US History terms Module 1

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

Conscription

A military draft

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

income tax

A tax on people's earnings

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

by forbidding settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

How did the British government attempt to eliminate conflict between Native Americans and colonists?

By blockading ports and controlling the Mississippi River

How did the Union hope to damage Confederate trade and transportation during the Civil War?

More land was cultivated as cotton planting became more profitable.

How did the cotton gin cause an increase in the demand for slaves?

Many colonists began to question the authority of the British monarchy

How was the Monroe Doctrine an expression of nationalism?

To promote unity against British tyranny

In a symbolic message to the Albany Congress in 1754, Benjamin Franklin printed this image in his Pennsylvania Gazette. What purpose did Franklin's image serve during the Revolutionary War? join or die image

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

strike

Nonviolent refusal to continue to work until a problem is resolved.

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

True

Some northerners benefited economically because of the Civil War

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

True

The economic gap between the North and the South lasted until the 1900s.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Appotomax Court House

The place famous for General Lees Surrender.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

the prospect of wealth

What attracted the conquistadors to the Americas?

African slaves

What became the main labor source in the southern colonies?

They were seeking new economic opportunities.

What was the main reason many Americans moved west during the mid-19th century?

A revolt would allow the colonies to form a government that would uphold the unalienable rights of the people.\

Which of the following correctly describes the justification that Thomas Jefferson provided in the Declaration of Independence for revolt by the colonists?

large plantations raising one cash crop

Which of the following describes the main economic activity of the southern colonies?

The individual was responsible for salvation

Which of the following was a belief of the participants in the Second Great Awakening?

Treaty of Paris

Which of the following was a result of the French and Indian War?

Many colonists began to question the authority of the British monarchy

Which of the following was an effect of the Enlightenment on the colonies?

Shipping costs dropped significantly.

Which of the following was an effect of the increased use of canals and railroads in the mid-1800s?

raising wages shortening the workday

Which of the following were the main objectives of labor unions? Choose the two correct answers.

To take advantage of a new party affiliation to gain power

Why did scalawags choose to join the Republican Party?

They felt he was not carrying out his obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act.

Why did the Radicals want to impeach Andrew Johnson?

Its flexibility allows the government to meet new challenges

Why has the Constitution endured since its ratification in 1789?

It affirmed the Supreme Court's ability to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Why was Marbury v. Madison important?

It allowed the Union to get closer to controlling the Mississippi.

Why was the surrender of Vicksburg crucial to the success of the Union's western campaign of the war?

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Hiram Revels

first African American senator

Stephen Fuller Austin

followed his father's plans to lead the first Americans to legally settle in Texas

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Confederacy

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph