What is Psychology?

Which word refers to examining our thoughts and feelings by looking within?

introspection

consumer psychologists

research oriented

social psychologists

research oriented

The school of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience, like sensations and feelings, the things an individual is fully aware of is _________.

structuralism

T/F: A psychological construct is when an individual thinks of or remembers a person or situation and it produces feelings and thoughts in that individual.

true

T/F: Emotions influence both behavior and cognitive activities.

true

School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts

Gestalt psychology

Which psychologist founded the philosophy claiming that all behavior is conditioned by stimuli present in the environment?

John B. Watson

Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by: a. school psychologists. b. developmental psychologists. c. personality psychologists. d. educational psychologists.

NOT a.

According to Gestalt psychologists, much learning is accomplished by which of the following? a. Reinforcement. b. Mechanical repetition. c. Active participation in society. d. A slow, unconscious process.

NOT b.

The practice of psychology is closely related to the natural sciences by all of the following except __________? a. its concern with the biological functions of the brain b. the way it conducts research c. the way it analyzes data and draws conclusions d. the way it focuses solely on overt human behavior

NOT b.

In contrast to other early psychologists, how did Sigmund Freud gain his understanding of human behavior? a. In a chemical laboratory. b. In consultations with patients. c. Through systematic surveys. d. Through studies of the nervous system.

NOT c.

Which of the following questions is of the most interest to biological psychologists? a. Why are some people more resilient than others? b. Is intelligence inherited or learned? c. How does the environment shape a person's view of the world? d. Are our choices made on the conscious or unconscious level?

NOT c.

Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on which of the following? a. External rather than internal influences. b. Cognitive activity rather than behavior. c. Heredity rather than environmental causes for behavior. d. All of the above.

a. External rather than internal influences.

William James was responsible for functionalism and focused on which of the following? a. How to help people adapt to their environment by understanding their own mental processes. b. Discovering the basic elements of consciousness. c. Observable behavior only. d. The effect of reinforcement on the behavior of individuals.

a. How to help people adapt to their environment by understanding their own mental processes.

The main goals of psychology are to: a. observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. b. observe and describe feelings. c. observe and describe phenomena that science cannot explain. d. research and teach positive visualization.

a. observe, describe, explain, predict, and control behavior.

A _________ is a rule or law that acts as a guideline for future research. a. principle b. behavior c. construct d. theory

a. principle

The current focus of the ________ perspective has shifted from the unconscious mind to conscious choice and self direction. a. psychoanalytic b. sociocultural c. cognitive d. biological

a. psychoanalytic

Consumer psychologists try to explain and predict the behavior of ________. a. shoppers b. people c. the economy d. animals

a. shoppers

When did psychology begin to make a change toward modern psychology? a. 4th century B.C., with the Greek philosophers. b. 1800s, after the birth of modern science. c. 1900s, with the founding of psychoanalysis. d. Middle Ages, with tests to determine if a person was possessed.

b. 1800s, after the birth of modern science.

Which of the following is a true statement about psychology? a. Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. b. Psychology is a social science that is rooted in the natural sciences, like history and philosophy. c. Psychology is not considered a science, but is a form of sociology. d. None of the statements are true.

b. Psychology is a social science that is rooted in the natural sciences, like history and philosophy.

Psychology is different from other social sciences in that its focus is on ________. a. family interactions b. an individual's behavior and mental processes c. an individual's genes d. societies of the world

b. an individual's behavior and mental processes

Psychologists who study how we understand, store, and retrieve information follow the ________. a. humanistic perspective b. cognitive perspective c. learning perspective d. evolutionary perspective

b. cognitive perspective

Psychology helps to interpret ________. a. principles that are not clear b. mental process and behavior c. individual interpretation of society d. group behavior

b. mental process and behavior

Two research methods widely used by psychologists are a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure. b. surveys and experiments. c. water-float tests and lie-detector tests. d. introspection and reinforcement.

b. surveys and experiments.

Which of the following statements is true according to the Social Learning Theory? a. A child's actions will most likely be determined by culture and economical status. b. A child's actions will most likely be determined by inherited personality traits. c. A child's actions will most likely be determined by what is observed from others in the surrounding environment. d. A child's actions will be determined by internal guidance and emotions

c. A child's actions will most likely be determined by what is observed from others in the surrounding environment.

Belief in self, experience, and self-awareness are the main concerns of which of the following? a. The school of behaviorism. b. Freudian psychoanalysis. c. The humanistic perspective. d. The school of functionalism.

c. The humanistic perspective.

Which type of work would an environmental psychologist be interested in studying the effects of? a. Advertising and the buying patterns of consumers. b. Moving from childhood into adulthood. c. Workers clearing rubble form to site of a collapsed building. d. Socioeconomic status on educational achievement.

c. Workers clearing rubble form to site of a collapsed building.

Achievement tests that help measure intelligence are developed by ________. a. personality psychologists b. school psychologists c. educational psychologists d. developmental psychologists

c. educational psychologists

Cognitive activities include dreaming, ___, and having memories. a. snoring b. breathing c. forming perceptions d. talking

c. forming perceptions

Evolutionary psychologists believe that _______ influence people to act in certain ways. a. cultural heritage b. behavior patterns c. inherited tendencies d. unconscious forces

c. inherited tendencies

Social sciences study the __________ between people and groups of people. a. family relationships b. conversations c. interactions d. tension

c. interactions

The method of learning that stresses examining one's own thoughts and feelings is: a. positive visualization. b. Gestalt psychology. c. introspection. d. reinforcement.

c. introspection.

Psychology is defined as the: a. humanistic study of emotions and feelings. b. sociological study of individual and group dynamics. c. scientific study of behavior and mental processes. d. study of supernatural phenomena.

c. scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Psychological _________ explain and predict what governs behavior and mental processes. a. commands b. processes c. theories d. goals

c. theories

The contemporary psychoanalytic perspective stresses the influence of: a. heredity rather than environment. b. environment rather than heredity. c. unconscious motives and conflicts. d. conscious choice and self-direction.

c. unconscious motives and conflicts.

counseling psychologists

client oriented

school psychologists

client oriented

The cognitive perspective was most influenced by ________. a. Abraham Maslow b. Charles Darwin c. Carl Rogers d. Jean Piaget

d. Jean Piaget

________ is a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are. a. Principle c. Construct b. Research d. Theory

d. Theory

Functionalists are concerned with how mental processes help organisms _______ their environment. a. escape from b. improve c. learn from d. adapt to

d. adapt to

Counseling psychologists encourage their clients to: a. clarify their goals. b. overcome adjustment problems. c. meet challenges. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Studying how learning and experience affect behavior is the main focus of _________. a. sociocultural psychologists b. biological psychologists c. cognitive psychologists d. learning psychologists

d. learning psychologists

The psychological perspective that claims that people are driven by a need for self-fulfillment.

humanistic perspective