Urinary Mastering

Which letter represents the region that combines several minor calyces to form two or three major calyces?

C

True/False? High blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin.

False

True/False? If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

False

The lab results of a newly admitted patient indicate renal impairment. How might this affect the dosing regimen of drugs that are excreted by the kidney?

The dosage or the dosage interval may need to be reduced. If the renal clearance of the drug is reduced by kidney disease, then drugs eliminated by the kidney may need to be given less often, in smaller amounts, or both. This appropriate regimen is often found in information provided by the drug manufacturer.

Which of the following correctly describes the location of the kidneys?

The kidneys are located along the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity in the upper lumbar region. The kidneys receive some protection from the lower ribs and perirenal fat pads. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

The pontine storage center must be activated.

Select the correct statement about the ureters.

The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.

The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole.

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

Which of the following hormones acting on the collecting duct is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood?

aldosterone

Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.

an overactive detrusor muscle

Reabsorption of sodium in the medulla by active transport is undertaken by cells that compose which of the following?

ascending nephron loop Active transport of sodium by the cells of the ascending loop creates the high osmolality of the interstitial fluids in the medulla.

Secondary active transport of solutes requires the presence of all of the following (concentration gradients, membrane transport proteins, transcellular movement) except __________.

atp

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae, and empty it into the __________.

calyces; renal pelvis

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone on the cells of the collecting duct?

causes aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes

The function of angiotensin II is to ________.

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

false

The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

false

True/False? The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

false

Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

Your patient's urinalysis shows a large amount of protein in the urine. This suggests a problem in the ____________

glomerulus

Which of these should not normally appear in urine?

glucose

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) (While diffusion rates are affected more by osmotic differences and concentration gradients, hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) is the chief method of forcing water and solutes by filtration.)

Polycystic kidney disease always affects both kidneys instead of only the right or left kidney because ______.

it is a genetic disease

If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur?

kidney perfusion will increase

Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT?

loss of Na+-K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

micturition Process of urinating, releasing stored urine after it is formed.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?

podocyte cells

Except for potassium ions, tubular secretion of most unwanted substances occurs in the ________.

proximal convoluted tube

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

regulate body fluid by controlling excretion from sweat glands

Identify the functional area of the kidney at letter B.

renal pyramid

Which of the following is the site where we would find the majority of the nephron loops?

renal pyramid The loops of all nephrons travel into the medulla and renal pyramids where urine is concentrated.

An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

slightly higher than water

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.

sodium

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the gross anatomy of the kidneys?

the left kidney is lower in position because of crowding by the liver.

Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

true

Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria?

vasodilation of afferent arterioles (Vasodilation of the afferent arterioles occurs during times of low systemic blood pressure. This reflexive response raises glomerular blood pressure and helps maintain normal glomerular filtration rates. Anuria is an abnormally low urine output (<50 ml/day).)