Wis 3401 exam 1
National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act
"organic" legislation for National Wildlife Refuge System. Wildlife must come first. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Pittman-Robertson Act dividends
$6.5 billion to states 42,500 animals reintroduced 3 million hunter educated students 173,000 private landowners assisted 4.9 million acres acquired or leased
first predator bounty
($0.01 for wolves in MA) era of abundance
Era of overexploitation
(1850-1899)
Department of Interior established
1849. Federal agency of natural resources. era of abundance
Geer v. Connecticut
1896; era of overexploitation; challenge to 1677 law, public trust, and state authority (SC upheld)
Era of protection
1900-1929
Lacey Act
1900. Stopped market hunting (commerce in dead wildlife, limited exotic imports, regulates interstate transport, illegally killed wildlife transport). Gave federal gvt authority to limit importation of exotic species and moving wildlife between states. Era of Protection
Weeks-McClean Migratory Bird Act
1913; Feds get migratory and insectivorous birds, no spring waterfowl hunting. Era of Protection
Migratory Bird Convetion and Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
1916/1918. Great Britian (Canada) and US. Era of Protection
Era of game management
1930-1965
American Game Policy
1930. Aldo Leopold and others. Era of Game Management.
first wildlife professor
1933. Aldo Leopold. Training and a new profession. Era of Game Management
Game Management book
1933. Aldo Leopold.Era of Game Management
Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Duck Stamp Act)
1934. financial pillar. Almost all the money to purchasing land of refuges. Era of Game Management
The Wildlife Society (TWS) organized
1937. Era of Game Management
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (Pittman-Robertson Act)
1937. Era of Game Management. Financial pillar. 11% excise tax on guns, ammo, etc.
US Fish and Wildlife Service formed
1940. Era of Game Management
Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act (Pingel-Johnson Act)
1950. Financial pillar. Tax on fishing gear. Era of Game Management
Multiple Use Act
1960. Initially in national forests, then other lands; you have to consider all uses of that land (timber, fishing, hunting, bird watching, photography, etc.). Era of Game Management
Land and Water Conservation fund
1964. Oil and gas fees, federal real estate, boat fuel tax. Money given to federal, state and local gvts to protect lands and water. Era of Game Management
Era of environmental/ecological management
1966-present
Endangered Species Preservation Act (ESA)
1966. Protect species and critical habitat. first one. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Food Security Act (the Farm Bill)
1985. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
How many upgrades has the ESA undergone and in what era?
2. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
How many times was the Lacey Act ameneded and in what era?
2. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management. second amendment added plants.
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Active management and conservation continue. Increased funding. Non-game, endangered species, community, ecosystem, and biodiversity conservation. Second conservation movement begins.
A Sand County Alamanac published
Aldo Leopold. Era of Game Management
Man and Nature, G. P. Marsh
America's first environmentalist?
Themes of Era of Overexploitation
Declines in many game species: increased human population and settlement, transcontinental railroad, market hunting, sport hunting. Some conservation initiated
Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary
Largest protected area in US. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Federal money to states to fix problems. Era of Game Management
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Feds work together, EIS. NGOs and such must go through NEPA to get permits
US definition of wildlife
all birds, mammals, parts, products, bodies, eggs, etc. Does not include plants
wildlife management/conservation
application of ecological knowledge to wildlife and havitats that balances the needs of people with that of wildlife. -Dr. G
Nature Conservation formed
buy land. Era of Game Management
American Ornithologist's Union (AOU) established
conservation for birds
first closed season
deer in RI; era of abundance
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act
don't degrade federal lands. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
40+ million bison; 10+ million prognhorn
era of abundance
Hungarian partridge released in NJ
era of abundance
Jaguar extinct in US
era of abundance
Massachussettes prohibits some boat types (camo and sail) from hunting water fowl
era of abundance
NY sportsmans club to protect game
era of abundance
Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson
era of abundance
Stellar's sea cow extinct
era of abundance
bald eagle national symbol
era of abundance
first federal game law closing deer season in all colonies except GA
era of abundance
great auk extinct
era of abundance
most colonies passed deer harvest laws, but no enforcement
era of abundance
first law against spring shooting some birds
era of abundance; wood ducks, black ducks, woodcock, snipe. RI
150 bison in US
era of overexploitation
540 bison in US
era of overexploitation
Henry D. Thoreau-Walden
era of overexploitation
NGOs began forming to help
era of overexploitation
Whisconsin protected prarie chickens; California protected elk and pronghorn
era of overexploitation
all states have game laws
era of overexploitation
closed season (spring) on bison, elk, deer, pronghorn, mountain goat and sheep
era of overexploitation
eastern elk and beaver gone
era of overexploitation
estimated 60 million bison in US
era of overexploitation
first resident and non-resident hunting licenses in several states
era of overexploitation
first salaried game wardens
era of overexploitation
labrador duck extinct
era of overexploitation
non-game bird protection established in 12 states
era of overexploitation
sea mink extinct
era of overexploitation
first game bird bag limit
era of overexploitation (25 prairie chickens/day in Iowa)
first wildlife department
era of overexploitation; 1856; MA Commission of Fisheries and Game
Audobon Society formed
era of overexploitation; Grinnell combats plume trade
Sierra Club formed
era of overexploitation; John Muir. Preservation
first state hunting license
era of overexploitation; NY
Forest Reserve Act
era of overexploitation; President has ability to set aside land/public domain. Much became national forests
Federal Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy established
era of overexploitation; Problem birds and mammals-originally in USDA predecessor of USFWS
Yellowstone National Park Act
era of overexploitation; World's first national park
first protection of non-game
era of overexploitation; screech owl and insectivorous birds in NJ and CT
Boone and Crocket Club formed
era of overexploitation; wildlife and hunting issues: Roosevelt and Grinnell
National Marine Sanctuary Act
established a system; no dumping. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
White nose syndrome first detected
fungus killing bats. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
beaver nearly gone in east
fur trapping; era of abundance
National Wildlife Refuge System Administrations Act
guidelines and directives. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
National Land and Policy Management Act
guidelines to enhance natural resources on public lands. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Leopold's tools
gun, axe, plow, fire, cow, grazing animals
1500s Spanish introduction
horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle
Tariff Act of 1930
import tax on wild bird parts, no import of illegally killed wildlife from other countries. Era of Game Management
wildlife conservation
includes human dimension
Goals of wildlife management
increase, decrease, maintain or stabalize populations featured (single species) management multiple species management biodiversity management ecosystem management work directly or indirectly with animals, habitats and people
Seal Treaty
international seals and sea otter harvest regulation
Pinchot head of USDA Division of Forestry
later becomes USFS; era of overexploitation
first federal wildlife refuge established
South Florida-established to protect habitat and reef birds. Era of Protection
Marine Mammal Protection Act
Stopped all hunting. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
UN framework convention on climate change
Study climate change, make education programs. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
petral
marine bird
Pliestocene overkill
mass extinction of large mammals. One theory-over harvesting
National Forest Management Act
multiple use, public input, more wildlife. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Fish and Wildlife Act
must have national policy. Era of Game Management
1581 pheasant and partridge protection statute
no night hunting and corn field falconry
Tariff Act of 1913
nonmeat bird parts
Refuse Act
pollution in navigable waters regulated; era of overexploitation
Wild free roaming horses and burros act
projects; policy of sentiment; Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed
protect land, water and air. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Wallup-Breaux Act
replaces Dingell-Johnson Act, adds 3% tax on boats and motors. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
wildlife ecology
the study of the relationship between wildlife and their environment
Magna Carta (1215)
transferred ownership of US wildlife from the king of England to the people
first wardens in Massachusettes
volunteers (era of abundance)
Division of Biological Survey (BS) formed
was DEOM, still in USDA, later USFWS
US Supreme Court decision: oysters
1842. Affirms public trust doctine.
wildlife management
the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use. -Leopold valuable pop of wilflife -Bailey
Era of Abundance
1600-1849
Connecticut prohibited game exports
1677 era of abundance
early evidence of animal domestication
0 AD-wild turkey in Mexico and SW Bible: never kill the female of a species Kublai Khan (1200s)
State Wildlife Grant Program (SWG)
Bush founded, Obama cut funding. Teaming with wildlife. Conservation and Reinvestment Act? Congress keeps saying no, they keep trying.
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Clean Air Act
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Clean Water Act
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Convention of Wetlands of International Importance (in Ramsar)
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
DDT banned in US
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act (Non-game Act)
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Japan joins MBTA
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
National Biological Services (NBS) formed
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
North American Waterfowl Management Plan
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Russia joins MBTA
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Surface mining Control and Reclamation Act
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Three additional marine monuments established in Pacific
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
USFWS restriction
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
first Earth Day
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
~30,000 bison
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Sierra Club et al. v. FWC (Black Bear Hunt)
Era of Environmental/Ecological Management. FWC won.
Biological survey moved to USDI
Era of Game Management
Cooperative Research and Training Units Act
Era of Game Management
Division of Game Management created within Bureau of Biological Survey
Era of Game Management
Heath hen extinct
Era of Game Management
Mexico joins MBTA
Era of Game Management
USDI- Bureau of Land Management established
Era of Game Management
Wetland Loan Act
Era of Game Management
Wildlife Management Institute (WMI) formed
Era of Game Management
Flood Control Act
Era of Game Management. Bad for environment. Dams, rerouting rivers
USDA- Soil Conservation Service formed
Era of Game Management. Became NRCS
first cooperative fish and wildlife research unit formed
Era of Game Management. Cooperative between federal gvt, state gvt and public to train professionals for future and for research. Federal gvt currently represented by US Geological Survey.
first national wildlife conference (NAWRNC)
Era of Game Management. Discuss problems and politics
Taylor Grazing Act
Era of Game Management. Federal lands and state cooperation where people graze cows (more regulated than before)
Animal Damage Control Act
Era of Game Management. Killing predators and ish
Darling's NYC meeting
Era of Game Management. Leads to cooperative units, NWF, WMI, NAWNRC
Wilderness Society formed.
Era of Game Management. Leopold and others
Ducks Unlimited (DU) formed
Era of Game Management. Protect and conserve wetlands
Sikes Act
Era of Game Management. USFWS and DOD cooperate
Wilderness Act
Era of Game Management. establishes systems, review roadless areas.
Act of Congress to control harmful wildlife
Era of Protection
American Game Protective and Propagation Association established (AGPPA)
Era of Protection
Creation of National Park Service
Era of Protection
Creation of USFS
Era of Protection
first wildlife managers meeting (wardens) in Yellowstone (later the IAFWA)
Era of Protection
last passenger pigeon and Carolina parakeet died
Era of Protection
term "conservation" coined (prudent use)
Era of Protection
Migratory Bird Conservation Act
Era of Protection. Seat aside money for land and stuff
Gila Wilderness in the Gila NF becomes first wilderness area
Leopold. Era of Protection
several states ban use of steel leg-hold traps
Loss of management tools. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Themes of Era of Protection
Many wildlife populations very low. Increase in protection/preservation and regulation by government (except predators and harmful wildlife). first conservation movement begins. Roosevelt's wise use dctrine-integrated whole, wise use and public trust, science-based. First attempts to look at entire system.
Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act
Money for wetlands conservation, especially in Louisiana. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act
Money from USDI/FWS to US, Latin America and Caribbean countries for conservation. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Oil Pollution Act
Money to clean up and plan for future. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
North American Wetlands Conservation Act
Money to protect and manage. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
The African Elephant Conservation Act
More CITES protection, money for reservations and conservation, penalties defined. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Themes of Era of Abundance
Most wildlife very abundant, thought inexhaustable. People starting to have negative effects. Predators and harmful wildlife prosecuted. Some local efforts to boost populations.
Montreal Protocol
Protect the ozone later. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Themes of Era of Game Management
Protection/preservation not good enough, needed active management and conservation (wise use taking hold). Increased funding. Enforcement becomes more effective.
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson. Awareness of DDT. Helps launch second environmental movement. Era of Game Management
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Regulation. Era of Game Management
Kyoto Protocol
US didn't sign. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
NBS becomes Biological Resources Division of USGS
USDI researchers all put together under USGS
Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument
W. Bush snuck in monument because Congress said no to national park
Coastal Zone Management Act
Weak, first attempt at managing coastal development. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Deepwater Horizon
oil rig blew up in gulf. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
first closed season on game birds
parts of NY
HSUS v. Morton (Refuge deer hunting)
sued department of interior. DOI won-public trust doctine gave gvt authority, but they spent lots of time and money. Era of Environmental/Ecological Management
Native Americans (8,000-10,000 years ago)
sustained harvest, habitat modifications, set fires
