Unit 7- Age Absolutism, Enlightenment, and Revolutions
Spanish Armada
"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.
Louis XIV of France
"Sun King," he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.
Magna Carta
(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom-- these were violated by King Charles I which would lead to the English Civil War and his beheading.
Long Parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
"Declaration of the Rights of Man"
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"Leviathan"
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"Two Treatises of Government"
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"Vindication of the Rights of Woman"
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"Wealth of Nations"
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1st Estate
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2nd Estate
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3rd Estate
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Adam Smith
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American Revolution
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Articles of Confederation
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Baron de Montesquieu
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Baroque Art
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Bill of Rights
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Catherine the Great
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Causes of the French Revolution
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Censorship
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Checks and Balances
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Constitution
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Declaration of Independence
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Effects of Spanish Wars
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Enlightened Despot
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Estates
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Estates-General
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Federal Republic
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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Frederick II of Prussia
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French Revolution
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George Frederic Handel
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Jean jacques Rousseau
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Johannes Sebastian Bach
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John Locke
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King Louis XVI
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Laissez-faire economics
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Loyalists
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Marie Antoinette
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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National Assembly
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Natural Rights
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Navigation Acts
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Patriots
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Philosophes
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Physiocrat
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Rococo Art
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Salons
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Salutary Neglect
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Separation of Powers
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Social Contract
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State of Nature
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Tabula Rasa
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Tennis Court Oath
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Voltaire
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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William and Mary
1688 Royal couple ruling England. Mary was daughter of James II and William was a prince of the Netherlands. Transformed England into a constitutional monarchy.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
Natural Law
A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.
Palace of Versailles
A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.
The Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Absolute Monarch
A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power over the government and the lives of the people.
Limited Monarchy
A system of government that emerged in England in which the monarch was made to share power with an elected Parliament.
Divine Right
Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from God- would make it difficult for the people to question the ruler's actions.
English Civil War
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
Thomas Hobbes
English political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote the "Leviathan" and supported the idea of the social contract.
Beheading of Charles I
First king to be arrested, tried, convicted and executed by his own people
English Bill of Rights
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
"Sun King"
Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development.
Decline of Spain
The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy.
Philip II of Spain
The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a Catholic king.
"The Prince"
Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"
Niccolo Macchiavelli
wrote the Prince, which is a book on political power. The ideas on this were that a prince should be a lion and fox, and he also though a ruler should be feared and he rejected the ethical side of the princes activity