week 3

New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration. T/F

False

While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins. What is the significance of this finding?

Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease

Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?

edema

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

afterload

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur

In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with

high cardiac output

The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in

non-Hispanic black adults

A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by

reduced cardiac output

Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of ___ from juxtaglomerular cells

renin

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to

rupture

the ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension

true

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is

digitalis

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient's symptomology is most likely related to

hypotension

Lusitropic impairment refers to

impaired diastolic relaxation

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breathe. The lung sounds are absent on one side. The patient is experiencing ___ shock.

obstructive

Hypertension is closely linked to

obstructive sleep apnea

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is a characteristic of

premature ventricular complexes

First-degree heart block is characterized by

prolonged PR interval

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

pulmonary congestion

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit

pulmonary congestion with dyspnea

Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to

pulmonary stenosis

Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as ___ hypertension

secondary

A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ____ shock.

septic

a laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is

serum potassium

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

Crystalloids

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

a systemic inflammatory response to infection

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 BPM

In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 ml of blood, who has normal BP when supine, but experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing

Class II, compensated stage

A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?

Septic

Cor pulmonale refers to

a right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension

Which BP reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?

128/82

What results when systemic BP is increased

Vasoconstriction

Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?

Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf Parkinson-White syndrome)

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine BP of 110/70 and a HR of 100?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

Tachycardia

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. T/F

True

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with

acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction