WHE unit 3 test

five pillars of islam

1. iman/faither-shahadah 2. salah/prayer-5 times a day in direction of mecca 3. zakah/financial obligation-charity, goes to the mosque 4. sawn/fasting-every year in month of ramadan 5. hajj/pilgrimage

Later Crusades

1200s - the first crusades had been replaced by a search for personal gain. Armies marched to north Africa (not the holy land). None of these attempts, lead by St. Louis XI, conquered much land. Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) - to establish a secure base in Egypt Sixth Crusade (1228) - to recapture the Holy Land Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) - to capture a base in Egypt and regained the Holy Land Eighth Crusade (1270-1291) - to convert Bay of Tunis to Christianity and recaptured the places in the Holy Land

byzantine empire falls to ottoman turks WHEN?

1453

Villagers began to organize their land differently Under the two field system, peasants divide the field in two One field would be for crops, the other would be left unplanted With the new three field system, farmers can grow crops on 2/3 of land (producing more food) This results in increased population They were able to resist disease and live longer

3-Field System

Why didn't Germany unify?

After Frederick, future German/Holy Roman Emperors had repeated conflicts with the Pope and the Church. They went to wars with Italian cities, and German rulers owned smaller fiefs of land than nobles in England and France did. So, it was harder for them to have a stronger central authority.

King of Britain from 871 to 899. Only one able to turn back the Viking invaders that fiercely raided Britain in the 800s. He and his successors united the kingdom (England- "Land of the Angles") Descendant, King Edward the Confessor, died without heir and struggle for throne erupted--- one last invasion---> leads to William

Alfred the Great

Clement V, the pope that the College of Cardinals selected, shortly moved from Rome to this city in France. Popes would live here for the next 67 years. The move to this place badly weakened the Church.

Avignon

Third English victory, 1415 English outnumbered by French 6,000 vs. 20,000-30,000 Lead by King Henry V, English archers win against heavily armored French knights

Battle of Agincourt

October 14, 1066 Between Normans and Saxons (William vs. Harold) Norman's won and William declared England as his personal property English lords who supported Harold lost their lands and William granted 200 fiefs for lords who swore him loyalty Changed the course of English history

Battle of Hastings

Frederick I had angered so many Italian merchants, and the pope, so much, that they formed an alliance called the Lombard League. ●1176, the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights at the The Battle of Legnano. The foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat the feudal knights. ●1177, Frederick made peace with the pope and went back to Germany. ●Despite this loss, his power continued to grow, until he drowned in 1190 and his empire dissolved.

Battle of Legnano

Town of Poitiers, France French think they catch the English at disadvantage Overconfident French knights charge on foot, English longbowmen retaliate French helpless French king John and son Philip captured and held for ransom. English win

Battle of Poitiers:

Written by Giovanni Boccaccio The book is a collection of about a hundred different perspectives from people on the topic of the Bubonic Plague

Boccaccio's The Decameron

Approximately one-third of the population of Europe died from this disease. Killed almost 25 million Europeans and many more millions in Asia and North Africa. Began in Asia. Traveled through the trade lanes and infected most of Asia and the Muslim world. Took four years to reach almost every corner of Europe Three-quarters of those who caught the disease died. Economy effects; town populations fell which meant less workers. Trade declined. Prices rose. Churches lost their prestige when their prayers and penances failed to stop the onslaught of the plague.

Bubonic plague

Burghers were town dwellers who disliked the interference of the feudal lords. They demanded privileges such as freedom from certain tolls or the right to govern the town. They occasionally had to win these rights by force.

Burghers

Danish king that conquered England in 1016. This led to the molding of Anglo-Saxons and Vikings into one person

Canute

France divided into 30 feudal territories Louis the Sluggard, last of the Carolingian family died succeeded by Hugh Capet, a duke Capet family ruled small territory and Paris from 987-1328 their territory sat on important trade routes in Northern France Capetian rule grew outward from Paris, would eventually unite France

Capetian dynasty:

How did warfare change?

Charles Martel organized the first armored cavalry, or the knights

Let Joan of Arc lead the French army into battle against English fort

Charles VI

What is the origin of the land known as Normandy?

Charles the Simple was the king of France but held little power. Because he and Rollo, head of the Viking army, Charles granted Rollo a huge piece of French territory. It became Northmen's land, or Normandy.

Formed by England's royal judges formed by a unified body of law that became known as the common law

Common law

In the year 1122, representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the German city of Worms. A compromise was met... it was known as the Concordat of Worms. It stated that the Church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff, symbols of Church office. However, the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment of a bishop.

Concordat of Worms (pronounced "Vorms")

On August 26, 1346, English men were outnumbered by a French army three times their size but they had longbowmen. At the end of the day, 1/3 of the French were dead, the English men had won.

Crecy

The goal of these military expeditions was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. According to Pope Urban II, if the knight died on Crusade, they were assured of a place in heaven. Most of the crusaders were French. In the 1200s, Crusades became increasingly common and unsuccessful.

Crusades

what is charlemagne's legacy?

Curbed power of nobles Improved management of governed land Further unified Western Europe Valued education and improved it for nobles and monks

Poet who wrote The Divine Comedy (1321) in Italian. He was one of the first poets to use vernacular for his works.

Dante Alighieri

Why is William important?

Domesday book - huge survey of England (census); most of info we know about medieval England comes from this book -brings tradition of surnames -takes power away from nobles and reorganizes land into various districts..

Founded by a spanish priest named Dominic, Dominicans was one of the earliest orders of Friars. Dominic emphasized the importance of study resulting in many Dominicans being scholars

Dominicans

What was typical town like?

Due to the increase of population, the streets became overcrowded and unsanitary. For example, streets were already narrow, the towns lacked fresh air, and no one bathed.

Brought with her more land from France She was a wife of two kings and mother of two kings. Married Louis VII of France when The Second Crusade began. 1147: She accompanied Louis VII to the Holy Land. Shortly after her marriage with Louis was annulled,she then married Henry Plantagenet who became known as Henry II. Produced four son

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Most celebrated woman of the age, Troubadours flocked to her court.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Legacy of 100 Years' War

English left with only the French port of Calais war raised power and influence of the French but France was still pretty devasted produced nationalism - BIG DEAL - for first time (really), people started seeing themselves as "French" or "English" and owing allegiance to their king instead of a feudal lord

Most trade took place in towns Peasants from nearby towns traveled with items to trade cloth was the most common trade item Others included: Bacon, salt, honey cheese, ropes, and dyes etc things were both longer produced on a self- sufficient manor

Fairs and trades

Crusaders were ill- prepared for the war on the first crusade. There was no strategy to capture Jerusalem. Nobles argued against each other and couldn't agree on a leader. An army of 12,000 approached and besieged Jerusalem for a month. They captured Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. 1096-1099

First Crusade

all the Estates were created by Philip IV to oppose the pope meeting called the Estates-General helped to increase royal power over nobility the "church leaders"

First Estate

Pope Innocent III appealed for another Crusade to capture Jerusalem. The Knights of this Crusade became entangled in Italian and Byzantine politics. They ended by stealing the city of Constantinople in 1204, which ended the Fourth Crusade. 1202-1204

Fourth Crusade

Holy Roman Emperor in 12th century

Frederick I

Friars were wandering missionaries spreading the church ideas. They took a vow of chastity, poverty, and obedience (like monks). Friars owned nothing and lived by begging.

Friars

Wrote The Canterbury Tales (about 1387-1400) in English, who was one of the first few writers to use vernacular in his writing

Geoffrey Chaucer

This term comes from a Germanic tribe named the Goths. Describes the style of having architecture that rises into the heavens and having stained-glass windows. This style was used on the Cathedral of Notre Dame, Amiens, Beavais, and used in many towns in France.

Gothic

Period of 1378-1417; three rival popes with their own following, and sacred colleges split apart the church's populace, with the opposition on either side claiming the other popes to be false 1414; Council of Constane began its meetings with the three Popes (Roman pope, Avignon pope, Pisa-elected pope), and with help of the Holy Roman Emperor, forced all three popes to resign 1417; Council of Constane chose Martin V as new Pope, ending the Great Schism

Great Schism (of the WESTERN church):

An association of people who worked at the same occupation Similar to a union First guild was formed by merchants who controlled the trade in their town Masters of the trade were the guild members

Guild

achievements of justinian?

He conquered new land; Justinian ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled; Established center of trade, this brought economic prosperity; Completed the large body of civil laws (Justinian's Code)

Ruled England from 1154 to 1189 English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine and ruled from 1154 to 1189. This marriage brought him a large French territory named Aquitaine. He added Aquitaine to the lands in Normandy that he already inherited from William the Conqueror. Strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year (collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished crimes). Also introduced the use of jury in English courts.

Henry II:

A mystic and a musician who founded a Benedictine convent in 1147. Women were forbidden to travel but still lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and the sick.

Hildegard of Bingen:

The strongest kingdom that arose from ruins of Charlemagne's empire.

Holy Roman Empire

Peasants used oxens to pull their plows They used oxen because they were easy to keep A team of horses could plow twice as much land in a day as a team of oxen At first, they used harnesses around the horses necks to guide them Later, they put the harnesses around the horses chests to take pressure of the neck As a result, horses eventually replace oxens as ploymen

Horsepower

•Assembly of Kings, Knights and Burgesses discussing new taxes

House of Commons

Assembly of Nobles and Bishops

House of Lords

When the last Capetian king died, having no successor, Edward III of England claimed the FRENCH throne as grandson of Phillip IV. The war he launched for the throne became known as the HUNDRED YEAR WAR. Fought on French soil. War was a sea saw between the two countries each claiming victory at different times. FINALLY, between 1421 and 1453, France drove England out entirely, except for the port city Calais.

Hundred Years' War

Role of the church:

In the 1100s and 1200s the Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head. Pope's advisors make church laws; diplomats travel through Europe Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick, and poor.

A tribunal held by the church to suppress heresy

Inquisition

Bohemian (from modern-day Czech Republic) Professor in the early 1400s who taught that the authority of the bible was higher than the pope's authority Hus was burned at the stake by German emperor Sigismund

Jan Hus

Medieval world of fairs and guild created a need for large amounts of cash Before a merchant could sell history his own goods, he had to purchase distant products Merchants would have to borrow money, but the church forbade Christians Moneylending was one of the few ways that Jews were allowed to make a living Jews were kept on the fringes of society Guilds excluded them Jews never became part of feudal system Banking became important in Italy

Jews and Money-lending

After the Plague took effect all across Europe, Italy and more, people looked for a scapegoat, or reason why this happened Figured it was the Jews, for they claimed they brought the Plague upon everyone by poisoning the wells All over Europe, Jews were either driven from their homes or massacred for this reason

Jews and the Plague

moved by God to drive out English Teen peasant girl Was told by God to drive England out of France and give the crown to the true king, CHARLES IV Led army against English army Defeated them Charles was crowned as king Later she was captured and burned at the stake

Joan of Arc

English Professor during the late 1300s and early 1400s That preached that the pope was not the head of the church, it was in fact jesus who was the only head of the church He also believed that the clergy should be humble and live simpler lives without all the glimmer and gold

John Wycliffe

Introduced by by Henry II A jury in medieval England was a group of 12 loyal people Became a popular means of settling disputes Only king`s courts were allowed to conduct them

Jury

what was the justinian code, and why important?

Justinian Code was a collection of imperial constitutions created by Justinian's legal experts; divided into four parts: the institutes, the digest, the codex, and the novels; It became the foundation of law in most western European countries.

•Was forced to agree with the Magna Carta •Brother of Richard •Took the throne after Richard died •Ruled from 1199-1226 •Failed as military leader and was called " John Softsword" •Lost Normandy and all his lands in northern France all the way to the French. •Mean to his subjects and tried to get money out of them •Raise taxes to an all time high and to finance wars •His nobles revolted

King John

Made populace more receptive to the ideas of humanism and whatnot after many lost their religious beliefs since the Church couldn't exactly help them Art and literature became more somber and carried with it an awareness of death Merchants and artisans prospered as a new middle class emerged from the plague's effects

Legacy of the Plague:

grandson of Philip II- ruled from 1226-1270 made a saint: "the ideal king" made French Appeals Court overturn the decisions of local courts weakened feudal ties while strengthening the monarchy

Louis IX:

what was the treaty of verdun?

Louis left three sons who fought one another for empire. The treaty ended the civil war in 843; divided charlemagne's empire into three kingdoms; all ended up losing power.

•Also known as "Great Charter" •Most celebrated document in English history •Consider Basic legal rights in England and The US •Guaranteed certain basic political rights •English people argued that some clauses applied to every citizen •Included rights no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protect

Magna Carta

Social order in towns:

Merchants and craftsmen didn't fit in with the traditional medieval class order of noble, clergy, and peasant. Feudal lords held the authority to levy fees, taxes, and rents.

•Created to raise taxes for the war against the French •1295 Knights, Burgesses, Bishops and Lords met at Westminister in London •Served as a model for later Kings

Model Parliament

Cluny reforms:

Monks strictly followed the Benedictine rule Cluny's reputation inspired the founding of similar monasteries There were 300 houses under Cluny's leadership by 1000 Cistercian life of hardship help to bring about further reforms Pope Leo IX enforced Church laws against simony and marriage of priests.

Famous cathedrals

Notre Dame- built in Paris · Cathedral of Chartres

Most effective ruler of Germany in 936, who formed a close alliance with the Church

Otto I:

Philip Augustus- ruled from 1180-1223 became king at 15 years old tried to weaken power of english kings in France when King John seized the English throne, Philip was able to triple the lands wanted stronger central government established bailiffs collected king's taxes presided over the king's courts

Philip II:

In 1300 a pope had authority over kings, but King Philip IV of France did not agree. Pope Boniface sent a message to King Philip telling him to obey the pope 1303 King Philip held the Pope Boniface Prisoner and Boniface died a month after he was rescued. This ended the rule popes had over kings.

Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France

Said the pope should bow to the emperor in political matters. also said the emperor should bow to the pope in religious matters.

Pope Gelasius I

Called for the "Holy War" to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks. Brought economic goals and religious motives along with support from lords and humble peasants. If the Knights died, they were "assured" a place in heaven.

Pope Urban II

A long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain

Reconquista

English King. Led the Third Crusade. Regained the Holy Land from Saladin.

Richard the Lionhearted

Noble women could inherit the estate from her husband, and played a key role in defending castles. Regular women took care of children and household chores.

Role of women

style that churches were built in · round arches, heavy roofs held up by thick walls and pillars · thick walls had tiny windows

Romanesque

Stirrup and saddles

Saddles were invented and allowed knights to be seated on moving horses and remain. Stirrups enabled them to ride with heavier weapons, and without stirrups it would be likely for a horseman to fall off of his horse.

Most famous Muslim leader of the 1100s. He wished to chase the Crusaders back into their own territories. Promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places.

Saladin

Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at the great universities. The scholastics used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time Their teachings on law and government influences western Europeans. They began to develop democratic institutions and traditions.

Scholastics

This crusade was organized to recapture the city. But it's armies went home in defeat. 1145-1149

Second Crusade

the "great lords"

Second Estate

Problems in the Church:

Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects since these marriages were against church rulings. Some officials practice simony; the practice of selling positions on the church. Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

One of the earliest and most famous medieval epic poems. It praises a band of French soldiers that perished during in battle during Charlemagne's reign. A few French knights led by Roland battle an overwhelming army of Muslims.

Song of Roland

Son of a rich merchant He gave up wealth to preach at age 20 Treated all creatures as his spiritual brothers and sisters Franciscans were another order of Friars.

St. Francis of Assisi/Franciscans:

What did Europeans generally believe about religion and social class?

That they were pretty much born into the class God wanted them to be born into, but it wasn't like an actual caste system.

What destroyed the Carolingian Empire?

The Carolingian Empire was destroyed by Muslim, Magyar, and Viking invaders between 800 and 1000 A.D. The Muslims from the south, the Magyars from the east, and the Vikings from the north.

Who were the Magyars?

The Magyars, a group of nomadic people, attacked from the East. They invaded Western Europe in the late 800s. They did not settle the land they conquered, but instead captured people to sell as slaves. They attacked isolated villages and monasteries.

How did the Viking, Muslim, and Magyar invasions affect European life?

The Viking, Muslim, and Magyar invasions caused widespread suffering. Most of Western Europe were living in constant danger and they no longer looked to a central ruler for security.

Who were the Vikings?

The Vikings were a Germanic group of warriors. They partook in invasions of other nations (regardless of enemy or not), raiding, mercenary work, and even exploration, having charted areas of the world that wouldn't be discovered until the 15th century (Vinland).

How did the Crusades impact learning?

The crusaders learned from and brought back superior Muslim technology in ships, navigations, and weapons They acquired more knowledge from the Muslims in the form of philosophy, science, law, math, and more.

Changes in urban life

The population grew due to trade and better farming in the area. Small communities were the reason for change. Trade brought many people to the towns and the social classes all began to change their way of life, in particular the serfs.

What led to end of Viking invasions?

They became Christian Climate change - warming trends that allow for a longer agricultural season in Scandinavia

who were the ostrogoths?

They ruled Rome before Ostrogoths attacked

Third crusade was to capture Jerusalem by 3 kings. One king, King Richard the Lion-Hearted's mission was to recapture holy land from Saladin, but after two wars, they ended up in a truce in 1192. So Jerusalem remained under Muslim (Saladin's) control.

Third Crusade

the "common people" invited to be on the King's council key to overthrowing the French monarchy

Third Estate

scholar; argued that the most basic religious truths could by logical argument. Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica. Aquinas's work combined Ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.

Thomas Aquinas

Changes in financial system

Trade was the lifeblood of new towns This lead to new ports on crossroads, hilltops, and rivers Serfs begin to challenge the traditional ways of feudal society So, many of them did not return to the manor and their towns grew rapidly

Facts about universities:

Universities were originally classified as being groups of scholars meeting. The goal of these meetings was to eventually get a job in government or the church. The students were originally sons of well-to-do artisans. (Maxey)

It was the everyday language of the homeland

Vernacular

What was Viking culture like?

Vikings worshipped mighty war gods and believed that their strength and violent fighting would be deemed worthy of their deities. Vikings took pride in nicknames like Stoic the Vast or Balgruf Blood Beard. In spite of their violence on the battlefield, they were very homely neighbors. Vikings held great respect for their friends and families, and their chieftains were very sociable yet firm, giving their warriors a great sense of loyalty and respect.

King Edward's cousin and invaded England with a Norman army The invader of Normandy, region of north France Great in body and strong, tall in structure, temperate in eating and drinking Rival of Harold Godwinson Laid foundation for centralized government

William the Conqueror

arabic word for god

allah

who is charlemagne?

also known as charles the great, built the greatest empire since rome; spread chirstianity; crowned emperor by pope leo III in 800

who was benedict, and why is he important?

an italian monk who wrote a book of rules for monasteries. hes important because his rules become a model for other religious communities

an open air market with shops and goods for sale

bazaar

nomadic people who lived in the arabian peninsula. were paganistic and traders. traveled in caravans, very clan-based

bedouin

who is scholastica, and why is she important?

benedict's twin sister who adopted the same rules as benedict and applied to her convent. these rules later became the rules for all nunneries

the civil and religious ruler of a muslim state

caliph

Law of the church in matters of marriage and religious practices.

canon law:

what happened at the battle of tours in 732?

charles martel defeated muslims in spain, and if the muslims had won, then western europe could have become part of the muslim empire

complex set of ideas, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of their masters.

chivalry

hippodrome

citizens enjoyed free entertainment consisting of wild chariot races and circus acts here; it could hold up to 60,000 spectators

nika rebellion

city wide riot consisting of two factions- the blues and the greens; both sides were angry with the government; the mob packed the hippodrome proclaiming a new emperor; 30,000 rebels were slaughtered by belisarius and his troops

what was the new society that slowly emerged in europe in the middle ages?

combination of classical heritage of rome, beliefs of catholic church, and germanic tribal customs

an assembly called to help determine the next muslim caliph

council

when was constantinople founded?

emperor constantine rebuilt the city of Byantium and renamed the city Constantinople; in 330 he made constantinople the capital of the empire

Banishment from the church. Pope's used excommunication to wield power over political leaders. It results in the denial of salvation. It frees all of a king's vassals from their duties to him.

excommunication

a grant of land

fief

shi'a=

followers who believe that muhammad ali (muhammad's relative and chosen heir) and his descendants are the true leaders of islam

sunni=

followers who believe that the true leaders of islam can be the best chosen from among the umma, or muslim community

who was gregory I, and why is he important?

gregory I was a pope, and in 590, made the papacy a secular power. he used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. he also negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the lombards

who was belisarius?

he was considerd justinian's best general; sent to recover north africa from the vandals in 533 and accomplished the job in a few months; he attacked and took rome from the ostrogoths

who was clovis, and why is he important?

he was the leader of the franks, who converted to christianity. he formed an alliance with the church, united franks into one kingdom in 511, and spread christianity to other regions

who is pepin the short?

he was the son of charles martel; pope made him king of the franks; he invaded italy and threatened rome; first of the carolingian dynasty that lasted until 987

muhammad's emigration with his followers from mecca to medina in 622

hegira

an image used as an object of worship

idol

why did the concept of government change

in roman society, loyalty to public gov and written law had unified gov. family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, bound germanic society together. germanic warriors would only support someone they knew and saw

a religion based on the teachings of the prophet mohammed

islam

when did justinian become emperor?

justinian succeeded his uncle to the throne in 527

theodora

justinian's wife, considered the most powerful woman in byzantine history; theodora confiscated the property of belisarius in political crisis

square building in mecca believed by muslims to be the house brahim erected for god and the focus of muslim worship

kaaba

the sacred book of islam

koran

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed the church officials. Whoever controlled lay investiture had the real power to name bishops. In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture.

lay investiture

who is charles martel (charles the hammer)

leader of the frankish army in 700 and major domo; extended the frankish empire; when he fought muslims on horseback, he realized that he needed to reorganize frankish troops into divisions of armored horsemen, or knights

was a landowner who could grant land or a fief

lord

the lord's estate

manor

what were some of the functions of monasteries (and nunneries)?

monasteries and nunneries were built by the church to adapt to rural conditions and functioned as religious communites. wrote and copied books, established schools and libraries

the belief that there is only one god

monotheism

a place of muslim worship

mosque

one that calls muslim worshippers to prayer

muezzin

founder of islam, prophet of god; born in 570 AD in the Arabian peninsula (mecca); lived in time of scarcity and constant war; when he was six, his parents died and he was adopted by his uncle who was the tribe's chief; he was a merchant, and because of his profession, he was very charismatic, intelligent, open-minded, and conversational, he had a lot of contacts

muhammad

"those who surrender to god" a believer in islam

muslim

a member of a group that has no fixed home and moves from place to place

nomad

a small area in the desert watered by springs and wells

oasis

a journey to a sacred place or shrine

pilgrimage

plague of justinian

resembled bubonic plague; hit constantinople in later years of justinian's reign; probably arrived from india on ships infested with rats; at its peak in 542, 10,000 people were dying every day; by 700 it destroyed most of byzantine population

Important religious ceremonies.

sacraments

islamic law

shariah

from the arabic "party", one who believes that authority passes from the prophet muhammad to his lineal descendants

shiite

customary procedures of living, specifcally the ways and customs of muhammad

sunna

one who follows the ways and customs of muhammad, specifically those who accept that authority was passed down through consensus of the muslim community

sunni

the only unifying institution that crossed ever-changing borders?

the church

church tax

tithe

Children's Crusades:

took place in 1212 Thousands of children set out for the Holy Land with the belief that God would give them Jerusalem (south of the Mediterranean) Many children perished along the way, turned back, or were sold into slavery. Brought goodness and innocence to quest

mock battles. Combined recreation with combat training. Winners could usually demand large ransoms.

tournaments

what was the result of repeated germanic invasions?

trade: invasions caused trade to break down and thus made businesses break down. because of this, money became scarce. cities: cities were abandoned by everyone population shifts: nobles and city dwellers fled to the countryside, leading to a mostly rural population; cities didnt have strong leadership; rural dwellers grew own food learning: the invaders couldnt read or write and only few people other than the priests and other church officials were literate. as population became more rural, harder to have literate pop. language: latin was spoken less, and only wealthy and powerful people were still familiar with the language. the language began to develop into different dialects, creating many more languages but causing latin to die out. latin mixed w germanic languages, and latin broke up into romance languages

any system of social organization made up of villages, bands, or other groups with a common ancestry, language, culture and name

tribe

was whoever is receiving the fief from the lord

vassal

Legacy of the Crusades (use bullets)

• Byzantine Empire weakened. • Pope's power declines. • Crusades weakens feudal nobility. • Crusades got Europe and Southwest Asia to start trading. • Intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy of bitterness and hatred. • Relations of Christians and Jews with their Muslim masters worsened. • Crusades grew from the forces of religious fervor, feudalism, and chivalry as they came together with explosive energy. Muslims, in general, after the Crusades were not as open to outside ideas and outsiders as they were before the Crusades.