerous straits below South America that now bear his name, Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan enters the Pacific Ocean with three ships, becoming the first European explorer to reach the Pacific from the Atlantic. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain in an effort to find a western sea route to the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. In command of five ships and 270 men, Magellan sailed to West Africa and then to Brazil, where he searched the South American coast for a strait that would take him to the Pacific. He searched the Rio de la Plata, a large estuary south of Brazil, for a way through; failing, he continued south along the coast of Patagonia. At the end of March 1520, the expedition set up winter quarters at Port St. Julian. On Easter day at midnight, the Spanish captains mutinied against their Portuguese captain, but Magellan crushed the revolt, executing one of the captains and leaving another ashore when his ship left St. Julian in August. On October 21, he finally discovered the strait he had been seeking. The Strait of Magellan, as it became known, is located near the tip of South America, separating Tierra del Fuego and the continental mainland. Only three ships entered the passage; one had been wrecked and another deserted. It took 38 days to navigate the treacherous strait, and when ocean was sighted at the other end Magellan wept with joy. His fleet accomplished the westward crossing of the ocean in 99 days, crossing waters so strangely calm that the ocean was named "Pacific," from the Latin word pacificus, meaning "tranquil." By the end, the men were out of food and chewed the leather parts of their gear to keep themselves alive. On March 6, 1521, the expedition landed at the island of Guam. Ten days later, they dropped anchor at the Philippine island of Cebu—they were only about 400 miles from the Spice Islands. Magellan met with the chief of Cebu, who after converting to Christianity persuaded the Europeans to assist him in conquering a rival tribe on the neighboring island of Mactan. In fighting on April 27, Magellan was hit by a poisoned arrow and left to die by his retreating comrades. After Magellan's death, the survivors, in two ships, sailed on to the Moluccas and loaded the hulls with spice. One ship attempted, unsuccessfully, to return across the Pacific. The other ship, the Vittoria, continued west under the command of Basque navigator Juan Sebastian de Elcano. The vessel sailed across the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at the Spanish port of Sanlucar de Barrameda on September 6, 1522, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. How long did Magellan's voyage take? What feat did Magellan accomplish? What feat did his crew accomplish? What is a mutiny? How did the Pacific Ocean get its name? What did Magellan's men eat when they ran out of food? How did Magellan die? Internet Research: How many of the original crew members came back alive? Internet Research: What did many of Magellan's crew members die of?

3 years First to travel around the globe The crew takes control of the ship violently Because it is tranquil Leather parts of their gear Hit by a poisoned arrow 18 Scurvy

The Slave Trade and Africa Capturing and Shipping Enslaved People Slavery's Gender Imbalance Africa's new Enslaving Supplier States

Africa already had the slave system in place and they needed people to tend to their agriculture. America was newly developed and needed people to farm and feed them. Before europe they still had a slave system Lots of disease, many died before even really leaving africa Death was very slow Very little to no food or water - dehydration and starvation Men were usually shipped out for hard labor like farming and such while women were kept for housework such as laundry and cooking. This made it difficult for them to have children in America, thus the shipping was kept relevant since they needed more and more from africa. Men were more common in america while women were in africa, one male would have multiple wives to help keep up the population It was not a calm time Leaders fought over who owned the trade People fought about being slaves in the first place

The Atlantic Slave Trade - what few textbooks told you Life Aboard a Slaveship

Africa lost the majority of its population Most slaves died before reaching land Cut off ears to show proof of purchase Branded slaves 2 million didn't survive Weapons in case of rebellion Forced shaved heads Low ceilings/ very little room Had to go to bathroom where they sat

new world

North and South America pigs horses Artichokes pineapples

MORE MARRIAGES AND DEATHS In January of 1536 Henry was unhorsed and injured during a jousting tournament. When news of his accident reached the pregnant Anne, she miscarried, delivering a stillborn son. Henry then spurned her, turning his affections to another woman of his court, Jane Seymour. Within six months he had executed Anne for treason and incest and married Jane, who quickly gave him a son (the future Edward IV) but died two weeks later. Henry's fourth marriage bore similarities to his first. Anne of Cleves was a political bride, chosen to cement an alliance with her brother, the ruler of a Protestant duchy in Germany. The marriage only lasted a few days before Henry had it annulled. He then married Catherine Howard, but two years later she too was beheaded for treason and adultery. In the last years of his reign Henry grew moody, obese and suspicious, hobbled by personal intrigues and by the persistent leg wound from his jousting injury. His final marriage, to the widow Catherine Parr in 1543, saw his reconciliation with Mary and Elizabeth, who were restored to the line of succession. DEATH AND LEGACY Henry VIII died on his 56th birthday, January 28, 1547. His 9-year-old son Edward VI succeeded him as king but died six years later. Mary I spent her five-year reign steering England back into the Catholic fold, but Elizabeth I, the longest-reigning of the Tudor monarchs, re-entrenched her father's religious reforms. What happened to Anne Boleyn? Who was Henry's 3rd wife? What happened to her? Who were Henry's 4th and 5th wives? What happened to them?

Ann was executed for treason and incest, because she she miscarried Henry's son. Henry's 3rd wife was Jane Seymour. She died naturally two weeks after giving birth to Edward IV. Henry's 4th wife was Anne of Cleves, it was a political marriage to align with Germany. That marriage was annulled. He then married Catherine Howard. She was beheaded for treason and adultery. Henry had a leg injury from a jousting accident, which caused his health to decline.

Does the United States Owe Reparations to the Descendants of Enslaved People? The article cites investments in education, housing, and business as other models for reparations. What do you think about these approaches?

As I said earlier I believe money would be better, but at the same time money is only good in the short run. Long term apologies such as education would be so much better than money. Education allows people to earn more money rather than relying on the one time booster from the government. Housing as well is really good, houses in general are difficult to come by.

Comparison: How were the Aztecs or Incas similar to a non-American civilization that you have learned about so far this year?

Aztecs were similar to non-American civilizations by having a trade system, had their own religious beliefs, and it was important to concur/ be ruler over the land.

Why do some people think we should keep Columbus Day? Why do some people think we should change it to Indigenous Peoples' Day? What do you think? Why?

Because columbus was the "discoverer" of north america and we ought to show respect for him and his explorations Because columbus held a mass genocide of the native americans and he did not really discover it I think we should change it. It's a new age in humanity and honestly I don't think we should celebrate it at all. If we celebrate it for Columbus we commemorate a murderer. If we commemorate the indigenous people then we are celebrating their deaths.

Vasco da Gama

Born in nobility - portuguese Looking for maritime route for king Yes - first person to sail from europe to india around cape good hope Died of malaria PORTUGUESE SAILED AROUND AFRICA TO INDIA

Reparations

Both of these videos highlight the connection between enslavement and the growth of the United States economy through the cotton industry. Many now wonder what, if anything, the United States should do to make reparations for enslavement. What are reparations? Definition: "the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged"

1517 1535 Tone Place in life Disagreement with the church

Calm objective Patronizing and insulting 1517 1563 Actually having specific points to challenge the church with Just thinking that the church is run by idiots

Inca

Came about same time as aztec No writing system Used kipus strings and knots Boats and rope bridges across mountains South America - not Mexico Lived over a century before Spanished wiped them out Collection of knot and cords - numerical information, dates and events, most can't even decipher so it's a mystery Along the west coast of south america Worlds biggest empire at that time Highly efficient government Multi ethinic Building stone cities on tops of mountains w/ no wheels Hundred of suspension bridges of fiber, even made boats out of it Terrace farming was a huge factor in their ability to live in a mountain terrain Figured out how to freeze dry food and brain surgery Inca had a civil war and small pox which made it easier for Spanish to take over

Who was Phillips? How might his background have influenced what he wrote about the Middle Passage? According to Phillips, what did the ship's crew do for the slaves? According to Phillips, why was being a slave trader such an unpleasant job?

Captain of a boat - Seen it many times as he was a usual captain for the ships Lock them together, buried them It made the crew and them sick, every slave they lost was loss of money

Luthers key reforms

Church corruption (indulgences, mistresses) Sola fide (don't need sacraments or good works) Sola grazia (you can't do anything to earn your way to heaven) Sola scriptura (individuals have right to read/interpret the Bible themselves and you don't need a priest as a middle man)

What was the Columbian Exchange? What did the Spanish come to the Americas in search of? What is the most profound effect of the Columbian exchange? What percentage of the population of the Americas died of diseases from the Old World? What crops did the Old World adopt from the New? What was the effect of the introduction of livestock in the New World? What is ecological imperialism?

Columbus bringing animals to america Gold and silver Native american's dying of spanish diseases Over 90% Potatoes and corn More food

Christopher Columbus

Columbus was an Italian sailor that convinced the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand & Isabella, to fund his voyages west in attempt to reach Asia. "Discovered" the Americas, interacted with the Taino, island of Hispaniola very controversial... even for his time! Of course, once he came back and showed that there was land and people you could... trade with... if you sailed west it led to further exploration by other Europeans

Cotton and the US economy - Video #1 While the majority of the enslaved people transported in the Transatlantic Slave Trade actually ended up in the Caribbean and South America, many ended up in the United States. The United States economy largely relied on cotton - both the North and the South relied on this industry. The cotton industry was reliant on slave labor. How did the textile boom in Great Britain impact the United States economy? Beyond the farmers and enslavers in the South, who else was benefiting from the growth and sale of cotton in the US? What is often referred to as "the second Middle Passage?"

Cotton was wanted in Britain and we had plenty of land to grow it The entire US benefited from it as well as the UK The more cotton wanted the more cotton grown the more slaves sold Most money went to the northern states The indian ocean - all the boats went through there to sell the slaves and the cotton Natives forced off land for room for planters Selling slaves to work in the cotton plains Made the US strong

Reformation ideals

Council of Trent, 1545-1563 No deceptive selling of indulgences Both faith and works Both Scripture and Tradition Index of Forbidden Books

1300 - 1500

Crisis: The Black Death Recovery: The Ottoman Empire Renaissance Europe The Ming Dynasty

Who was Falconbridge? How might his background have influenced what he wrote about the Middle Passage? How might the conditions on the ship have been connected to the diseases that were so common among slaves? Why do you think Falconbridge said that most surgeons only worked on slave ships because of their financial situations?

Doctor - could see the physical condition of slaves No fresh air, and not clean It doesn't pay well, easy money, slaves don't usually last

Reliable Sources. Which of these documents do you believe is the most reliable source of information about the Middle Passage? Select no more than two and explain your selection using direct evidence from the texts and from the notes and questions you answered about them.

Document C - it was written by a doctor on the ship "As a young boy, he was kidnapped by an African tribe and sold to European slave traders, who took him to Virginia. He eventually purchased his freedom and moved to England, where he became active in the abolition movement." He has been through it before and went to england.

Unit 5 Lesson 3: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Review, Reparations, Introduce Project

Objectives Make connections between the Transatlantic Slave Trade and the economy of the United States.

Sir Frances Drake

English Died of dysentery Second person to circumnavigate the globe First english person to circumnavigate Similar to magellan, but went around north america and canada Explored west coast

Walter Raleigh

English Explored south america Looking for gold Never found gold El Dorado "Lost city of Gold" Died of execution

Old World

Europe, Asia, Africa corn Wheat Tomatoes Beans

Maya

Farmers Disappeared before spanish arrived Recorded own history Usually on walls and such Lots of monuments Sacrifices and the world is just a cycle, never ending, people die but come back Not enough food or water for their people Picture graphic writing Numbers in mayan calendar Recorded their own history Written on temple walls, stair cases Huge cities Building monuments Creating trade and civilization Slash and burn agricultures, made crop then burned it down to infuse soil with nutrients Only water was sinkholes, created a lot of engineering to get water Very labor intensive Practice religion Chitchen Itza and Mayapan were the dominant cities By the time the Spanish showed up there wasn't much left to conquer

Samuel de champlain

French Became a governor Explored montreal Went to canada and explored a bunch there Reason why canada is a french and viable country Died of stroke

Mercantilism

Government power measured by wealth Goals Colonies provide wealth for "mother countries" More exports than imports (positive trade balance) Results Competing nations and wars Chartered companies have monopoly trading rights Joint stock companies Investors pool wealth (supplies, ships, etc.) Common purpose (American colonization) Share profits Diversifies risk (small shares) Example: Jamestown colony

Who was Equiano? How might his background have influenced what he wrote about the Middle Passage? Why do you think slaves were punished for not eating?

He got to see it in action as he was there for it If they didn't eat they were more likely to die, which makes the crew lose money

DISSOLVING A MARRIAGE, SPLITTING THE CHURCH By the 1520s, Henry had become infatuated with Anne Boleyn, a young woman in his wife's entourage. He also worried that his marriage to Catherine had been cursed by God because of the Old Testament ban on marrying the widow of one's brother. The king decided to seek a papal annulment that would free him to remarry. With the assistance of his powerful adviser Cardinal Wolsey, Henry petitioned Pope Clement VII but was rebuffed due to pressure from Catherine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Wolsey was forced from power for his failure and died in 1630 awaiting trial for treason. With the backing of the English parliament and clergy, Henry ultimately decided that he didn't need the pope's permission to rule on issues affecting the Church of England. In 1533 Henry and Anne Boleyn were married, and their daughter Elizabeth was born. Mary was declared illegitimate and Elizabeth named his heir. England's monasteries were closed and in most cases sold off to add to Henry's wealth. How did Henry justify his marriage to Anne Boleyn?

Henry believed his first marriage to Catherine was cursed, because he married the widow of his brother. He believed his marriage should be annulled and he would be free to remarry.

King Henry VIII (1491-1547) ruled England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. He famously married a series of six wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. His desire to annul his first marriage without papal approval led to the creation of a separate Church of England. Of his marriages, two ended in annulment, two in natural deaths and two with his wives' beheadings for adultery and treason. His children Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I would each take their turn as England's monarch. EARLY LIFE Henry was born January 28, 1491, the second son of Henry VII, the first English ruler from the House of Tudor. While his older brother Arthur was being prepared for the throne, Henry was steered toward a church career, with a broad education in theology, music, languages, poetry and sports. Arthur had been betrothed since age 2 to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella, and in November of 1501 the teenage couple were married. Months later, Arthur died of a sudden illness. Henry became next in line for the throne and in 1503 was betrothed to his brother's widow. How did Henry's marriages end? Who was Henry's first wife? How did he come to marry her?

Henry was married to six wives. Two of his marriages ended by annulment, two ended by natural deaths, and two ended by beheadings for adultery and treason. Henry's first wife was Catherine of Aragon. She was also the widow of Henry's brother Arthur.

Who do you personally believe was guilty in this trial? Was anyone entirely not guilty? Explain.

I believe that the king and queen are the ones who are guiltiest. They should have had more control over the situation. Or even just not have sent him somewhere so far from their supervision. I also believe the Taino people simply were not guilty at all. They were only defending their home and they were brutally murdered for it.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade This activity is designed to help us better understand the gruesome details and lasting impact of the Transatlantic slave trade, which brought an estimated 12 million slaves to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. What do you already know (or think you know) about the Transatlantic Slave Trade? Why did it start? What would you like to know more about regarding the slave trade?

I don't know much about the specific trade, I know more generalized things about it. I know it was mostly african americans being sold usually by other african americans. They had horrible working conditions which usually lead to them suffering slowly until they died. 16th century? I want to know why it started, my guess was they were easy to force into work? Or perhaps something with debt?

Can you imagine a peaceful meeting between Europeans and Taínos? Or did European life—the "System of Empire"—make violence inevitable? How would Spain and other European countries have had to be different to have made a more peaceful outcome possible?

I think it would have been violent regardless of the country. People are people and war was very common at the time. Some wanted land and they got it through the means that were available to them.

Does the United States Owe Reparations to the Descendants of Enslaved People? Students at Georgetown University have voted to increase their tuition by $27.20 each semester to "benefit descendants of the 272 enslaved Africans that the Jesuits who ran the school sold nearly two centuries ago to secure its financial future." What do you think about this action on behalf of the Georgetown students? Do you think the fee effectively addresses the university's ties to slavery? Do you think that other schools, colleges, or institutions should follow Georgetown University's example and investigate their ties to slavery?

I think it's a nice thought from the college, but I believe it'd be better if it came out of their current tuition rather than them adding more onto their tuition. It is really nice of the students to vote to do it. Maybe with the students added support the school could match it as well. $27 doesn't seem like much, but with all the students having to pay it, it will add up to some much more. I do believe that other colleges should do it as well, or at least give it some thought.

If the System of Empire is guilty, what should be the "sentence"? You can't put a system in prison.

I think the richer people should each pile together at least 5% of their income and set it towards a better life for the others. That or maybe just have the roles reversed where money is a concept given to those who "worked the hardest" whether that be physical or emotional labor.

Indulgence

Indulgences were granted to Catholics who did certain things or paid a certain amount of money to get their sins forgiven more quickly (less time in purgatory). The first Indulgences offered by the Catholic Church were when Pope Urban II offered instant entrance into heaven for the crusaders that confessed their sins. After that, the practice of selling Indulgences took off in the Catholic Church. By Luther's time the Church would sell Indulgences for money. Luther took issue with this.

Why was this diagram produced?

It shows how many people would be crowded onto these ships

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian Died malaria Explored south america in 4 voyages Discovered south america American continents named after him

John Cabot

Italian Explored the americas Sailed for the UK Discovered east coast of america and canada King wanted spice not land Died from boat crash because of storm

Luther wasn't the only reformer

Jean Calvin- Calvinists Huldrych Zwingli- started a theocracy in Switzerland Anabaptists- predecessors of the Mennonites King Henry XIII- Anglicans John Knox- Presbterians

What are some of the consequences of climate change (economic, political, social, environmental)?

Less animals like wayyyy less animals, plenty will either go extinct or have to adapt. Some already have but not all of them will. I'm not sure about socially, economically we might lose oil faster for sure and the prices will go through the roof.

Little Ice Age. What were the causes of the Little Ice Age? What were the effects (political, population, economic, etc...)

Less summer sun radiation - basically the sun wasn't as warm as usual Erupting volcanoes releasing shiny molecules that reflect light back to the sun Winters were longer and harsher Crops couldn't grow Prices increased so nobody could buy Population decrease due to lack of food People were angry at the government The government was weak without any sort of wealth coming in

Cotton and the US economy - Video #2 How does the invention of the cotton gin impact cotton production in the US? By 1850, how much of the world's cotton did the US produce?

Makes a huge dent in how much america produces, cotton was basically gold The south was thriving America was basically the main source of cotton Started heading west Slavery was boosted 75%

Why do you think the Taínos didn't fight or kill Columbus on his first voyage?

Maybe they were curious about a new person coming to their land, or maybe they thought he could bring goods and wealth. Or even they were just being friendly and didn't want to waste energy and people in a fight.

Growth of Mercantilism

Mercantilism = nations increase wealth by establishing a favorable balance of trade with their colonies

Document B: Slave Ship Captain According to this document, what were 2-3 ways people experienced the Middle Passage? How is this account similar or different from the other documents? Why might this be a reliable source to understand the Middle Passage? Why not?

Mover Had to ship the slaves across ocean and care for them Cares more but only for money Yes, could say what the conditions were like

Document E: Autobiography of a Former Slave According to this document, what were 2-3 ways people experienced the Middle Passage? How is this account similar or different from the other documents? Why might this be a reliable source to understand the Middle Passage? Why not?

Was a slave Knows the horrors of the trade Says how horrible it was Yes, tells us how horrible it was from the perspective of someone in the trade

Document C: Slave Ship Doctor According to this document, what were 2-3 ways people experienced the Middle Passage? How is this account similar or different from the other documents? Why might this be a reliable source to understand the Middle Passage? Why not?

Was there mostly for the crew Knew relatively what was happening Cares about slave condition Yes, knows the condition of the slaves themselves

What more would you need to know about the System of Empire to understand how it affected people's thinking and behavior?

Who started the system and allowed it to be this way. Did anyone else believe it was bad?

Does the United States Owe Reparations to the Descendants of Enslaved People? Do you think the United States owes the descendants of enslaved people an apology for slavery? If yes, what do you think an effective apology would look or sound like? Do you think that things like monuments, statues, or memorials could be forms of apology?

Yes I believe we do. We've done it before for the camps we used on innocent people. Why not for the slaves? They built this country more for us than they did for themselves. A good apology could be 200K for the families afflicted and a public speech about why we were wronging them. I don't think memorials could be as good of an apology, sure it's good to have them so people remember and know what happened, but at the same time we're still leaving the slaves on their own without any sort of aid in their lives.

Has your opinion on Christopher Columbus changed during this activity and unit? Explain.

Yes and no, before this I didn't really know much about Columbus or the day. I just knew it was a day and it had been discovered before he arrived so it really shouldn't be a day. I didn't realize the whole depth of it all.

Does the United States Owe Reparations to the Descendants of Enslaved People? Do you think the descendants of enslaved people are owed reparations, in a similar way that the United States gave reparations to Japanese-Americans? Or the ways that Germany has given money and services for Holocause survivors? Do you think there is a thoughtful and fair way to do this, or has too much time passed since slavery was abolished to make reparations practically feasible or appropriate?

Yes! They definitely deserve it from us. I think it should be money and services like discounts or something. Maybe education and housing. It's never too late to apologize, especially for something so horrible. Plus I think it'd be good to be reminded of it since I'm sure many people act like it never happened.

Describe 3 factors that allowed Cortes and his men to successfully conquer the Aztecs. What was the end result of the conflict between the Aztecs and Cortes/Spanish? Describe how Pizarro and the Spanish were able to conquer the Incas

fragility of the Aztecs empire tactical advantages of Spanish technology, smallpox Spanish destroyed the Aztecs and began to consolidate control over what became the colony of New Spain Pizarro lured the Incas ruler to a feast and then opens fire on the unarmed Incas. Pizarro's men capture the Incas ruler and force him to convert to Christianity before eventually killing him.

The Little Ice Age

Period of global cooling (not a true ice age) Roughly 16th-19th C. Remains controversial Winter Landscape Hendrick Avercamp was one of the most prolific Dutch painters of the seventeenth century. He often painted skaters on frozen ponds, lakes, and canals. This painting is from around 1608, when the Little Ice Age was at its most intense, and shows skaters on one of the large frozen-over canals in Amsterdam.

Where was this textbook written? How might this have influenced how it portrayed the Middle Passage? According to the textbook, "The time between the moment the slaves were bought and when they arrived at port was very dangerous not only for the European traders but for the slaves as well." Why might the textbook's authors have chosen to compare the experience of the ship's crew to the experience of the slaves? Why do you think the textbook used the word "migrations" to describe the Atlantic slave trade?

Portugal - wasn't in africa where it was being sourced The ships had to go to Africa in order to get the slaves. Africa was very dangerous at the time not to mention the diseases of the slaves themselves. Birds usually migrate large distances as do many other animals, but they usually go back. In the trade they do not.

Ming Dynasty Art and Architecture

Pottery: The Ming dynasty is rightly famous for its fine ceramics and especially the cobalt blue-and-white porcelain. Still highly prized by collectors today, Ming porcelain would have a major influence on the ceramics of many other countries from Japan to Britain. Forbidden City: The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government for over 500 years.

Document A: Portuguese Textbook According to this document, what were 2-3 ways people experienced the Middle Passage? How is this account similar or different from the other documents? Why might this be a reliable source to understand the Middle Passage? Why not?

Receiving end Bought the slaves Bit harsh doesn't really care about slaves Didn't really experience the slave experience

Global Consumption Where it is grown or mined and Where is it consumed?

Silver Africa Sugar Grown in large plantations in the caribbean Coffee Grown in yemen coffee houses everywhere First in islamic lands

Global Consumption Who is growing/mining it and who is benefiting from it and who is consuming it?

Silver African slaves - being sold by other africans who were merchants and lords The main benefits were given to the chinese empire Sugar African slaves forced to harvest and tend to the crop until death Europe was the benefittor - sole consumer Coffee Ottoman empire grew them, but the bigger government made it illegal for the beans to be taken abroad Consumption caught on by the wealthy people

Global Consumption What are some key facts/statistics about this good from the time period? (examples: how much is consumed, how many coffee houses are there, how long are the work days...)

Silver Europe didn't really get access to the silver easily The silver was constantly fluctuating there was no stable price of anything Silver was their prime trade in china Sugar Slaves of all ages 6 days a week 16 hours a day Men women children - no real discrimination there Coffee London claimed no more than 500 coffee houses Coffee houses were in every corner of the world In egypt their religion was against coffee

Global Consumption How is it produced or used?

Silver It is mined up by the slaves then they melt it for guns or bullets Sugar Cut with machetes put onto carts which was very difficult, taken to sugar mill to be crushed and made into a sort of syrup Coffee Used as a drink Good for conversations

Global Consumption Why is this product so popular or significant?

Silver Used in firearms and weapons Sugar Form of currency Drove slave trade Made people rich Coffee Coffee houses became a place for stories, reading, poems, very social Coffee houses were "schools of knowledge" Coffee promotes lively conversations

Hypothesis: After reading Documents A and B, and discussing the Guiding Questions, create a hypothesis regarding the question: Why did Martin Luther's account of his break with the Church change between 1517 and 1535? Is one account more reliable than the other?

Since there are 2 artifacts in largely different times and they talk about the same issues then yes they most likely were the same issue.

What did you learn? What did you learn from the information above? What are your main takeaways of the Transatlantic Slave Trade?

Slaves were already a thing before europe came The slave trade was wayyy more harsh than I initially thought Africa was the main distributor by choice Everyone wanted to rule the trade Even though the trade was more or less successful Africa still faced poverty

Document D: Slave Ship Diagram This is part of a diagram depicting the British slave ship Brookes after the passage of the Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788. This law, which sought to improve conditions on slave ships, was passed in response to rising opposition to the slave trade in England. This document depicts how many slaves could be placed on this ship. With 6' by 1'4" allowed for each man, 5'10" by 1'4" allowed for each woman, and 5' by 1'2" allowed for each boy, the ship could hold 454 slaves. Before Britain began regulating the slave trade, the ship reportedly carried as many as 609 slaves.

Source: "Stowage of the slave ship 'Brookes' under the Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788."

Document C: Slave Ship Doctor (Modified) Alexander Falconbridge served as a doctor (known as the surgeon on ships) on British slave ships during the 1780s. He later wrote a book, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, about his experiences. The book became popular among abolitionists and he later worked with the Anti-Slavery Society. These are excerpts from his book. The men negroes, on being brought aboard the ship, are immediately fastened together, two and two, by hand-cuffs on their wrists, and by irons riveted on their legs. They are then sent down between the decks. . . . They are frequently stowed so close, they can only lie on their sides. . . . In each of the apartments are placed three or four large buckets [for human waste]. . . . It often happens, that those who are placed at a distance from the buckets . . . tumble over their companions because they are shackled. . . . In this distressed situation . . . they give up and relieve themselves as they lie. . . . Their food is served up to them in tubs, about the size of a small water bucket. They are placed around these tubs in companies of ten . . . If negroes refused to take sustenance, I have seen coals of fire, glowing hot, put on a shovel, and placed so near their lips, as to scorch and burn them. . . . The hardships and inconveniences suffered by the negroes during the passage, are hard to describe. . . . The exclusion of the fresh air is among the least tolerable. . . . The floor of their rooms was so covered with blood and mucus because of the flux, that it resembled a slaughter-house. It is not in the power of the human imagination to picture to itself a situation more dreadful or disgusting. The surgeons employed in the Guinea trade, are generally driven to engage in so disagreeable a job by their financial situations.

Source: Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa, 1788. Vocabulary: riveted: metal bolted together flux: intestinal infection that caused intense diarrhea stowed: put in a particular place shackled: chained Guinea trade: slave trade take sustenance: eat

Document A: Portuguese Textbook (Modified) Portugal was one of the first European countries to engage in the African slave trade. Portuguese ships played a key role in the slave trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas for several centuries. The following excerpt comes from a Portuguese high school textbook. The development of the slave trade became part of the process of settling the American continent. In comparison with Indian slavery, the blacks had a better physical capacity and resisted better to the climate, two important factors to justify the successive waves of slaves that left Africa towards America. The time between the moment the slaves were bought and when they arrived at port was very dangerous not only for the European traders but for the slaves as well. Revolts and disturbances occurred frequently. Crossing the Atlantic was extremely difficult for slaves. First there was not enough room in the boats. They suffered from heat, thirst, and a lack of hygiene. Even the whites had difficulty with these things. At the time the European states did not recognize the negative consequences of these massive migrations. On the other hand, a new diverse cultural situation originated on the American continent that resulted from the multiplicity of mixed races and cultures. Brazil became the most expressive model of the process carried out by the Portuguese as it melted Indian, white, and black in a complex mix of ethnicities and cultures.

Source: History for Grade Ten, Volume 2, published in Portugal in 1994. Vocabulary hygiene: cleanliness expressive: effectively conveying an idea

Document E: Autobiography of a Former Slave (Modified) Olaudah Equiano was born in West Africa. As a young boy, he was kidnapped by an African tribe and sold to European slave traders, who took him to Virginia. He eventually purchased his freedom and moved to England, where he became active in the abolition movement. He later wrote an autobiography describing his experiences as a slave. Recently, a historian located evidence indicating that Equiano was actually born in South Carolina. However, other historians maintain that there is strong evidence corroborating Equiano's account. Moreover, this is one of the only accounts of the Middle passage from the perspective of a slave. These are excerpts from Equiano's autobiography. I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a smell in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste any thing. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me food; and, on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced any thing of this kind before. . . . The crew used to watch us very closely who were not chained down to the decks, in case we would leap into the water: and I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself. . . . I feared I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among any people such instances of brutal cruelty; and this not only shown towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves. One white man in particular I saw, when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast, that he died . . . and they tossed him over the side. . . . This made me fear these people the more.

Source: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 1789. Vocabulary: loathsomeness: unpleasantness windlass: machine used to raise the anchor flogged: whipped

Document B: Slave Ship Captain (Modified) Captain Thomas Phillips transported slaves from Africa to Barbados on the ship Hannibal in 1693. The ship left the African island of São Tomé on August 25th and arrived in Barbados on November 4th.The Royal African Company of London funded the trip. This is an excerpt from his journal about the voyage. There happened such sickening and mortality among my poor men and Negroes. Of the first we buried 14, and of the last 320, which was a great detriment to our voyage, the Royal African Company losing ten pounds by every slave that died. . . . The distemper which my men as well as the blacks mostly died of was the white flux. . . . The Negroes are so vulnerable to the small-pox that few ships that carry them escape without it, and sometimes it makes vast havoc and destruction among them. But though we had 100 at a time sick of it . . . we lost not above a dozen by it. . . . But what the smallpox spared, the flux swept off, to our great regret, after all our pains and care to give [the slaves] their messes, . . . keeping their lodgings as clean and sweet as possible, and enduring so much misery and stench so long among creatures nastier than swine, only to be defeated by their mortality. . . . No gold-finders can endure so much noisome slavery as they do who carry Negroes. . . . We endure twice the misery; and yet by their mortality our voyages are ruined.

Source: Thomas Phillips, A Collection of Voyages and Travels, 1732. Vocabulary: mortality: death, especially on a large scale distemper: disorder or disease white flux: intestinal infection that caused intense diarrhea messes: meals swine: pigs gold-finders: individuals seeking wealth noisome: unpleasant

Ponce de Leon

Spanish Sailed with columbus Looked for the fountain of youth Went around florida found puerto rico Found gulf stream Gulf stream - warm current that helped spanish ships find home Never found fountain of youth Killed by natives

Aztec

Spanish wiped out Liked writing but died out before they could record much City states and central mexico 100 years before spanish wiped them out Weren't around long enough to create a writing system Spanish burned their information Renaissance - not as ancient Settled into an island in the middle of the lake Uprising, small pix, and Spanish take over created a quick imperial turnover Some people were debating whether the take over was bad, because they did a lot of sacrificing of people that the take over was justified. Spain had authority due to retribution. Another would argue that they were their own people with their own way and it wasn't right for Spain to tell them what was right or wrong.

Ottoman Art and Architecture

The Blue Mosque The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or "Blue Mosque" is still functioning today. It is covered with hand painted tiles and is bathed in blue light at night. It is one of the most sacred mosques in Islam. Topkapi Palace This palace is located in Istanbul and was the private home of the sultan along with his harem and household as well as the political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire. (kind like the white house)

Document D: Slave Ship Diagram According to this document, what were 2-3 ways people experienced the Middle Passage? How is this account similar or different from the other documents? Why might this be a reliable source to understand the Middle Passage? Why not?

The actual boats the slaves were shipped on Shows us the true horror of it all Yes, gives us an idea of how cruel the trade was

The Spaniards first assaulted the innocent Sheep, so qualified by the Almighty, like most cruel tigers, wolves, and lions, hunger-starved, studying nothing, for the space of Forty Years, after their first landing, but the Massacre of these Wretches, whom they have so inhumanely and barbarously butchered and harassed with several kinds of Torments, never before known, or heard (of which you shall have some account in the following Discourse) that of Three Millions of Persons, which lived in Hispaniola itself, there is at present but the inconsiderable remnant of scarce Three Hundred. Nay the Isle of Cuba, which extends as far, as Valladolid in Spain is distant from Rome, lies now uncultivated, like a Desert, and entombed in its own Ruins. 1. Why do you think de Las Casas refers to the Native people as "innocent Sheep" and the Spanish as "most cruel tigers, wolves, and lions?" 2. a. How many people lived on Hispaniola before the Spanish arrived? b. How many people live there now? 3. After the Spanish arrival, what island now remains empty "like a Desert?"

The natives did nothing wrong against them while the spanish came a killed them 2. A. 3 million B. 3 hundred 3. Cuba

Comparison: How were these 3 civilizations similar? How were they different?

The similarities between these three civilizations were that they formed their own systems regarding their government, building and creating their own systems for civilization to life, and building monuments. They were different with the way they documented their civilizations, Maya uses graphics and numbers, Aztec wasn't around long enough to create a writing system, and Inca's language was burned if they had a language written down. They were also located in different areas.

Thesis. Based on your knowledge of the slave trade, write a thesis statement addressing the following prompt: Describe the consequences of the Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic world.

The slave trade caused poverty in the Africas.

Who are you defending? What are the two strongest reasons you believe your defendant is not guilty? Which other group is guilty and why? (Reminder: The groups are Christopher Columbus, Columbus' Men, King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella, and The System of Empire).

The system of empire The people of Europe made the system what it is. No system can exist without people setting it into place. The leaders should have foreseen that it would lead to such tragedy. They are meant to predict and calculate the moves of others. They know how people are. Points of it being guilty This is the way people were at the time. Without money or land they wouldn't have a stable livelihood Without said livelihood you would starve, freeze, etc. It is only a means of survival. If you are taught this from a young age you won't question it. The King and Queen are guilty because Columbus was only following their orders. They wanted more gold so he got them more gold. If he had not given them their gold perhaps they would have punished Columbus for not following through on his promise.

Slave Voyages Timelapse

They only were ported from africa At the beginning it was only to brazil, then it became more and more worldwide Later in the 1800 it started to die out suddenly Used the same ocean route for everyone.

Unit 5 Lesson 2

Today you will learn about the transatlantic slave trade. This history is upsetting, tragic, violent and hateful and very important...maybe the most important thing that we learn about all year. The Transatlantic Slave Trade This activity is designed to help us better understand the gruesome details and lasting impact of the Transatlantic slave trade, which brought an estimated 12 million slaves to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Mercantilism Define Mercantilism. How does it work? Who benefits from it? What are some of the downsides?

Trade over ocean causes inequality because of wealth, europe becomes really powerful Having more trade you buy more and become wealthy Government power is defined by wealth More exports than imports Sells more than it buys

Global Storylines

Transoceanic trade creates wealth and inequality Europeans acquire silver, shifts power from Asia to Europe New World sugar shifts power from Spanish/Portuguese to British/French European merchants and African leaders increase slave trade, destabilizes Africa Asian rulers (Japan, India) and Russian tsars enlarge empires Islamic dynasties struggle to resist European assaults