World Music Exam #1

Bolero ranchero

(Mexico)Was born in the 1930's when mariachi singers began adopting southeastern boleros into their style *1st half of the 20th Cen. was dominated by mariachi & ranchera music Had 3 distinct genres: 1.) corrido 2.) dueto singing 3.) norteno

3 musical styles of the Andean Region

(Modern Andean)1.) European derived music of Urban Areas 2.) African based music of coastal areas 3.) Native music of the Amazon 4.) "Andean Music" of Native & Mestizos in the highlands. It transcended the entire region

Morenos

(Modern Andean)Afro-Andeans who had an important effect on the regions culture & music

Musica Tropical

(Pop Music in Mexico) Afro-Cuban styles of the rumba, mambo, & conga developed its own Caribbean music tradition in Mexico *popular among working class became prominent in the 1960's *rely on electric guitars, bass, & synthesizers instead of Afro-Caribbean percussion

Sesquiáltera

(hemiola) is a poly rhythmic technique found throughout Latin America. *Juxtaposes duple & triple meters * 3/4 & 6/8 meters are combined i.e. 1 2 3-1 2 3-1 2-1 2.

Music of the African inhabitants of the New World

*Complex rhythms & syncopation *Form tends to be open ended in 2 parts. *(AB vs ABA form that is closure oriented.) *call-and-response form of short repeated phrases. *Drum was the instrument of choice.

Aztec Music

*Highly evolved musical culture *wholly associated with religious rituals/ceremonies *every aspect of music was ritualized *music was an integral part of culture with an emphasis on community *Aztec music conveyed strong emotion

Aztec Instruments

*Instruments decorated with images of deities, warriors, or animals. *Instruments & voices were prized for high pitched clear loud sound. * Teponaztli & Huéhuetl = set of drums with important ceremonial functions.

Brill's Law

- The cycle where New Music is shunned by older conservative generations. But is embraced by the youth. To then become popular. - In music and art, conservative opinions ALWAYS lose.

3 broad geographical distinctions in Mexico

1.) Coastal southeastern region developed musical tendencies related to Cuba & Central America 2.) Central Mexico was dominated by rural cowboy culture 3.)Northern Borderland developed various styles= chihuahua & Tamaulipas. *Mexico City absorbed every style & developed some of its own

3 Leading civilizations on American continent before the arrival of Europeans

1.) Mayas from Mesoamerica. 2.) Aztecs from Central mexico. 3.) Incas lived in Andean Region(Peru). Massive architectural monuments, dominant political organizations, and lucrative economic systems.

Earliest Known instruments in America

1.) Percussion made from gourds and seeds, and Animal claws/hooves. 2.) Flutes made from wood, cane, or bones.

U.S. Latin Craze

1930's to 1940's. The accordion was a folk instrument seemed to all of the sudden conquer popular music of Latin America.

Andean Region

3 Countries developed an Andean Character 1.) Peru 2.) Ecuador and 3.) Bolivia

Los Concheros

A dance influenced by the solemn "macehua" dance of the Nahuatl *traditional accompaniment by a concha= small mandolin from the shell of an armadillo. *collection of dances *recreate historical events

Jarana

A small guitar with 6 to 12 string arranged in pairs.

Orquesta Tipica

(Mexican Folk)Rudimentary orchestras in urban areas during the 18th & 19th Cen. *adoption of Euro. instruments: horns, oboes, harp, violin & guitars. *10 to 20 musicians *after WWII began adopting polka & waltzes

Son Huapango

(Mexico) Emerged in the 19th Cen. Means to dance on a wooden stage *Rhythmically complex with frequent polyrhythms that often mix different meters *played with the violin instead of harp *accompaniment provided by jarana & a 5 course guitar "guitarra quinta" *Vocalists sing in pairs in call & response form with high falsetto

Serenata

(Mexico) Most prominent aspect of courtship in the Charro culture *charro's adoration was idealized in a manner of medieval songs of courtly love

Jarabe

(Mexico) Principle dance form of mariachi music *collection of dances sones, huapango, waltzes, & polkas *one of the dances (fandango) became famous as the Mexican hat dance

End of Aztec Empire

August 13th, 1521 Cortes reconquered the city and killed the nobility

Mestizo Music

Began using instruments in new ways that Europeans never did.New concepts of harmony. Harps & Guitars were strummed exclusively to provide harmony or rhythm & percussion.

New Styles of Music

Emerge from migration from rural areas to urban areas. often abandon the ritual/religious context of the music.

Mariachi

Ensemble closely related to the charro. Adopted the charro outfit *6 to 9 violins in 3 part harmony, 2 or 3 trumpets, guitar, vihuela(high-pitched ancestor of the guitar), & guitarron *harp often omitted *Music has intricate rhythmic complexity with syncopation & sequialteras *Gritos(yells & whistles) integral to the music

Coplas

European poetic form. 4 lines of abab or abcb. Octosyllabic = 8 syllables per line.

décima

European poetic form. Classical form 16th century. "tenth" 5 pairs of couplets. a bb aa cc dd c. Octosyllabic = 8 syllables per line.

Cancion ranchera

(Mexico)Emerged in Jalisco. Song most associated with charro culture *played by mariachi *origins from country rach songs *few accompanying instruments usually just a guitar *became most prominent genre in Mexico when it adopted mariachi ensemble

Quena

(Andean) Notched instrument in which player blows directly into top of the pipe *remains primary flute of the Andes *made from cane or wood *4 to 8 holes in front with thumb hole in the back 1.) Quena: most common, 10-12 inches, high pitched 5 finger holes. 2.) Choquela: 18 inches with 6 finger holes 3.) lower pitched 21 inches with 4 finger holes

ika or chuli

(Andean)a small high pitched Peruvian pan-pipe, 6 inches

Huilacapitztlis

(Aztec) high pitched whistles, panpipes, & clay ocarinas.

Huéhuetl

(Aztec)A footed drum made from a cypress tree. *lower pitched *drum head made out of deer/jaguar. *could be tuned to play an interval of a 5th. *upright on 3 serrated feet *player strikes with bare hands.

Mitote

(Aztec)A large scale dance celebration. 100's to 1,000's of performers *1st circle= priesthood, nobility, & elderly. *outer circles= order of age & social class *carefully choreographed steps to vibrant music

Omichicahuaztli

(Aztec)A serrated giro like rasp of wood/bone scraped by a stick.

Ayoyotes

(Aztec)Ankle shakers made from shells & seeds.

Atecocoli

(Aztec)Conch shell trumpet, used to invoke "Tlaloc" the rain god.

Tlapitzalli

(Aztec)Double or Triple flutes used to provide harmony.

Teponaztli

(Aztec)Horizontal slit drum from hollowed out tree trunk. *Struck with rubber mallets called Olmaitl. *Pitches 2 or 3 half steps apart. * 5 feet in length *verbal communication through rhythms

Coyolli

(Aztec)Jingles worn by dancers.

Áyotl

(Aztec)Turtle shell struck with wood or mallets.

Chililihtli

(Aztec)Vertical flutes made of reed, bone, wood, or clay.

Mexica

(Aztecs) nomadic group that spoke Nahuatl. *built Tenochtitlán = modern day Mexico City.

Pincullu

(Inca Times) Flutes with a notched blow hole. *made from animal bones or from cane/wood from the amazon jungle *1st pincullu had 4 finger holes *thought to bring about rainfall

Guayaya

(Incas) A solemn dance that called for a large drum played by a woman. Accompanied a slow procession of dancers

Runatinyas

(Incas) Temple of the Sun-Virgins: 6 houses for privileged maids from the empire *4th house "taquiaclla" trained girls to sing & perform for the emperor

Tunkul

(Mayan) slit drum. H slit.

Hom-tan

(Mayan)A long thin trumpet made out of cactus stalks. Used for ceremonies & warfare.

Pax (Kayum)

(Mayan)Upright cylindrical drum played with the hands.

Corrido

(Mexican Borderland) is a narrative ballad. Literary form of storytelling defines the genre *musical simplicity with standard rhythms, simple chords, & undeviating melodic formulas *singer accompanies themselves *complexity in the language of the narrative *typically 3/4 or 2/4 rhythm *each verse has 4 to 6 octosyllabic lines *Perface: singer establishes context/ Body: Narrative unfolds over 30 to 40 verses/ Closing: singer outlines moral of the story

Dueto Singing

(Mexican Borderland)A more urban style of singing. Female duos that sang rancheras, boleros, and corridos in close harmony. *often accompanied by a lone guitar *Record co.'s opted for guitars, orquesta tipicas, or mariachi accompaniment for duetos

Banda

(Mexican Borderland)A northern Mexican style distantly related to norteno. It was derived from military wind bands of the 1800's *In the mid 20th Cen. began adopting mariachi characteristics. *15-20 musicians who play brass & wood winds *became mainstream when is jumped onto tejano bandwagon

Pasito Durangunese

(Mexican Borderland)A subcategory of banda music. Style emphasized elaborate ornamental passages in clarinet & faster tempos *highly syncopated polka & cumbia rhythms

Narcocorrido

(Mexican Borderland)A subcategory of the corrido on the subject of drug trafficking *emerged in the 1980's *accompaniment by conjunto, accordion, bajo sexto guitar, & double bass

Tex-Mex genre

(Mexican Borderland)A syncretic style in the U.S. where rock & roll/pop music was influenced by norteno. *La Mafia became first Tejano band to break into American mainstream pop music.

Tambora

(Mexican Borderland)Low pitched tuba like instrument that provides steady background rhythm in banda

Conjunto

(Mexican Borderland)Style that emerged from 20th Cen. corrido. "ensemble" played by more than one person unlike the corrido(a solo genre) *influenced by Czech & German immigrants in the 19th Cen. * added bajo sexto, 12 string bass guitar, & tamborade rancho: a goatskin drum * Beto Villa & Don Santiago Jimenez in the 1930's changed the standard instrumentation to accordion, bajo sexto & double bass

Norteno

(Mexican Borderland)Style that emerged from 20th Cen. corrido. "from the north" *influenced by Czech & German immigrants in the 19th Cen. *unusual syncretic style from contrasting cultures that became the most successful styles in Latin America. *Mexican musicians absorbed German folk dances & infused them corrido/huapango elements *faster, wilder, & more powerful than the European versions *3 meter waltz or 2 meter polka

Tejano Genre

(Mexican Borderland)Tejano people transformed norteno from rural ethnic folk to urban glossy pop style

Cancion

(Mexican Folk) 18th Cen. Spanish language lyric form *influenced by Italian opera

Son

(Mexican Folk)Most prominent Mexican dance *triple meter *refers to women and the pursuit of love

Art (Classical) Muisc

Has traditionally been defined as the music of the elite & educated members of society. A music that is studied written down and performed in more formal settings.

Charra

In Mexican cowboy culture. The hardy cowgirl

China

In Mexican cowboy culture. The young helpless maiden

Amauta

Inca court Composers

Entremeses, jácaras, & Moji gangas

Incorporated Spanish, native & moral edification.

Modern Mayan Music

Mayans maintained a semblance of political & cultural independence til modern times. *were able to maintain their musical traditions *preserved instruments from their ancestors *combined ancestral instruments with harps & violins, or oboe, especially marimba.

Zapateado

Men striking heel on the ground. Derived from flamenco dancing.

Tejanos

Mexican Americans living in Texas. Heavily influenced by 1950's & 60's Rock & Roll/ Blues and R & B.

Charro

Mexican Cowboy. Is a gentleman horseman/ gallant chivalrous knights *Horsemanship is an art form

Criollos

Mexican born European descendants *culture was increasingly infused with Mestizo pop *distinguished them from the arts in spain

Mariachi styles

Mexico style: trumpets came to dominate/overshadow Jalisco style: traditional strings only

Panpipe

Most associated with Andean region both ancient & modern. Called antara, siku, & zampona

Los Voladores("The Flyers")

Most famous Native dance in Mexico *4 to 6 dancers climb a 100 foot pole *while pole rotates 13 times *Hurl themselves off

Son Jarocho

Most famous style of Mexican Son. From South Veracruz infused with Afro-Caribbean elements. *Arpa Jarocha: a harp with 32 strings played very fast was the songs primary instrument. *Jarana strums chords to provide harmonic & rhythmic accompniment *Syncopation & improvisation *Most Famous is "La Bamba"

Andean Music

Much of this music has not bee studied or recorded & remains unknown to the outside world *vocal & instrumental music tend to be high pitched *Females sing with falsetto while men have a low range *repetition is an important structural feature *typical verse structure is ABAB or AABB *short phrases are repeated to form a melody *melodies are often in minor *bi-modality is common *Native rhythms & dances tend to emphasize syncopated duple meter

Aztec Mythology

Music was given by the gods of sky & wind(Quetzalcoatl & Tezcatlipoca)

Inca Music

Music was not exclusively religious *Music & dance was apart of everyday life *citizens often had their own flutes or drums *Instruments were painted and decorated in the royal color vermilion (color of blood)

Black Legened

Nationalistic movement sought to dismiss colonial contributions. Spanish portrayed as blood thirsty opportunistic conquerors, bent on destroying the Natives.

Jazz

New style emerged in 1910's to 1920's. New Orleans, Louisiana in marginalized areas by marginalized people.

Rock & Roll

New style emerged in 1950's to 1960's. Chicago Rock Stations accused of playing "dirty records". Baby boomers embraced Rock & Roll.

Rap/Hip-Hop

New style emerged in 1980's to 1990's. Dubbed: "ghetto music by cop killers". In 2000's controversy about Rap disappears

Pre-Columbian Music

No string instruments before European contact. Indigenous music was entirely wind, percussion, and the human voice. The Flute was considered closest representation of the human voice.

Haravecs

Official poet who sang historical epics to the Inca Emperor

Stylistic Bias

Often determined by our age, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and unique background/personality.

Los Xtoles(shee-TOE-less)

On of the oldest melodies in the world. Praises the sun with a pentatonic melody.

Cuicapiztles

Privileged class of Aztec musicians that composed and performed ritual music. *trained at Cuicacallis: schools for music and dance, training begins at age 12. *missed note/wrong step would result in hands cut off or death.

Aztec Reconnaissance

Revival of Folk Music traditions *transcended ritual nature to become popular on national level

Bolero

Southeastern Mexican Song. Vocal style with Afro-Cuban influences. 1930's Bolero abandoned "Son" orchestras for the guitar trio *2 guitars play rhythms *with third guitar playing virtuous improv. *Bolero guitar trio dominated pop music of Mexico 30's-50's *"Trio Los Panchos" most successful Latin group brought improv. & sophisticated harmony from the NYC Jazz scene.

Danzon

Southeastern Mexican dance style. Romantic rhythms in dance halls of 1930's

Morismas, Matachines, & Moros y cristianos

Spanish dance dramas that illustrated the medieval battles between the Christians and the moors.

The Incas

The Inca kingdom emerged in the acient city of Cuzco in the 12th Cen. *In 1430's Inca Empire was established in 4 regions *by 1500 the Incas dominated the Andean Region *master architects & engineers *worshiped nature Empire ended in 1526 by Francisco Pizarro

Folk Music

The music of the people. Often anonymous, steeped in tradition & community ritual. Associated with the uneducated working class, usually in rural areas.

Selena

Took the Tejano genre not only into the U.S. pop scene but to mainstream U.S. audiences as well.

Modern Aztec Music

Traditional instruments complemented with guitars, harps, violins, & Oboes. *elements from both Native & Christian beliefs

Popular Music

Typically emerges in Urban settings, composed by known individuals. Circulated throughout the community at all levels. Often with commercial considerations.

Mayan Music

Was played on wind instruments: conch shells, clay ocarinas & whistles: usually ornamented with divine images. *Flutes made of wood/reeds with 2 or 3 chambers. *metal jingle bells

Andean Instruments

Wind instruments were important. This suggests that the Incas emphasized melody rather than rhythm(percussion) *pre-Colombian artifacts show musicians playing multiple instruments at once *Tuned instruments to juxtaposing neighbor tones, relying on micro tonal intervals

Syncretism

a process of "mutual" influence and adaptions among different religious/cultural traditions. A blend of two or more cultures or cultural traditions into a new form.

Charrango

a small Andean guitar made from the shell of an Armadillo. *10 strings *strings are short & high pitched *tuned in pairs

White Legened

pro-colonial thinkers emphasize achievements of Spanish culture. Spaniards are portrayed as saviors bringing economic prosperity and spiritual salvation to the New World.

African Diaspora

the diffusion of African people from their original homeland to other parts of the world.