Western Civ Final Exam

How did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

Calvinists believed that people are predestined to go to heaven or hell after death.

How did Calvinists' views on religion differed from Catholics' views?

Calvinists believed the actions people took had no weight on whether they would go to heaven or hell, while Catholics believed their life on earth impacted their afterlife.

Henry VIII's first wife was...

Catherine of Aragon

Which religion is MOST associated with the Europeans who explored and colonized Central and South America in the 1500s?

Catholicism

During the Reformation who was the Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V

The purpose of the Edict of Worms was to try Luther for heresy, Luther reacted by...

Defending his actions and denouncing the power of the Pope

"What seems to me white, I will believe black if the hierarchical Church so defines." - Ignatius of Loyola this quote voices the idea that the Catholic Reformation...

Did little reform the Catholic Church, since the Pope still retained unquestioned power

Luther was made an outlaw by

Diet of Worms

What occurred before the split of the Catholic Church and led to its weakening?

Disputes over political power between monarchs and the Pope, Increased spending and building projects of the Catholic Church, An increase in selling of indulgences.

How did the printing press affect Europe?

It allowed for revolutionary ideas from ALL people to spread throughout the Western world, It made books, especially the Bible, cheaper and more accessible, It allowed for books to be printer in the vernacular, It increased literacy rates, which in turn led to the demand and rise of education institutions.

The printing press helped to spread the ideas in the 95 Theses because

It was printed in the regional/local vernacular, It made written works more affordable, It increased the literacy of the population, It allowed for mass production of written works.

In spite of this attitude, Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits were also known for founding

Jesuit Universities

Church reformer in Switzerland

John Calvin

Predestination is the Christian religious belief that God has already determined who is destined for salvation, this was a central doctoral belief of which reformer?

Martin Luther

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Martin Luther nailing the 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg Church

Results of the Reformation

Northern European countries became largely Protestant, the idea of self-government began to take hold, people became more curious about science and the natural world.

What impact did religious wars have on the politique leaders of Europe?

Politiques focused on secular matters of state to make decisions and left religion as a secondary value to keep their countries together

What contributed to Protestantism's success?

Some kings and Princes supported it.

The French Wars of Religion in which Henry IV fought most closely compare to

The 30 Years War

What held religious authority in Protestant belief?

The Bible

What was the name of the list of subversive books created by the Catholic Church?

The Index of Forbidden Books

Martin Luther's 95 Theses and actions sparked

The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther most criticized the Catholic Church for

The selling of indulgences by the clergy

Thomas More's execution highlights what larger trend of the Reformation?

The struggle of individual conscience over both secular and religious powers

According to Luther, how were the actions of the Roman Catholic Church in conflict with the Bible?

They were selling indulgences as payment for sins rather than requiring faith in Jesus.

What was the reason for the conflict between Thomas More and the king of England?

Thomas More did not agree with the Act of Supremacy

Why was the Council of Trent convened in 1545?

To respond to the Protestant Reformation

Henry VIII of England created a new church during the protestant reformation called the Anglican Church.

True

In the early 1500s, Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to

a decline in the power of the Catholic Church

During the Renaissance and into the Reformation the Catholic Church sold indulgences which can best be described as...

a token lessening the amount of time a person's soul spent in purgatory after death

What were the 95 Theses?

arguments written by Martin Luther to attack the sale of indulgences

In the aftermath of Protestant and Catholic reforms, the Council of Trent met in order to

define the doctrines of the Catholic church and answer Protestant arguments

The Council of Trent of 1545 addressed the issues raised by Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers by

encouraging new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, to set good examples.

The Protestant Reformation represents a turning point in European history because it...

ended Christian unity under one Catholic Church

Martin Luther did not care if the Church excommunicated him because _____

he believed that Christians are saved by faith alone, he questioned the authority of the papacy, he did not believe that the Church held the keys to heaven.

An ____________ was a way of buying entry into heaven.

indulgence

Why did France support the Protestant rebels fighting against the Catholic in the Holy Roman Empire?

it wanted to weaken and fragment the Holy Roman Empire

Mostly the people from Southern European countries joined the protestant movement during the reformation

False

A negative of capitalist economics is

Financial bubbles

After the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther was ruled an outlaw. Who provided Luther protection while he translated the New Testament into German?

Frederick Saxony

Henry IV is best known for the Edit of Nantes in which

Gave sizeable religious freedom to the Huguenots

Predestination

God already knows the fate of each person

John Calvin taught that

God decides who goes to heaven.

Martin Luther is often thought of as the reformer whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation. What was Luther's motivation for those actions?

A belief that each person should have authority over his religion rather than relying on clergy.

The result of the Anglican Reformation was

A church that maintained Catholic tradition, but replacing the Pope with the king

What effect did the Thirty Years' War have on the German-speaking population between 1618 and 1650?

About a third of the population perished

The Church of England is also known as the __________Church.

Anglican

Why is Sir Thomas More important?

He was beheaded because he failed to reject the Pope as the supreme leader and accept the monarch as it, He was a devout Catholic that refused to take an oath to King Henry VIII over the issue of self-interest and power, He was a Christian Humanist that sought to reform and strengthen the Catholic Church.

Why did Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church?

He was not granted a marriage annulment.

"I die the king's faithful servant, but God's first" - Thomas More the king mentioned by Thomas More is...

Henry VIII

What did Luther's 95 Theses reflect?

His opinion about indulgences.

"And to leave no occasion for trouble or difference among our subjects: We permit those of the so-called Reform Religion to live and abide in all the towns and districts in this our Realm....free from inquisition, molestation, or compulsion to do anything in any way or Religion, against their conscience...provided that they observe the provisions of this Edict...No distinction is to be made with regard to this religion, in the reception of pupils for education in universities, colleges and schools, nor in the reception of the sick and needy into hospitals, almshouses or public charities...Members of this religion are capable of holding any office or position in this realm." -Henry IV, Edict of Nantes, 1598 The ideas expressed in this excerpt from the Edict of Nantes most directly challenged the prevailing view in sixteenth century France that

national unity required religious conformity. The growing strength of the Huguenots alarmed French Catholics and led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. This event in turn ignited a bloody civil war between Catholics and Protestants. Like Catholics in Spain, the French Catholics believed that national unity required religious prosperity. The Edict of Nantes challenged this prevailing view by granting Huguenots a degree of religious toleration.

An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the

power of monarchies

Which invention most contributed to the spread of the Reformation?

printing press

The Inquisition The Jesuits The Council of Trent All of these were MAINLY designed for what purpose?

restore the power of the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation by launching

the Catholic Counter-Reformation

What was the original goal of the Reformation leaders?

to correct corruption and problems in the Catholic Church