Western Civilization Mid Term

By the sixth century B.C.E., Greeks founded numerous colonies around the Mediterranean basin, the most significant of which were located where?

Anatolia and Italy

After a period of instability, __________was finally able to establish rule over the homeland of Alexander's Empire—Macedonia and Greece

Antigonus

Why did autocratic rulers in the Hellenistic world encourage manufacturing industries?

Manufacturing increased international trade revenues and therefore taxation and tariffs.

In the 1100s B.C.E. a wave of destruction swept across the Near East and the Mediterranean world as a result of the invasions of the:

Sea Peoples.

Because of their successful colonial and trading activities, the Miletus:

became extraordinarily wealthy.

In the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia:

became much more commercially sophisticated as a result of the wars between Byzantium and Persia changing trade routes

Local lords and chieftains often granted monasteries special privileges:

because monasteries often played a key role in economic development and prosperity in a region.

The Carolingian Empire collapsed during the ninth century:

because of the division of the empire among all the legitimate heirs of Louis and the Frankish aristocracy's dissatisfaction with the fractured central authority.

In the Book of Judges, the Hebrew people:

begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes

Most of what we know about Jesus was written down:

between c. 70 and 100 C.E.

The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was:

between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people.

he accomplishments of King Darius of Persia included:

building roads for transport and postal service

The equestrian order (Roman knights) was established when

businessmen who did not become senators wanted privileges.

Cleisthenes is important in the history of Athenian government because he:

championed the cause of the demos and took steps to limit the power of aristocrats.

The Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews affected Judaism by

enabling the Hebrews to sustain an identity outside of a Hebrew kingdom.

In the symposium, Archaic Age Greek aristocrats:

enjoyed wine and listened to poetry.

Boethius's interest in logic while remaining thoroughly Christian:

established a link between classical Greek thought and intellectual Christianity.

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was:

provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime

Unlike Cicero, Ambrose argued that the motive and goal of human conduct should be:

reverence for God

The Akkadian rulers of Sargon and Naram-Sin:

ruled from cities and kept their empires through conquest and commerce.

The economic effects of the migrations of the fifth century on the northwestern provinces

saw long-distance trade and skilled workers displaced from their occupations.

By becoming a "lawgiver," Hammurabi:

set a new standard of kingship.

By the end of the third century, the involvement of women in the Church had:

shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.

Pope Gregory I:

significantly advanced Benedictine monasticism as the major monastic movement in the West

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.

Socrates urged his followers to

understand the principles of proper conduct and one's actions.

Macedonian rule in Egypt was characterized by:

a revival of ancient traditions associated with the pharaohs

Augustine's Confessions is:

a series of autobiographical essays directed toward God

A Greek aristocrat who seized power and ruled outside the traditional constitutional framework was called:

a tyrant

A major influence on Epicurus and his school of Epicureanism was:

Democritus

With the expansion of population in the Hellenistic world and the creation of larger cities:

the average Greek male was less connected to his community and had little or no stake in society.

What made Jesus most controversial among the Jews was:

the claim of his followers that he was the Messiah

The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent:

the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey.

The myth of the rape of Lucretia appealed to Roman patriotism by emphasizing:

the corruption of Etruscan morals and government

One of the things the Romans borrowed from the Greek settlers in southern Italy was:

the derived Roman alphabet.

One of the significant technological achievements of the Sumerians was:

the invention of the potter's wheel.

Roman law consisted of three branches: civil law, natural law, and:

the law of nations

Jericho, one of the world's oldest villages, began an impressive building program of structures to protect their grain surplus around:

6800 B.C.E

The beginning of the end of Alexander's conquests was his inability to fully subdue

Afghanistan

With the expansion of population in Hellenistic world:

Alexander's successors established some 200 cities

The most important cultural center in the Hellenistic world was:

Alexandria.

Two of the foremost Hebrew prophets who emphasized the ethical demands God makes on humans were:

Amos and Hosea.

Rome was threatened in the mid-fifth century by the Huns under their leader:

Attila

The monastic way of life in the West was influenced greatly by the establishment of a set of rules written by:

Benedict

Which comparison between Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations is false?

Both enjoyed significant political and cultural interactions.

In the aftermath of the assassination of Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate took out its revenge on everyone opposed to them; one of the more prominent victims of the second triumvirate was:

Cicero

An important figure who founded several Merovingian monasteries was

Columbanus.

Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the seventh century C.E.?

Convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for aristocratic families.

Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it:

Diocletian divided the empire in half, trusting a junior colleague to rule the western part

Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy:

Etruscans, skilled metalworkers and artists, lived there

Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because:

German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities.

The Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt produced many strong pharaohs, among them:

Hatshepsut

Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?

He sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire

One difference between Islam and Christianity is that:

Islam has no sacraments or priests.

When it came to pagan literature:

Jerome argued that it could and should be studied if it were first adapted to the Christian message.

The people who took advantage of the weakness of Italy due to Justinian's policies of reconquest were the:

Lombards.

Greeks made contact with the _____ in the ninth century B.C.E.

Phoenicians.

When the emperor died in 192 with no heir apparent, civil war once again engulfed the Roman Empire with _________ eventually claiming the throne.

Septimius Severus

The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat

Solon

The most militarized of all the poleis in Greece was

Sparta

Following Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian War:

Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them

The _________ believed that the cosmos is an ordered whole in which all contradictions are resolved for ultimate good

Stoics

Prior to Julius Caesar's appointment as "Dictator for Life," only one other Roman had been appointed to that position without the traditional six-month term, and he was:

Sulla

The Egyptian book, _________, is an example of "wisdom literature" offering advice to those in public life.

The Instruction of Ptah-Hotep

Which statement best describes the position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?

The Pharisees believed in life after death and a system of individual rewards and punishments.

Macedonian military reforms under Philip II most closely resemble earlier reforms undertaken by:

Thebes

The leader of the Goths who received support from the Eastern Emperor to drive the Huns from Italy and establish a Gothic kingdom was:

Theoderic

Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in the early fourth century to being the recognized faith of the empire; this last step was the result of the action by the emperor:

Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship.

Why did the Romans of Italy and North Africa resent Justinian's efforts to ?0Òliberate?1Ó them?

There was a heavy cost in taxes and lives.

The earliest cities in Mesopotamia were founded by the:

Ubaid peoples

Ur-Nammu built the great ziggurat at:

Ur.

An individual who successfully led the city-state's army in battles was:

able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal

In 800 Charlemagne

accepted the crown and title of Holy Roman emperor.

Alexander decided to make Egypt the capital of his empire:

after he was proclaimed the ?0Òson of Ammon?1Ó by the sun god's oracle.

Severus disregarded what remained of the Roman Senate and its few remaining powers and ruled through the army while reforming it by:

allowing Roman soldiers to marry, which allowed them to put down roots where they lived.

The stability of Byzantine government was the product of:

an efficient bureaucracy

Whereas Plato conceived of politics as a means toward living the good life, Aristotle regarded politics as:

an end in itself.

Herophilus of Chalcedon was an innovative _________ in the ancient Hellenistic world.

anatomist

Greek rational thought began to separate in the Hellenistic world

and scientific inquiry began to be its own field of study.

After Hoplites were introduced in Greece:

aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess.

Alexander sought to fuse his Greco-Macedonian Empire with Persia by

arranging for hundreds of his officers to marry Persian noblewomen.

Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important:

as founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization.

Plotinus and Neoplatonism, like Christianity, believed in a soul that could be liberated from earthly bondage and prepared for reunification with God by:

asceticism

The civilization that emerged in ancient Egypt arose:

at the same time as that of ancient Sumer.

To the peoples of the ancient world, the characteristic manifestations of civilization—government, literature, science, and art—were necessarily products of:

city life

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that:

classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested

One of the contributors to the Neolithic revolution was:

climate change

Ionians transmitted the Lydian invention of _________ to the Greek world.

coinage

The Romans were the first people to use ___ on a massive scale in their buildings.

concrete

The Romans were able to support cities with large populations due, in no small measure, to the:

construction of a system of aqueducts to allow a steady supply of potable water to the cities.

The Latin Right of the early Romans guaranteed that:

contracts, marriages, and citizenship were valid across Latium

The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was:

deciphered by Champollion using the Rosetta Stone

One result of the Council of Nicea was to:

declare Arianism a heresy

Cave paintings, such as those found in Lascaux, France, are evidence of:

development of language as well as religious and artistic ideas.

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they:

did not speak Greek

By the fourteenth century B.C.E., international relations were marked by:

diplomatic standards, polite forms of address, gifts, and alliances.

Unlike the common practices of many previous civilizations:

early Christian monks practiced extreme forms of self-abasement.

One of the new approaches to the study of how humans lived before the development of cities and writing is:

evolutionary biology.

Hubris is:

excessive pride, which was punished by the gods.

During the early Roman Republic, Rome:

expanded slowly and extended the Latin right to many of the cities it conquered.

The division of property and wealth in New Kingdom Egypt

favored the pharaoh, the officer class, and the temples of the gods.

Spartiates rejected innovation and change and were:

forbidden to engage in trade or commerce.

Ambrose helped establish the authority of the Church by

forcing Theodosius to seek forgiveness from Ambrose for his sins.

During the economic decline of Greece in the fourth century B.C.E.:

former soldiers often worked as mercenaries who disrupted the household-based culture of the Greek poleis.

The Sophist claim that ?0ÒMan is the measure of all things?1Ó means:

goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings

The chief characteristics of Hellenistic architecture were:

grandeur and ornamentation

According to the patria potestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father

had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death

The Law Code of Hammurabi:

had most of its laws aimed at free commoners

Prior to Muhammad beginning to teach his prophecy and his new faith the Arabs:

had the concept of Allah as one of several gods

Hammurabi might have been the first ruler in history to:

have most of his laws aimed at free commoners.

Aristarchus of Samos was unusual among Hellenistic astronomers because:

he believed that the earth revolves around the sun.

The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was

highly regulated, including wage and price controls

The geographic site of Rome has many advantages, including

hills that increase the defensibility of the city.

By 1500 B.C.E.:

huge Mycenaean citadels were scattered across some of Greece.

Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes c. 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that:

produced wedgelike script called cuneiform

A mysterious wave of invasions entered the Mediterranean world and destroyed almost all of the preexisting civilizations:

in the second millennium B.C.E.

The early Byzantine religion was known for its:

intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy

The Augustan system of government

is known as the early empire or Principate, because Octavian ruled as first citizen.

Historians now refer to the period from 284 to 610 C.E. as Late Antiquity because:

it is a period with its own themes and developments, neither wholly Roman and not yet medieval.

Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into _________ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics and culture.

kingdoms and periods

"Indo-European," as used in historical or anthropological texts, refers to:

linguistic and cultural patterns found widely distributed from Ireland to India.

Milesian philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics:

looked to physical explanations of the workings of the universe.

Charlemagne was able to contain Umayyad power in Europe by

maintaining diplomatic and trade relations with its rival the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Egyptians made notable advances in:

measuring time

Akhenaten represents one of the earliest moves, in Western history, toward

monotheism in religious practices.

Central to Roman identity was a conservatism expressed in an unwritten code of

mos maiorum

Philip of Macedonia built his power base north of Greece partially by:

multiple alliance marriages

Tiberius Gracchus sought to protect small farmers and protect the pool of citizens from which the army could be drawn by reviving old laws from the republican days that limited the amount of land a person could hold; for this he was:

murdered

Greek sculpture evolved from the rather stiff likenesses resembling Egyptian statuary to a style labeled as

naturalism

One of the notable characteristics of civilization was the development of:

occupational specialization.

building roads for transport and postal service

of a Last Day or a Day of Judgment.

In invading Persia, Alexander began to follow the example of Cyrus the Great and:

offered amnesty to cities that surrendered and no mercy to those that did not

Traditional Roman religion included ancestor worship and:

oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians

Central to the Skeptic worldview is the idea that:

one must suspend judgment concerning everything

Hoplites were organized into formations called a:

phalanx

As a result of the Iconoclastic Controversy:

political legitimacy was fundamentally linked to the defense of religious tradition

In Phoenicia's overseas colonies:

power was wielded by a small number of elite families.

The culture of the Hittites was:

strongly militaristic, prone to attacks on other peoples

Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he:

subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.

One example of how Rome transformed the world into the Roman world would be:

that Roman leaders who originated from everywhere within the empire would settle far from their place of birth.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, the dramatic confrontation between Gilgamesh and Enkidu and its aftermath, illustrates:

that the forces of nature cannot be overcome by civilization and death is inevitable.

A result of the defeat of the Athenian expedition to attack Syracuse was:

the Athenian assembly replaced its democracy with oligarchy.

The decisive Greek military victory over the Persians at Salamis was won by:

the Athenian fleet

During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of

the Barracks Emperors, when Rome had twenty-six emperors in about fifty years

It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because:

the Byzantine Empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.

The strategic defense of the Roman Empire changed significantly when

the Goths were permitted to cross the Danube River and settle in Roman territory.

A pandemic broke out in 541-42 which has come to be known as:

the Justinianic Plague

Philistine power was based in:

the Pentapolis

Cultural and intellectual developments in Rome reached their pinnacle during:

the Principate.

The social center and organizational hub of the Greek polis was:

the agora

The New Kingdom, particularly the Eighteenth Dynasty, was marked by:

the rise of a wealthy aristocracy.

What made Greek battle formations and strategy formidable?

the training and skill of the hoplites to stay together.

One major result of the Persian wars was:

the vindication of hoplites in battle and a boost to Athenian and Greek confidence

One result of the campaigns of Belisarius in North Africa and Italy was:

the weakening of Constantinople against the Sassanids

The armies of Abu-Bakr were able to expand Islam northward out of Arabia largely because of:

the weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies because of their wars against each other

The Phoenicians's greatest contribution to civilization was:

their alphabet

The Mitannians introduced lighter chariots to carry archers, but:

their opponents soon copied them and used protective armor.

The Aetolian and Achaean Leagues differed from previous Greek attempts at political organization between poleis because:

they represented a real political unification, with some centralization of government functions.

Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.):

they started a series of wars for control of the western Mediterranean

Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 C.E. were called the "Five Good Emperors" because:

they were capable administrators who governed successfully

Byzantine monasteries were deeply involved in the Iconoclastic Controversy because:

they were major producers of icons, so they supported the use of images in the faith

The Egyptians developed elaborate tombs and burial techniques:

to provide the dead with all they would need in the afterlife

The system of writing developed by the citizens of Ugarit:

used an alphabet of about thirty symbols for the consonants

To highlight their authority and status in the former Persian Empire, Seleucid rulers

used terms in proclamations reminiscent of earlier Mesopotamian rulers.

Many of the local populations in Byzantium and Persia:

viewed the Arab armies as deliverers

Homer's poetry describes a world in which

warrior aristocrats competed for status and power and reinforced social ties through hospitality and gift-giving.

The switch from subsistence by food gathering to food production:

was a momentous revolution that made stable settlements possible

The Late Bronze Age:

was an age of superpowers.

After the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.), Sparta:

was defeated by Thebes, under the leadership of Epaminondas

After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a third Punic War:

was provoked by war hawks who thought Carthage must be destroyed.

The Hebrew cult of Yahweh:

was significantly advanced by the Levites

Cicero, one of the most famous Stoics of the later republic, believed in all the tenets of Stoicism except:

withdrawal from public life.

The Minoans:

wrote tablets in Linear A to record their economic transactions.