US History Civil Rights Movement

Freedom Riders

A group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation. sometimes met with violences (ex. firebombed)

Betty Friedan

Author whose work inspired the widespread revival of the women's movement. Conducted a survey of women who had graduated Smith College 15 years earlier, most of whom were disappointed with their lives as homemakers, as she attempted to dispute that higher education was harmful to women. Book was "The feminine Mystique" written in 1963 about trappings of domestic life.

Who wrote "The Death of Emmett Till"

Bob Dylan

Chicano Youth Movement

"Brown Power" - Brown Berets - fashioned after the black panthers -crusade for justice for hispanic people -goals were for equal housing and employment opportunities for all

American Indian Movement

"Red Power" - American Indian Movement (A.I.M) founded in MN due to extreme poverty and lack of jobs on Indian reservations - Occupation of Alcatraz in 1969 as tribal land

Felix Longoria

(1954) Mexican American solider killed in WWII who was refused by the only funeral director in Three Rivers Texas because he was hispanic. The director said he would hold a service in their home but not the church because it was "bad for business".

Freedom Summer 1964

- Freedom Rides across the South in 1964 -Civil Rights Acts of 1964 banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public such as movie theaters, as well as hiring people for jobs - Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party founded by Fannie Lou Hamer in 1964

The Black Panthers

- Militant black nationalist group - Frustrations over slow change in Civil Rights -Appealed to young, urban men -Hoped for social justice. Led by SNCC's Stokely Carmichael. -Created fear due to weapons use.

Hernandez VS. Texas

- Pete Hernandez was accused of murdering Joe Espinosa in Texas in 1950 -The jury that convicted Hernandez had no mexican Americans -Hernandez took his case to the supreme court -the supreme court reversed his conviction because no mexican americans had served on a jury in texas for over 25 years

Civil Rights movement

-African Americans and mexican americans stepped up the struggled for equality - American G.I forum was formed in 1948 to help Mexican American Veterans received Medical care and other veterans benefits often denied to them. it was founded by Dr. Hector Garcia

Mohandas Gandhi

Great leader from India who used non-violence to protest for independence, gender equity, and peaceful conflict resolution. Inspiration for Martin Luther King Jr's Protests

National Women's Political Caucus

Group formed by Gloria Steinem and others in 1971 to encourage women to run for political office.

Little Rock Nine

Nine African American Students who first integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957. (Eisenhower was president at this time) - on Sept. 1, 1957 the day the 9 black kids were suppose to go to class, the governor called in the national guard to prevent them from getting into the building -a federal judge made the National Guard leave two weeks later - Monday Sept. 23 was the first day of school - 1,000 police surrounded the building to escort the nine students to class and outside the door at noon day - President Eisenhower sent the 101st airborne troops to keep the situation calm -Eisenhower also took away governor Orval Faubus' ability to use the national guard

Name two entertainers who united against Jim Crow prejudice.

Paul Robeson and Josephine Baker

Historic Firsts

Two significant events in 1940's fight against segregation: - Jackie Robinson joined Major League baseball in 1947 - President Truman ordered the integration of armed forces in the executive order 9981

United Farm Workers

- Cesar Chaves and Dolores Huerta were founders -1962 -worked for migrant workers -united farm workers (UFW) led boycotts - Goals of fair pay, health care, and ending housing discrimination

Brown VS Board of Education

(1954) Supreme Court case that declared "separate but equal" public schools to be unconstitutional (Eisenhower was president at the time) - Linda Brown had to walk 1 mile to her black school even though there was a white school 7 blocks from her house - the white school refused to let her attend -her father, Oliver Brown, with the help of NAACP, sued the school district - George Hayes, Thurgood Marshall (future supreme court justice), and James Nabrit were the NAACP lawyers on the case -during the first trial, the board of education won because of the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson -Browns took the case to the supreme court -chief justice Earl Warren and the supreme court then decided segregated schools were unconstitutional -started the desegregation of public schools

Equal Pay Act

(1963) Federal law making it illegal for employers to pay female workers less than male workers for the same work.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

(1964) law under Johnson that banned racial discrimination in all public facilities and employment practices. Under Lydon B. Johnson

Education Amendment Acts

(1972) Federal law preventing gender discrimination in higher education.

League of United Latin American Citizens

(LULAC) Group formed in 1929 to lobby for hispanic concerns and issues

Montgomery improvement Association

(MIA) Organization formed by African American citizens in Montgomery Alabama in 1956 to strengthen the bus boycott and to coordinate protest efforts of African Americans led by Martin Luther King Jr.

National Organization for Women

(NOW) Women's rights group; formed in 1966 to pressure elected officials to insure social and political equality for women. Pauly Maurie and Betty Friedan were two of the founders.

Emmett Till

- 14 year old boy from Chicago who was visiting relatives in Mississippi in 1955 -He whistled at a white women and unkowningly broke a jim crow law - three days later he was kidnapped, beaten, had an eye gauged out, and shot in the head -his body was pulled from the Tallahatchie River three days later -his murders confessed but were not convicted by the all white, all male jury -days later they sold their story to a journalist and gave the details of how they killed Emmett Till - His mother insisted on having an open casket so the world could see what happened to her son -thousands came to his funeral -his murder is considered the beginning of the civil rights movement

Plessy V. Fergurson

- 1892, Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in a "white" train car even though he was 7/8 white - he was considered black by Louisiana Law - He sued the state of Louisiana but Judge Ferguson ruled against him saying that it was okay as long as it was "separate but equal"

Jackie Robinson facts

-Served in the Army as an officer during WWII - Earned letters and trophies in 4 sports at UCLA (Baseball, tennis, golf, and track) - Fought for his beliefs by refusing to get off his seat and move to back of the bus when he was in the army. He faced a court marshal for this but it was later dropped because he was well within his rights -Was asked to be the first person to break racial barrier in baseball major leagues. to do this he wouldn't be allowed to fight back when people abused him - he was recruited by Branch Rickey - changed baseball into a true american sport - smart and did well in classes -brother was Mac and a track star - wore # 42 -Born in Georgia and died in Kenneticuit - he was spiked, apart on, sent death threats, hit with pitches and called awful names -helped sports coach clay hopper look past ignorance and prejudice - played for dodgers (1947) -he gained fellowship with his team when an opposing team treated him worse than they ever had so they stuck up for him - he finished 1st in stolen bases and second in runs scored during his rookie year -Most important sports paper "Sporting News" who previously thought it was a bad idea to put a black player in the league, called him rookie of the year - Won affection and respect of fellow ballplayers and paved the way for a desegregated league. - in 1949 he was ahead of Dwight Eisenhower,Harry Truman, douglas MacArthur, and Bob Hope in a popularity poll - Inducted into hall of Fame in 1962 and died in 1972 - Was awarded the congressional medal of honor in 2005

Jim Crow

-character in minstrel Act in 1832 - A white man (Thomas Rice) dressed up as a black man and danced ridiculously singing - "Jim Crow" became a stereotype of African Americans - The term eventually began to mean "negro"

Rosa Parks timeline

1913, Pine Level Alabama: Rosa is born 1929, Alabama: Forced out of school to take care of ill grandmother (age 16) 1932, Married Raymond Parks (age 19) 1933, Tuskegee, Alabama: returned to school to get a diploma (age 20) 1943, Alabama: was told to get off a bus for not entering back door 1955, Montgomery Alabama: Arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus. Begins bus boycott 4 days later. 1956, Montgomery, Alabama/Detroit Michigan: Boycott ends and moves to Detroit 1965 Detroit and Alabama: left work as a seamstress and aided Republican John Corps in his local office, toured rural Alabama to recruit new votes. 1977 Detroit Michigan: Husband dies 1992 Detroit Michigan: wrote autobiography "My Story" 1995 Detroit Michigan: interviewed by people magazine and says "It takes more than one person to bring about peace -it takes all of us." 1999 Detroit Michigan: received congressional Gold Medal the highest civilian honor 2005 Detroit Michigan: Rosa dies

What is the earliest Civil rights act according the the class map? Latest?

1954 - segregation disputes Brown VS Board of Education 1968 - Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist and conservative critic that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; Viewed higher education as harmful for women

James Meredith

African American applicant to the University of Mississippi who the NAACP had a court order for him to be allowed to attend. (1962) He attended with armed guards and graduated 1963.

Rosa Parks

African American seamstress and civil rights activist she was later arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus. This started the Montgomery bus boycott and was a main coordinator in the movement.

Ralph Ellison

African American writer who published "Invisible Man" in 1952. The main character is struggling to fit in a society that rejects him. "I am invisible because people refuse to see me."

CORE

Congress of racial equality; northern based civil rights group that organized nonviolent protests

Sit-ins

Demonstrations in which protestors sit down in a location and refuse to leave - members of SNCC would go to lunch counters and nonviolently protest by sitting in "white only" sections SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; formed in 1960

Montgomery Bus boycott

In Montgomery, Alabama. In 1955-1956 it was prompted by Rosa Parks being arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus.

Shirley Chisholm

New York Representative for congress who received national attention. 1972 was the first African American woman elected into congress and to run for president. She did not receive the nomination but she demonstrated how far women had come.

Bella Abzug

New York Representative for congress who received national attention. Became outspoken supporter of Women's issues in congress.

SCLC

Southern christian leaders conference was an alliance of church based African American organization formed in 1957 dedicated to ending discrimination

Who integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962?

James Meredith

Gloria Steinem

Journalist inspired to activism during late 1960's. Her interest in civil rights led her to think about women in society. She helped found the national women's political caucus in 1971. She has written several books and founded numerous organizations for women including coalition of Labor union and Women against Women pornography. STARTED MAGAZINE CALLED MS.MAGAZINE IN 1972.

When was Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated? Malcolm X? What leader was assassinated in 1963?

King: Memphis, Tennessee 1968 Malcolm X: Mew York City, New York, 1965 NAACP Leader Medger Evers

Civil Rights Acts

LBJ's domestic program, The Great Society, he advocated much anti-poverty legislation, including Affirmative Action for both gender and racial equality - voting rights act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests -MLK Jr. Said "Give us the ballot and the south will never be the same again"

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Law that made it a federal crime to prevent a qualified persons from voting.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of civil rights movement who preached of non-violent protesting. Spokesperson for MIA and used Ghandi's non-violent protest technique. - Son of a Baptist Minister -had Ph.D in religion -Began Souther Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 (urged African Americans to use civil disobedience to fight injustice)

Integration

Mixing of different racial groups - korean war was the first in which blacks and whites fought together side by side for the US -Veterans often became leaders in the civil rights movement

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer who argued on Brown's behalf. He suggested that segregation damaged African American's physiologically by lowering their self worth. He was the first African American on Supreme Court.

NAACP

National Association for the advancement of colored people was a group founded by W.E.B Du Bois and others in 1909 to end racial discrimination. - tried to get rid of discrimination -under Thurgood Marshal, the legal defense fund was involved in several court cases against segregation -it helped blacks register to vote and fought for equal rights in housing and employment

Urban renewal

Program launched by the federal government in the 1950's to replace old, run down, inner city buildings

Non-Violence Resistence

Protest strategy that calls for peaceful demonstrations and the rejection of violence

Rural VS Urban conditions

Rural: - Farms - shrinking income Urban: - displaced workers flocked to cities - crowded living tenements - segregated by ethnicity - Urban Renewal program Both: - little improvement -lived in poverty (poorest group of US pop) - struggle for housing

Fannie Lou Hamer: What did she do and what actions did she take for civil rights?

She tried to vote and was told to either withdraw her registration or leave the land she lived on. She faced Threats and terrorism followed by night raiders shooting at her and her family, being thrown in jail, arrested, and beaten. - founded Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (african americans weren't allowed in the Democratic Party in Mississippi) - went to the democratic party convention and told delegates that it was impossible for African Americans to vote in her state. - organized Freedom Farm cooperative to feed poor.

March on Brimingham

Suggested by James Bevel: May 2nd more than 1000 youths marched in Brimingham streets for a desegregation campaign started by King. 600 were arrested but protests still continued so police were ordered to attack the marches and these attacks increased public support for Civil Rights.

Jack Kerovac

Wrote one of the best known Beat works entitled "On the Road" that celebrated freedom and the search for individual identity.

Malcolm X

a charismatic leader in civil rights -while in prison he converted to the religion of Islam following Elijah Muhammed -He championed African American Separatism though eventually advocated unity and the goals of MLK -converted to orthodox islam and was assassinated in 1965

What events of civil rights occurred in Nashville?

planned demonstrations and race riots

Heman Sweatt

registered at U of Texas 1950 Sweatt v. Painter supreme court case determined separate professional schools (Law school) for african americans did not nee thte test of equality.

Segregation

separation of people by category, usually race - Jim crow laws helped create this environment

beats

small but influential group of writers who challenged literary conventions and the lifestyle of the middle class in the 1950's