World Geography Chapter 6 Canada

transport systems

Reliable ______________________ has been essential to the economic growth of Canada due to its large land area.

Canadian Rockies

The ______________ extend northward from the Rockies in the United States.

Inuit

The _______________ are the indigenous peolpe of the Canadian Arctic.

Quebec Act

The _________________, passed by the British in 1774

literacy rate / public and private schools

The __________________ in Canada is 99 percent, and there is an extensive network of _________________________.

United States

The ___________________ has more trade with Canada than any other country.

Average Canadian Family

The ____________________ contains three members.

Trans-Canada Highway

The ____________________ runs 4,860 miles from Victoria, British Columbia, to St. John's, Newfoundland.

Gulf Stream

The _______________________ is a warm, northward flowing ocean current off the southeastern coast of Canada.

St. Lawrence River

The _________________________ flows about 760 miles (1,223 km) from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Atlantic.

Makensie River/Great Slave Lake

The _________________________ which flows from the ______________________ to the Arctic Ocean, drains much of Canada's northern interior.

Pacific Ranges

The __________________________ force moist ocean air upward, where it cools and releases moisture, causing heavy rainfall.

Fraser River

The _____________________________ flows southwest and drains into Pacific Ocean just south of Vancouver.

Appalachian Mountains

The _______________________________ - heavily eroded are North America's oldest mountains.

Canadian Shield

The ______________________________________ is a giant core of rock anchoring the continent and centered on Hudson Bay and James Bay.

Status of Women in Canada (SWC)

The __________________was created in 1971 to increase women's participation and equality in employment, public life, and education.

limited

The amount and variety of vegetation is _________________.

Quebec/Montreal/Ottawa

The cities of __________________________________________________ grew up along the St. Lawrence and its tributaries.

Maritime Provinces

They settled in the _________________________ of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.

Constitution Act

This legislative link to Great Britain finally ended in 1892 with the passage of the _______________________________.

Quebecois

This made the French-speaking citizens a minority and fueled French nationalism among ______________________, Quebec's French-speaking inhabitants.

eastern half

This stony land makes up the __________________________________ of Canada and parts of the United States.

67%

Two parents live in ____________________ of Canadian families but the percentage is decreasing just as in the United States.

Edmonton

__________ grew with the development of the petroleum industry

Toronto

___________ Largest city; an industrial and financial center

Nunavut

______________ is the cultural and economic homeland for the Inuit people.

58% / agricultural energy, forestry, and mining products

______________ of Canada's exports were made up of _________________, _____________________, and __________________________.

hills/low mountains

______________, escarpments, __________________, forest and river valleys

Energy, minerals, timber, fish

_______________ , __________________ , _________________ , and _____________ have made Canada wealthy.

Migration

_______________Has been westward to the prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta due to the discovery of oil and natural gas since the 1960s.

Metis

___________________ are persons who have both indigenous and French Canadian ancestry.

Exports

___________________ to the United States amount to over half of all Canadian trade.

Steppe

____________________ (semi-arid) Areas between the Pacific Ranges and Rocky Mountains and east of the Rocky Mountains.

25,000

_____________________ from the Arctic live mostly in settlements of 25 to 500 people with just a few larger towns.

Toronto

_____________________ is highly regarded in the realms of theater and music.

Ice Cap

_____________________- the North

Parliament

_____________________- the national legislature, includes the Senate and the House of Commons.

World War Two

______________________ stimulated the economy, making it a crucial military and industrial power.

winter temperature

_______________________- can fall to -70" F

Great Lakes/ Great Lakes

_______________________- moving glaciers tore at the earth, leaving behind basins that became the _____________________

sparsley populated

________________________ areas of beautiful, pristine wilderness. a. rugged natural areas sometimes have difficulty supporting communities.

Space and aircraft

_________________________ industry

Natural resources and agriculture

_________________________ make up over 60% of Canada's exports.

Great Britain & France

_________________________ rivalry began in 1670, when the British chartered the Hudson's Bay Company to seek a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean led to wars.

Trade is still central

_________________________ to the Canadian economy.

Subarctic

_________________________- just south of the Arctic Circle

Earliest ancestors

__________________________ arrived in North America thousands of years ago.

2nd largest oil reserves

__________________________ in the world and makes substantial amounts of money from exporting oil and natural gas.

Rugged terrain and a cold arctic climate

__________________________ with a short growing season make much of Canada difficult for human settlement.

loyalists

__________________________, or American colonists who remained loyal to the British government, fled to Canada after the American Revoloution.

French / New France

___________________________ a. Establish claims to land in the region in the early 1600's b. Named ____________________, and part of it became the Province of Quebec.

Ocean Currents

___________________________ play a key role in Canada's climates.

Immigrants

___________________________ to Canada came in search of political and religious freedom, economic and educational opportunities, and refuge from wars.

Boreal forest, also known as Taiga

___________________________, occupies the bulk of Canada's northern area.

Great Bear Lake & Great Slave Lake

___________________________- northern Canada, naturally occurring dams created by glacial ice.

freezing temperatures

____________________________ are common all year because of a lack of direct sunlight.

Winters / summers

____________________________ are overcast and rainy, ________________________ are cloudless and cool.

Rocky Mountain

____________________________ sheep, mountain goats, elk, mule deer, and black bears

timberline/ lichens & mosses

____________________________, the elevation above which trees cannot grow, _______________________________ are found

grasslands and coniferous

_____________________________ forests.

Leader in production

_____________________________ of uranium, iron ore, coal, petroleum, copper, and silver.

High Developed

______________________________ country with bustling cities.

Westward Expansion

______________________________ in Canada came at a price as immigrants pushed First Nations peoples off their lands.

First Nations

______________________________ is a team that refers to indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit or Metis.

Third largest production

_______________________________ center in the English-speaking world, after London and New York City.

Coastal Lowlands

_______________________________ lie to the east of the Appalachians.

Coniferous Evergreen

_______________________________ trees tend to outnumber deciduous trees.

28 million internet

_______________________________ uses - 82 percent of its population .

High-tech & electronic industries

________________________________ rapid growth of.

Niagara Falls - on the Niagara River

_________________________________ forms another part of the Canada U.S. border. The falls are a key source of hydroelectric power.

Great Plains and Interior Lowlands

_________________________________, which extend across the center of the region and south into the United States.

French explorers, missionaries, and settlers

__________________________________ wrote the earliest Canadian literature.

High Latitude climate

___________________________________- Canadian Rockies and Pacific Ranges

Humid Continental

____________________________________- Southern 1/3 Ranges from hot and humid to cool and wet.

Ferns, mosses, and conifers

________________________________________ forest grow here.

Communication networks / e-mail & the internet

_______________________________________________: a. Cellular and digital services using satellites have made telephone communication more accessible in distant places. b. Business transactions and personal communications can be completed instantaneously using ____________________.

Pacific Ranges / Cascade/Coast

a series of sharp-peaked mountains ____________________Range and the________________Range

Tundra

closer to the North Pole

winters / precipitation

long ______________________ and moderate to high _________________________ each year.

Mixed Ethnic Origins

more than one-fourth of Canadians identify themselves as being _________.

Mount Fairweather

on the border of Alaska and western British Columbia, at 15,300 feet (4,663 m) is one of the tallest coastal mountains in the world.

Petroleum and natural gas

Canada's _____________ reserves lie largely in or near Alberta

PM

Canada's ________________ is the actual head of the government.

high standard of living

Canada's _________________________ and government policies protecting multiculturalism are appealing to people of diverse ethnic origins.

Maritime Provinces

Canada's _____________________________ south through the eastern United States to the state of Alabama.

potash

Canada's mineral inventory includes 33% of the world's production of _________ (used in salt and fertilizer)

separate/ pop culture

Canadians struggle to maintain a ______________________ while being bombarded by U.S. ___________________________.

French Speaking

Conflicts continue as _______________________ Canadians seek greater protection protection for their language and culture.

Vancouver School / Nova Scotia College of Art & Design

Contemporary art: a. The "_____________________________" artists focus on photoconceptualism b. _________________________________ is known for innovation in photography and graphic design.

coniferous evergreen

Covered mostly with __________________________ trees.

1/3

Covers ___________ the north part of North America stretching from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

supported by the government

Education and health care are _____________________________.

Full Independance

Gained __________________________ in 1931, but the British government kept the to approve changes to Canada's constitution.

flat but diverse

Generally _______________ in terms of landscape types.

1 million or 4%

More than _________________ of all Canadians identify themselves as of North American Indian, Inuit, or Metis ancestry.

Market Economy

Economy

constitution monarchy

Canada is a ________________________________.

French

In the province of Quebec was established as the dominant language

hydroelectricity

World's 3rd largest producer of ______________________.

2nd largest

World's _______________________________ area of uninterrupted forest.

religious theme

Writings had strong historical and __________________________.

Native and European Cultures/ museums & Scholars

(The Arts) Influenced primarily by _________________________. a. First Nations artists combine old and modern techniques with traditional color schemes and motifs that often relate to the ?????????? world. b. _____________________ focus on art created by native peoples.

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

3 branches of Canada's government

territories/provinces

3_____________________and 10 __________________________.

34 million

81% of Canada's ____________________ inhabitants live in urban areas.

Province

A ____________ is a political unit similar to a state.

caribou

A few needled evergreens survive here, along with herds of woodland _________________________ that are endangered in some areas.

200,000 / Newfoundland

About _______________________ native peoples were living in what is now Canada when Europeans arrived off the coast of ___________________________ in 1947.

Federal Assistance

After the war, Canada sought to improve ___________________ to its citizens through pensions, unemployment insurance and medical care.

mineral resources

Are also plentiful

6 to 16

Attending school is required for children ages ________________.

trade surplus

Canada exports more to the United States than it imports from it, resulting in a __________________________.

sharing a border

Being neighbors and _____________________________ has permitted international trade that is beneficial to the economies of both countries.

Permafrost

Below is permanently frozen subsoil, or ___________________.

Great Britain

Between 1815 and 1855, a million people arrived from _____________________________.

multicultural society

Canada has a ___________________ __________________, largely due to immigration.

dominion

Canada as a _________________________, a partially self-governing country with close ties to Great Britain.

beaver pelts

Drawn to the North American continent to gain riches from precious metals and _____________that came mainly from the Atlantic coast.

rain shadow effect

Drier climate due to _____________________________.

English & French

Early 1800's __________________________________- speaking communities feuded over colonial government policies.

widest temperature ranges

Earth's ______________________________, varying by as much as 120° Fahrenheit, from their bitterly cold winters to cool short summers.

Environmental problems

Extraction has lead to depletion and ________.

United States

Fears of a takeover by the __________________________ forced both to work together.

Executive

Gov-General, Prime Minister, Cabinet

moose, blue jays, ravens

Home to ______________________, black bears, beavers, Canada lynx, wolves, snows shoe hares, Canada jays, _______________________, crows and __________________.

Dominion

In 1867 the colonies of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick united as provinces of the ____________________ of Canada, a new country within the British Empire.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

In 1994 the ______________________________ eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Parti Quebecois / advocates / political office

In 2012 members from the ______________________________, a political party in Quebec that __________________, or publicly supports, separatism, were elected to ________________________ in Quebec.

thaws

In parts, only a thin layer of surface soil _________________ each summer.

Chinook

In spring, a warm, dry wind called the ___________________ blows down the eastern slopes of the Rockies and melts the snow.

Arctic

In the 1800's, Canada acquired lands stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the ________________________ to the U.S. border.

industrial urban country

In the 1900's Canada became an __________________________.

Commercial Agriculture

Intensive ______________ in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence lowland areas.

average population density

Is about 9 people per square mile

USA

It forms part of Canada's border with the ___________________.

German, Italian and Chinese / Cree and Inktutit

Languages spoken also include __________. Native languages include_______, the language of the Inuit

synthetic crude oil

Large inputs of water are required to transform these substances into _______________ for use by humans

a. Klondike Gold Rush b. Germany Scandinavia c. African Americans d. never practiced slavery / underground railroad

Late 1800's widespread immigration from other parts of the world began: a. the ___________________________, but many more were attracted by the fertile soil of the prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. b. ______________________________, Ukraine, Japan, and China arrived to settle the land. c. In the 1800's Canada also sheltered ____________________ who had escaped slavery in the United States. d. Canada _______________________________. These refugees, many of whom escaped via the ______________________, were safley beyond the reach of American laws once they arrived in Canada.

Coasts / Great Lakes / places that support agriculture, fishing, trade

More densely populated areas are:

life expectancy / infant mortality rates

Long ______________ and low ______________

Christians

Make up the largest religion group (that makes me happy)

provinces

Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland became _________________ over the next 100 years.

Countries

Many Canadians can trace their roots back to ___________ from around the world

Seperatism

Many desire Quebec's independence and strongly support _____________________- the breaking away of one part of a country to create a separate, independent country.

hydroelectric projects

Mineral resources were utilized, and _______________________ and transportation systems were developed.

government services

Mining, oil exploration, and pipeline construction, along with a decline in the demand for fur, have increased their reliance on ______________________________.

Supreme Court

Nine judges sit on the ____________________________ of Canada, the country's highest court.

Vancouver

On the Pacific coast, ____________ nearly handles all the trade between Canada and Asia.

wheat, corn and other grain crops / cattle ranches

One of the world's important suppliers of agricultural products, specifically _____________________________. a. Prairie Provinces are major grain producers. b. Many _________________________.

Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, and Sikhism.

Other religions practiced by Canadians include :___________________. __________________,_______________, ______________, and _______________.

Marine West Coast

Pacific Coast

Margaret Atwood / Yann Martel

Popular modern Canadian fiction writers include ___________________, author of The Handmaid's Tale, and ____________________, author of Life of Pi.

gold, silver, copper

Rocky Mountains yield ______________________.

70%

Services such as transportation and communication, retail, health care, and others provide about ____________ of GDP.

middle elevations

Spruce and fir trees cover the ________________________ of the ranges.

Legislative

Senate, House of Commons

dual income

Since women are increasingly joining the Canadian workforce, there are a growing number of ________________ households.

free trade

Some Canadians continue to dislike the effect ____________________ has had on their culture.

Native peoples

Some are descendants of the country's __________________

Judicial

Supreme Court, Canadian Court System

tar sands

The Athabasca _______ contain large deposits of extremely heavy crude oil.

Quebec

The British eventually drove the French from the Hudson Bay area, capturing __________________ in 1759 and winning control of New France in 1763.

English

The British introduced it into the country

governor-general

The British monarch serves as the head of state and appoints a ____________________________ to act in his or her place.

Iron ore and nickel

The Canadian Shield is rich in ____________________.

NAFTA

The Canadian economy produces goods and services at home as well as being linked to the global economy through imports, exports, and trade agreements such as ___________________________.

Canadian Territory

The Quebec Act extended _____________________________ south to the Ohio River.

French settlers

The Quebec Act gave ______________________________ the right to keep their language, religion, and laws.

severe and snowy / summers

The farther north one travels, the more ______________________________ the winters become, with shorter and cooler ___________________________.

encouraged immigration

The government ________________________________ to Canada.

mistreatment

The injustice was formally recognized in 1998, when Canadian government apologized to native people for their ____________________________.

thawed soil

The layer of _______________________ is even thinner her than in the subarctic, with vegetation limited to low bushes, short grasses, mosses, and lichens.

a. Inuit b. Metis c. First Nations

The main indigenous groups

southern

The majority of Canada's transportation systems are located in the _______________________ part of the country.

Europeans

The native populations declined, as ___________________________ claimed their lands and diseases from Europe spread.

composition

The overall _______________________ of the Canadian family is changing and families have fewer children.

1.25 million

The population of First Nations peoples is about 700,000 of the ______________________ indigenous people in Canada today.

synthetic crude oil

The tar stands in Alberta are a major source of __________________________.

The Toronto Symphony Orchestra; the National Ballet of Canada

The world-renowned ______________________ and the top-ranked ___________________________ call Toronto home.

Atlantic Ocean

Water from these lowlands drains into the _____________________ through the St. Lawrence River.

darkness / summer

Winter _____________________ and bitter cold last for months, and the brief ___________ period brings only limited warming effects.

70%

______ of the country's population is between 15 and 64.

Montreal

_________ is an industrial and shipping center

90%

_________ of the population lives within 100 miles of the US-Canada border.

Rocky Mountains

younger. to the west. Link the United States and Canada, stretching more than 3000 miles (4,828 km) from New Mexico to Alaska.