Unit 6 Notes

Stages Of Language Development (About ___ word - ___ pattern) 1) Cooing (approx. 4 months): Spontaneous uttering of ___ -Lots of ___ (___) 2) Babbling speech (approx. 10 months): ___ take on ___ language -Same ___ over and over (___) -Start trimming their ___ down to the ones they keep __/___ --> also develop an ___ 3) Holographic speech aka ___-word stage (approx. 12 months): Single words stand for _____ -Express an ___ (usually noun) (___) 4) Telegraphic speech aka ___-word stage (24 months): Two words stand for ___, basic syntax structure intact: noun-verb or adj-noun -(___ or ___) 5) Path to complete and complex sentences (24 months+): ___, ___, and ___ increase at astonishing rate The fastest things for babies to do is ___ -- then ___ -- then ___

1) Spoken; universal; phonemes; vowels; daaaaaaa; 2) Phonemes; household; syllable; dadadadada; phoneme; hearing; practising; accent; 3) One; whole ideas; entire thought; dada 4) Two; whole ideas; dada up; doggie soft; 5) Grammar; syntax; vocabulary; Comprehensions; spoken; writing

•Overconfidence is an overestimation in our ___ or depth of ___. Being ___ about something may cause for you to not put in the right amount of ___ necessary to ___. (I don't need to try, pay attention, etc. because it'll ___) •Belief bias is faulty reason ___ that leads to wrong ___. Believing things that are ___ or ___ and then using them as the tools to reach ___ is taints everything. -If your original ___ is wrong, any other ___ you make from that idea will probably be ___ (believing covid is fake so you don't wear a ___, get vaccinated, etc.) •Functional fixedness is the inability to see objects serving other ___ other than its ___, original purpose. -You sit in rain because you don't have an ___ -Overcoming functional fixedness would be using a ___ as a poncho or using a ___ as a door jam (life ___)

Abilities; knowledge; cocky; effort; succeed; work out; Logic; conclusions; false; inaccurate; conclusion; idea; decision; wrong; mask; Purposes; normal; umbrella; trash bag; book; hacks

•Misinformation effect is the accidental and usually unconscious ___ in one's memory of an event. The misinformation effect becomes worse as the memory gets ___ and ___ in our brain. This explains the mysterious broken glass never actually shown. (The information you're remembering is ___) •Confabulation is an unintentional ___ of the ___ that occurs during the ___ of a story that is a complete idea but lacks certain, usually ___ gaps. (Making up ___ - ___ are missing/wrong) Lying has conscious ___ •Experimentation through memory tests show that often our stories of the truth are often built just as much on imagined ___ as they are in reality. Thus it is impossible to judge reality based on the persistence of the memory we have of it. Confabulations are convenient for telling a story a thousand times over, but it's still a thousand times told with ___ information, it doesn't become "more ___" over time. -___ eyewitness testimony is considered so weak in a court of law and by police, it is often disregarded as untrue. Even multiple witness testimony is still far weaker than footage or DNA b/c many witnesses can still generate ___ that still lead everyone down the same wrong path. This misinformation effect and the ease at which we construct confabulations is demonstrated in part by the major controversy of testimony or memories discovered under hypnosis. False memories can be planted both intentionally and unintentionally through the power of ___

Addition; older; older; wrong; Lie; misinformation effect; recalling; meaningless; evidence; details; intent; Confabulations; incorrect; true; Single; confabulations; suggestion

•Insight a.k.a. ___ Effect is the sudden ___ or ___ of an answer after a period of inability to do so. Insight follows a predictable pattern: 1) ___, 2) ___, 3) ___, 4) ___. This insight cycle has been found in most higher level mammals. Insight was researched extensively by ___ -___ goes off/sudden ___ (didn't know the ___ already, unlike with tip of the tongue) •Psychologists like Kohler think that insight occurs because: 1) Frustration causes ___ and ___ so the brain tells you to ___ working on a problem as a ___ mechanism and 2) Though the brain protects you from frustration, it also doesn't like ___ problems, so unconsciously, away from stress, your brain continues to ___ on the problem, probably even as you ___. When the answer arrives, the ___ mind leaks it to your ___ thought.

Aha; solution; realization; Attempt; Frustration; Dormancy; Solution; Wolfgang Kohler; Lightbulb; breakthrough; answer; Stress; anxiety; stop; defense; unresolved; work; sleep; unconscious; conscious

•Effortful processing is any information that requires our ___ and ___ effort to be able to learn it (trying to ___ the info for later --> requires ___, ___, etc. --> not being on your ___, etc. 1) Visual encoding is the encoding of ideas as ___. Done through ___: mental picture schema (Ex- drawing something from ___, close your eyes and ___, etc.) 2) Acoustic encoding is the encoding of ideas as ___ (Ex- play a sound and ___ it, imagine a ___, ___ someone) 3) Semantic encoding is the encoding of ideas by their ___ -___ -what does it ___ to me (Ex- tell me who your best friend was, tell me what a ___ does, etc.)

Attention; conscious; store/keep; concentration; focus; phone; 1) Picture images; imagery; memory; imagine; 2) Sound bites; identify; sound; imitate; 3) Meanings; Value; mean; stapler

___ a.k.a. ___ (language --> culture) (full circle) •According to this, our language gives great indicators into how ___ think and what is important to them. The reverse is also true, a culture's priorities will craft their ___ to reflect those priorities. (___ and ___ evolved together)

Benjamin Whorf's Linguistic Relativity; Linguistic Determinism; culture's; language; Language; culture

•Deductive: Looking at ___ examples and ___ down to a ___ conclusion. (ex.- Johnny knows that ___ people get bee stings, very ___ die from them, ergo, bee sting allergy is an existing but ___ phenomenon) •Inductive: Looking at a ___ example and drawing a ___ conclusion. (ex.- Johnny's ___ dies of a bee sting, ergo, Johnny concludes bee stings kill ___) -See something happen, and look more ___

Broad; narrowing; specific; many; few; rare; Specific; broad; friend; everyone; deeply

____ •He believed that the capacity for language and manipulate language is innately preprogrammed in our brains, and that the role of environment is to this ___ language foundation with whatever languages we ___ into it. (We have the ___ software for language - other animals don't have it - called ___ - you've been born with a ___ that says language that gets filled with ___ (english, french, etc.) •Three things Chomsky used to prove his point: 1) Self generated sentences: "I hate you mom" would not be ___ to a child, but they can easily develop old words into new ___ (they know what hate is, and they know they're mad at their mom) 2) Overgeneralization aka Overregularization: Children take new words and liberally apply common ___ and ___ to them: "Many sheeps" or "I ___ the toy" 3) Universal grammar: There is underlying tendencies for all babies to learn ___ first in all languages, the same basic "___" of language syntax and grammar applies in all languages, it is only the "___" that varies. -Surface structure: understanding ___ differences in language. -Deep structure: understanding ___ regardless of ___. (Surface: "I went to the store yesterday" and "Yesterday, I went to the store" aren't ___ the same design. Deep: they have the exact same ___) •Critical period: probably the most important theory suggest by ___, he believed that there was a ___ of opportunity to learn language well and then after that window closed, the ___ will never be as successful (Critical period applies to any human development where there is a period when it is best achieved or done like crawling, walking, etc.) Chomsky believed it was about age __ for language, and then the window begins to close When we expect children to show certain ___ or ___ -If they're developing in the time frame, they're ___ -If not, if there are delays, they are missing certain ___

Chomsky's Language Theory; genetic; dump; genetic; language acquisition device; bucket; dirt; 1) Taught; ideas; 2) Grammar; syntax rules; holded; 3) Nouns; deep structure; surface structure; syntax; meanings; syntax; structurally; context; Chomsky; window; language acquisition; 9; developmental changes; skills; typical; critical periods

Skinner's Theory of Language Development suggests that babies learn language through basic ___ principles (___): association, reinforcement, and imitation.

Conditioning; classical, operant, and observational

•State dependent memory a.k.a ___ memory: suggests that the various ___ or ___ we are in during the formation of a new memory are also the best states to ___ or ___ them in later. The right contexts provide the strongest chance of jarring recollection (the best way to remember the info is to be in the same ___ as best you can) Two examples: -Mood-congruent is a type of ___ recall that says we are most likely to remember information recalled in the same ___ we were in when we learned them the first time. If you learned it while you were angry/happy, you are most likely to recall it when you are angry/happy. -Spatial-congruent is a type of ___ recall that says we are most likely to remember information recalled in the same types of ___ we were in when we learned them the first time. This explains why I would discourage you from studying with TV or music on, b/c TV and music won't be on in the classroom atmosphere (closer the ___ is to the original memory, the better you'll ___ the info)

Context dependent; conditions; states; retrieve; recall; state; Priming; moods; Priming; environment; environment; remember

Reconstruction of Memory •___ did extensive work on the notion that talking about or recalling the past has little to do with what ___ and has much more to do with how we ___ it and then ___ it later. (Said memory was ___, suggestive, and, ___) •In her famous reconstruction experiment, two groups of candidates were shown a short film of two cars where one wrecks into the other. Afterward when asked to recall the footage in their mind, one group of candidates was asked to estimate how fast the cars were going when they hit each other, the second group of candidates was asked to estimate how fast the cars were going when the smashed into each other. Candidates who got '___' reported a much lower average speed as a group than those who got the word '___'. Even more importantly, a week later the candidates were all brought in and asked if they had seen any broken glass after the accident. Those who had been asked '___' originally were twice as likely to report yes they had indeed seen broken glass during the video over those who had originally been asked '___'. In reality, the footage showed ___ broken glass at all. -She called college kids parents for some true childhood memories, then she added one false memory - being lost in a shopping mall. The college kids believed ___ the memories even the ___ one

Elizabeth Loftus; happened; stored; recreated; subjective; malleable; Hit; smashed; smashed; hit; no; All; false

•Flashbulb effect- the ability to recall an immense of amount of events surrounding a very ___ situation. People on Pearl Harbor attack day, JFK assassination, Challenger explosion, and 9/11 can recall much more about that day (even stuff we normally would forget such as weather and where we were and who we were with) than we typically would over a less emotional event (you can remember important ___ details many years later-clothes, food, date, etc.- tend to stay ___/___ for longer but are subject to misinformation) •Overlearning: is the continuation of practicing the recall of information even after someone is certain they know it ___ and ___. Practice, practice, practice. •Spacing effect aka distributed practice is the tendency for distributed practice or ___ practices with ___ to yield better long term retention of data than mass or ___ practice (practicing in __ fragments distributed over a ___ of time) •___ is considered the world's most famous memory psychologist. In his ___ curve, he shows three things: 1) A good amount of data learned is lost within an ___ 2) ___ improves long term recall and 3) The more the ___ sessions the better the recall

Emotional; unnecessary; accurate; vivud; Completely; accurately; Short; breaks; cramming; small; span; Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ebbinghaus; hour; Spacing effect/distributed practice; rehearsal

•The main reason we forget things is because of insufficient or failed ___. If it's ___ poorly, it will be recalled poorly and ___ faster (we did a bad job at ___ it in the first place - not paying ___. etc.) •With or without ___, knowledge decays over time. ___ showed in his "___ curve" that with or without repetition, knowledge decays rapidly in the first few years and then the degree of decay levels off over time. Most info is lost ___ but a % of it (40-30% generally) can last for years. If it can still be remembered after ___, it likely gets remembered forever. (Forgetting is ___)

Encoding; remembered; decay; encoding; attention; Repetition; Harry Bahrick; forgetting; immediately; 3 years; frontloading

•Déjà vu is the ___ that one is going through a situation or experience that is eerie and often way too ___ to a ___ recollection for one's environment. ___/___ feeling that you're experiencing a memory you've already ___

Feeling; similar; past; Weird; creepy; experienced

•Fixation: the inability to view a problem from a ___ or ___ perspective. Being "___" to a problem (only see it through your ___/your ___) •The Woozle Effect: the tendency to automatically use ___ info and data as part of our ___ process even if the previous info and data are fundamentally ___ or even flat out ___ -Someone uses information that's been proven to be ___ but continues to use it as ___ •Framing is the way an issue or statistic is ___ changes our ___ of it. Changing the way data is ___ can have a large impact on our ___ and judgments concerning that data -How something is ___ (lawyer says my ___, prosecutor says ___; bumped vs smashed) -___ through word usage

Fresh; unique; tunnel blind; eyes; way; Previous; thinking; flawed; wrong; wrong; evidence; Posed; interpretation; presented; decisions; worded; client; defendant; Priming

•Prospective memory: remembering something that still needs to be done in the ___ (ex: take a test ___, go to doctor appoint next Wed) •Retrospective memory: remembering a memory that has already occurred sometime in the ___. (ex: any ___ or ___ memory you've already obtained) •These two memory types tend to work hand in hand. If you remember you have a dentist appointment tomorrow, it may cause you to think back to that one time you had a really bad ___ there. Or vice versa, you think back to that one nightmarish day at the dentist and it jogs your memory about the ___ day's appointment.

Future; tomorrow; Past; episodic; declarative; Experience; next

•The ___ is the storage warehouse for short-term memories dedicated to long term commitment (Doesn't store memories, job is to ___/prep ___ and ___ memories to go into ___ term memories) -People suffering concussions or blows to the head often cannot remember the minutes directly before, during, or after the blow b/c the jarring effect prevented ___ term memories to transfer over, making the memory or event non-existent (damaged the ___)

Hippocampus; refine; new; old; long; Short; hippocampus

•Belief perseverance is the tendency to cling to one's ___ or ___ even if challenged with overwhelming and obvious information that ___ it and proves our beliefs ___. It is easier to ___ false concepts than ___ to new ones or admit being ___. This is basically ___ of fact. -___ to belief something even though all evidence proves you ___ •Mental Set a.k.a. ___: The tendency to fall into ___ or predictable mental ___ because the line of ___ has always worked before. -Mentally ___ - lack of willingness to try and solve something a ___ way because that's how it's ___

Ideas; beliefs; contradicts; wrong; keep; modify; wrong; denial; continuing; wrong; Rigidity; mental ruts; patterns; thinking; stubborn; different; always been

___ (thoughts --language--world) •His theory suggests that children use language as the bridge or device to better understand their ___ concepts with the things in their ____. For example, He said that the reason why most children talk to themselves as they play/work (many adults do to) is because this helps advance the connection of ___ with their ___ interpretations of it. The reason why spoken language evolved is because it's the easiest way to get our ___ across to the world (___ express what we're thinking)

Lev Vygotsky's Social Language Constructivism; mental; environment; behavior; mental; thoughts; socially

Getting information in and processing it •The Atkinson & Shiffrin model of memory suggests that memory has 1) Three ___ of memory and 2) Three ___ to possess memory •The 3 processes of memory are: 1) ___, 2) ___, 3) ___. 1) Encoding (___) is taking environmental stimuli and processing them in such a way that they can be ___ stored in ___ term memory if it is something that needs to be remembered long term OR processed in such a way that they can be meaningfully kept in ___ term memory for the duration of need (something in short term never committed to long term will be ___ as soon as short term memory changes its ___ to someplace else) (Long term memory will require ___, short term, you exit document no ___)) When you intend on keeping info for a ___ -Transforming it into ___ data -Has to happen from ___ memory to short term memory and short term to ___ memory 2) Storage is the ___ and ___ of memories for ___ term duration (___ term memory only) so that they can be referenced to and called upon ___ when needed (Storage is like ___ a document to one's computer hard drive) -Could be for a few ___, ___, etc. (depends on how much you ___ about it) 3) Retrieval (___) is the bringing of ___ term memories back to ___ term memory (this is why it is also called ___ memory, b/c it is where you "work" on ___ and ____ data) so that it can be utilized. (Retrieval is like opening up a previously ____ Word document so that you can work on it on the desktop) When long term stored data is finished being "worked on" it retreats back into ___. -To process something it has to be brought down from ___ term to ___ term memory •99.9% of information we can keep or be aware of comes through 3 three-stage processing. Very little is ___ or ___ processing, meaning we can have that information without actually actively ___ it. Three things that fall into this category of automatic processing are: sense of ___, sense of ___, and sense of ___

Levels/stages; processes; encoding; storage; retrieval; 1) Saving; meaningfully; long; short; forgotten; focus; saving; saving; while; long term; sensory; long term; 2) Saving; preservation; long; long; later; saving; minutes; years; care; 3) Reopening/relaxing; long; short; working; new; old; saved; storage; long; short; Automatic; unconscious; processing; time; space; frequency

•Algorithm is a methodic and ___, ___ by ___ process of following a procedure that is time consuming but very ___. Opposite of ___. --> Follow the script, recipe, ___, etc. --> Full proof unless the algorithm is ___ •Heuristic is a simple mental thinking strategy ___ that causes judgments and solutions to happen ___ but tend to be more ___ prone. A short cut, rule of thumb, or "___" approach. Opposite of ___. -->Improvise, use your ___, instinct, etc. -Representative heuristic is a mental shortcut of ___ judging the ___ of things in terms of how well they seem to match our particular ___ and ignore other relevant information that is less representative of our ___. --> Choose the most likely answer based on how closely it matches your ___ (based on what you ___) - ___ guy is more likely to be in the NBA than a ___ guy) -Availability heuristic is a mental shortcut of estimating the likelihood of events based on the ___ of them in memory. If we can think of instances of one thing in our mind over another more readily, we automatically assume it is more ___. --> Naming something based on how ___ you can come up with the answer (___ thing you think of - what you ___ think of) - how people think plane ___ are deadly even though they're the safest form of travel - or an area is unsafe because there was one ___ there, even if there hadn't been one for ___ years

Logical; step; step; accurate; heuristic; directions; wrong; Shortcut; faster; error; common sense; algorithm; gut; Stereotypically; likelihood; prototypes; prototypes; stereotype; know; 6'5 black; 5'2 white; Availability; prevalent; quickly; first; quickly; crashes; murder; 30

•Levels of processing: how intensely you think about the ___/want to ___ the info. For example, if you only think about spelling or number of letters in term, that's ___ processing (wasn't thinking about it that much, wasn't expecting to ___ it). If you picture the word in your mind or think about a real life example of it, that's ____ processing (takes time and effort). •Maintenance rehearsal is the conscious ___ of information to keep it in ___ term memory but not to commit it to ___ term memory (phone number to get into phone list). Generally ___. Decay hits when you stop ___. (Only maintaining it long enough to ___ it - once you use it, you're done/won't ___ it again) •Meaningful rehearsal is the conscious ___ of information with the intention of committing it to ___ in ___ term memory for later usage. Generally ___ -Assuming you'll use it again ___ so you store it in ___ term -Assuming it's ___

Material; keep; shallow; need; deep; Repetition; short; long; shallow; rehearsing; use; need; Repetition; storage; long; deep; later; long; meaningful

Ways We Tend to Encode Memories Better •Self-reference effect is the tendency to remember data or words that are ___ to ___ personally over data that is ___ or ___ meaningful to your personal life (will likely remember stuff that applies to ___ more - your brain will put added intent onto something that's about ___) •Chunking is the ___ (sometimes automatically) of ___ into ___, manageable units to make ___, ___, and ___ easier (Does not violate the magic number __, still 7 things because you consolidate info - 8 becomes 4 and 4 - that's only 2, not over 7) •Mnemonic devices are any kind of ___ aids, especially those who use vivid imagery or organization devices to improve ___, ___, and ___ (any ___ way of making ___ - works because ___ sticks out in your mind - so powerful because they're stupid and silly) --Method of loci is mnemonic device technique where one associates new topics to be learned with ___ found in one's ___ so that seeing one will hopefully trigger the information of the other (___ something in the room to the thing to need to remember)

Meaningful; you; neutral; less; you; you; Organization; data; familiar; encoding; storage; retrieval; 7; Memory; encoding; storage; retrieval; odd; connections; strange; Objects; environment; assign

•Implicit (___) memories are memories whose ability to store or retrieve them ___ involve having to actively encode. These are stored in your ___. (These resist all forms of ___ and other types of serious forgetting). Don't have to actively ___/___ them - brain ___ thus memories back out - don't require the ___ process - don't take up your ___ -Procedural memory- how to ___ something, muscle or action memory - ___ -(ex. how to ride a bike, how to shoot a basketball, etc) - can ride a bike with amnesia even if they don't know what it's ___ •Explicit (___) memories are memories whose ability to store or retrieve them ___ involve having to actively ___. These are in your ___ cortex. (Have to retrieve/pull them out of the ___ into ___ - attention span) -Semantic memories- universal ___ and ___ anyone can know/___ (ex. George Washington was our first president, Paris is the capital of France, 2+2=4, etc.) -Episodic memories- ___ memories of your life (ex. Your first kiss, your 16th birthday party, your adventures at summer camp, etc.) - ___ memory of your own ___ If I tell you a story about my birthday (___), when you tell your other friend about it, it's ___ (you weren't there) •People with amnesia do not lose ___ memories (stored in ___ and learned unconsciously), only ___ memories.

Non declarative; DO NOT; cerebellum; amnesia; find; open; autopilots; retention; attention span; Do; muscle memory; called; Declarative; do; encode; cerebral; cerebral cortex; hippocampus; Facts; information; learn; Personal; Emotional; experience; Episodic; semantic; Implicit; cerebellum; explicit

•Proactive interference: ___ data makes it hard to remember ___, similar data. Proactive interference explains why old locker combos, old addresses, and old telephone numbers make it difficult to remember new combos, addresses, or phone numbers. •Retroactive interference: ___ data makes it hard to remember ___, similar data. For me personally, and with most teachers, learning the current year's students' names make it harder and harder to recall previous student names.

Old; new; New; old

Retrograde vs. Anterograde Amnesia (due to ___ head ___ - usually about very specific time ___ and small points of specific data - will usually trickle ___ back in and will usually get some of their memories back but not necessarily all of them) •Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall certain memories from the ___. Retrograde amnesia usually affects ___ and ___ events. Even someone with full blown retrograde amnesia might remember ___ (like the capital of Japan) or ___ (like how to ride a bike) but would forget more ___ material (like their 21 st birthday or the names of their children) Most concussions result in at least a little retrograde amnesia, especially around the time of the injury. •Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form ___ memories after a related trauma has occurred, usually to the ___. If a forty year old person develops anterograde amnesia, they can remember everything and everyone that happened to them that they learned at and before 40. Everything and everyone introduced to them afterward will never be remembered b/c ___ term memory is impossible.

Physical; trauma; windows; slowly; Past; emotional; personal; facts; procedures; personal; New; hippocampus; long

•Serial position effect aka ___ and ___ effect is the tendency to recall the ___ few things and the ___ few things better than the ___ in a list of data. -Primacy effect is recalling the ___ things well in a long list, due to two factors: 1) It is introduced into ___-term memory when it is fresh and w/o competing data, and 2) It gets rehearsed the most b/c it is the ___ things practiced -Recency effect is recalling the ___ things well in a long list, due to two factors: 1) It was the ___ data in ___ term, thus is has displaced most everything before it (nothing ___ comes in to push it out) 2) It is the ___ data before recall is asked

Primacy; recency; first; last; middle; First; short; first; Last; last; short; new; freshest

•Recall is a measure of memory in which a person must ___ information learned ___. Fill in the ___ tests and essays demand recall and ___ answers (much ___) •Recognition is a measure of memory in which a person need only to ___ previously learned information. ___-choice, matching, and true/false tests demand recognition (much ___) •Recognition is easier than recall, explaining why test scores of students on multiple choice tests will be ___ than fill in the blank tests, even if they are testing on the same exact material

Retrieve; earlier; blank; short; harder; Recognize; multiple; easier; Higher

•Relearning is a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning a material for a ___ time. If you learn something, ___ it, then ___ it, your depth of knowledge will be ___ and deeper than your first time learning.

Second; forget; relearn; faster

•The 3 levels/stages of memory are: 1) ___ memory, 2) ___ memory, 3) ___ memory •Sensory memory's job is to collect the billions and billions of pieces of ___ bombarding your brain from your ___ every second of every day. All data (except for ___ data) is brought to sensory memory and almost all of it is immediately ___. Sensory memory lasts for only about ___ seconds because otherwise it would be overwhelmed as new data pours in. Thus it must get rid of old data practically as soon as it arrives. Most is deemed ___, thus it decays immediately into the ___. The small amount of data in sensory memory that your brain indicates is meaningful enough to keep for longer than that .01-.25 seconds must be sent to ___ b/c it can't hold in sensory. (If sensory data did not immediately move or destroy data, imagine your brain sensing the world the same way videos lag online from slow download speeds) -Everything you pick up (___) goes to your brain as sensory memory but because its too much, it gets ___ quickly - but what you're choosing to look at is ___ -No ___, little ___ •Short term/working memory's job is two fold: 1) tackle the new data deemed ___ enough to be sent to it from ___ and 2) call upon ___ data in ___ memory to be brought back b/c it has relationships with the incoming sensory data. Short term memory has about a ___ second max lifespan before decay begins without rehearsal (with rehearsal, you could feasibly keep unstored memory in your short term memory forever, but the first ___ (a.k.a. new ___) would make it go away.) When data is done being used in short term memory, one of three things are going to happen: 1) It will return to storage in long term b/c it was something ___ there, 2) It will become stored in long term because you have ___ to go there, or 3) It will vanish into the ___ b/c it was not in long term and you did not commit to long term. The magic number of data units (not characters, units of meaning) is __ +/- 2. (__ spaces of material you can hold onto at one time) - why you tend to lose your train of thought (Newer research suggests that it may be closer to 4-5 and less to 7) -___ (what you're currently ___ about) •Long term memory stores data that needs to be kept for ___ recall. If properly encoded, long term memory does not ___ (only fades without ___) (the pathways of retrieval might decay, but the data itself does not. If the bridge is out, the island still exists, just getting there doesn't) A major difference and thus advantage that the brain has over a computer, is that that memories in our long term storage are placed in ___ files around the brain that relate to the topic of the memory whereas a computer stores a file in ___ place unless you force it to backup files. -Theoretically ___/___ storage -Anything you want to keep could be something you said 5 ___ ago or 5 ___ from now (anything over ___) -Anything in ___ can be retrieved)

Sensory; Short term/working; Long term; Data; five senses; unconscious; discarded; .01-.25; meaningless; recycling bin; short-term memory; vision; dumped; short term; storage; time; Meaningful; sensory memory; stored; long term; 15-30; distraction; data; already; encoded; recycling bin; 7; 7; Attention span; thinking; Future; decay; practice; many; one; infinite; limitless; minutes; years; 15 to 30 seconds; long term memory

•Iconic Memory is a momentary ___ memory of ___ stimuli lasting no more than a few ___ of a second (think how rapidly our visual world changes) •Echoic Memory is a momentary ___ memory of ___ stimuli lasting so that recall can be done in about ___ seconds after being heard even if attention was ___ (your ___ recall is stronger for slightly longer b/c less competition for sound sensory than ___ sensory) Both are ___ memories •In short term memory, storage of ideas that are not committed to ___ decay rapidly as time increases between ___ the data and then being asked to ___ the data.

Sensory; visual; tenths; Sensory; auditory; 3 to 4; elsewhere; sound; visual; Potential; Long term memory; knowing; say

•Repression is a theoretical type of forgetting that involves moving ___-related events from ___ areas of thought to ___ areas of the mind so that they cannot trigger anxiety emotions, feelings, or memories. (Not ___, high level ___) -Brain protects you from something to the point where you ___ the experience (not done willingly/___) •Tip of the tongue phenomenon is the situation where you know you know the ___ but you cannot currently ___ it to express it, usually verbally. Tip of the tongue is common and has an easy explanation: the answer is indeed in ___-term memory somewhere, but for whatever reason, it cannot currently be retrieved to ___-term memory so you can use it, usually b/c it is proving hard to find in memory. •Eidetic memory a.k.a. ___ memory: is the ability to reconstruct mentally the exact ___ or ___ clue as it was presented to you without actively learning it to begin with. If you have eidetic memory and you see something or hear something, you basically can recall it from your brain as if you had a still ___ or ___ in your head (as if it's ___)

Stress; conscious; unconscious; denial; dissociation; forget; consciously; Answer; find; long; short; Photographic; visual; auditory; Polaroid; tape recorded; muscle memory

•Confirmation bias is the tendency to pay attention to data that ___ our beliefs and to ignore the data that ___ or ___ our beliefs. •Choice supportive bias: the tendency, once a choice of options has been ___, to exaggerate the ___ of your choice and to exaggerate the ___ of the things you didn't choose. -Once you made that choice, you know have to ___ with it, so you talk ___ about it, and negative about the ___ choices

Supports; challenges; contradicts; Made; positivity; negativity; live; positive; other

•Long Term Potentiation is an increase in a neuron's ___ ___ potential, after brief, ___ stimulation. This discovery in the brain's interneurons help explain two important things concerning learning: 1) it shows why more ___ and more ___ makes it easier to recall data when prompted to (much like someone can much more comfortably drive down a road they've taken ___ over one they've been on once or twice) and 2) the ___ effect is more effective than cramming concerning learning b/c the long term potentiation makes ___ stronger after successful periods of study, rest, study, rest, study, rest, etc. Explains the ___/___ way memories are formed -What ___ and ___ a memory -And why memories get ___/___ Strengthens the ___ connections between those neurons making the trail more defined as you walk the path ___. But as you stop using the info/walking on the trail, you'll ___ the info (weakens)/the trail grows weeds, etc. •When we are very ___, we are much more likely to recall memories than from times when we were ___. This is because the ___ produces hormones when we are emotional that increases the strength of ___, meaning we are chemically geared to be able to remember emotional things over ___ things (likely a ___ technique for future survival) ___- Most likely to retain stronger and longer ___- won't remember for very long ___- More stang power and accuracy •Because memories are stored in several dozen to hundreds of relative files (schema) based on each aspect of an idea, not surprisingly, the data that was encoded through several means (such as ___) is much easier to remember longer and recall better and more thoroughly than data stored through only one or two means (visual only) - your brain will store the experience in any ___ topic

Synapse's; firing; rapid; practice; study; everyday; spacing; recall; biological; chemical; forms; maintains; hazy; forgotten; chemical; over and over; forget Emotional; unemotional; amygdala; long-term potentiation; neutral; survival; crappy; Neutral; Positive; Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and tactile; relevant

Divergent vs. Convergent thinking: Convergent thinking is thinking directed towards finding ___ ___ to a problem. Divergent thinking is thinking that searches for ___ plausible ___ to a problem. (Ex. Convergent: Working together to solve the answer to a ___. Divergent: Brainstorming potential solutions to fix the ___)

The; answer; multiple; answers; math equation; economy

•Cognition is the mental activities associated with ___, knowing, ___, and communicating (Basically all ___ level ___ functions are forms of cognition) - ___ - logic, problem solving, etc. •Concept is the mental ___ of ___ objects, events, ideas, or people. This is how most information is ___ in our brain. We frequently call these ___. (How you choose to ___ data) •Prototype: a ___ picture of a ___ in our brain that serves as the ___ and working ___ for a concept folder. -If a person is prompted to say the prototype they would have for birds, most people might say something like a ___, robin, or eagle but would be less likely to say something like ___, ostrich, or penguin, b/c the first three serve a more encompassing ___ description of what we think of birds and even though the second three are certainly birds, they possess qualities that make them less ___ representations.

Thinking; remembering; higher; mental; Critical thinking; Grouping; similar; stored; schema; interpret; Generic; concept; template; model; cardinal; chicken; generic; generic

•Priming is the ___ activation of all aspects and associations in memory of a particular concept. -Priming can also influence our ___ behavior.

Unconscious; thinking

•Source amnesia is the ability to know knowledge but not be certain or mislabel ___ or ___ it came from. Psychologists believe that the encoding of ___ is the weakest encoding we have. -You can tell ___ they said, but not from ___, ___, or ___ you heard it (brain prioritizes the ___) •Zeigarnik effect: people remember ___ or ___ tasks better than ___ tasks. -Your brain doesn't like things ___ (if there is something that has not been finished yet, it keeps ___ in your brain like an annoying parent) •Pollyanna principle: people remember pleasant things ___ and more ___ than unpleasant things when recalling previous memories. -Because negative memories are super powerful/bad, we tend to change them to be ___, so we remember positive memories more ___ (not more ___). No reason to change a ___ memory (aka ___ bias)

Who; where; WHO; what; who; where; when; what Uncompleted; interrupted; completed; unresolved; popping up Faster; accurately; not as bad; accurately; powerful; positive; optimism

•Language: ___ words and the way we combine them to communicate ___ (was first just ___ - ___ came later) No other animal has language (they do communicate though) Language heavily influences ___ and ___ heavily influences language •Phoneme: in language, the smallest unit of ___ that the human mouth can make (how you pronounce the ___, ___, etc.) •Morpheme: in language, the smallest unit of ___ (change ___ of a word - what does this word ___, and how many ___ does it have) Carpool = __ morphine Car = __, Cars = __ •Grammar: system of language ___ that enable us to communicate and ___ others (all the rules you need to know to successfully ___ and ___ the language) -Semantics: ___ and ___ of meanings (how you ___ a word, what it ___, how you would ___ it, the word you'd ___ it with, ___) -- bad could mean ___ or ___ -Syntax: rules for ___ words into ___ correct ___ and ___ ___ for which things should be structured in a sentence (___ breaks syntax rules)

Written, verbal, and signed; meaning; spoken word; written; thinking; thinking; Distinctive sound; vowel; constants; Meaning; meaning; mean; meanings; 2; 1; 2; Rules; understand; speak; write; Rules; study; pronounce; means; describe; replace; accent; not good; cool; Combining; grammatically; sentences; thoughts; Order; yoda speak