zoo test 1

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions (superior inferior)

are the serous layers continuous

yes

Histology

study of tissues

thoracic cavity

chest cavity

3 main cavities

cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic

What is a dissection?

cutting into smaller parts

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

ileum, jejunum

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

ileum, jejunum, duodenum, appendix

prone

laying face down

What is the appendicular skeleton?

limbs

frontal or coronal plane

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body

gap junctions

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells abundant in some types of muscle tissues

How many organ systems are there?

11

how many types of cells are there

200 +

how many types of cell junction are there

5

abdominopelvic regions

9 right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

most important atoms in the body

C, H, O , N ,P

what are the names of the levels of body organization

Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organismal

What is The term describing if the duct of a gland is branched or not?

Compound if branches simple if not

Where is surface epithelial located

Covers and lines surfaces

Branches of Anatomy

Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy

Reproduction

Formation of new cells for growth/repair/replacement OR production of a new individual

basal lamina (basement membrane)

Formed of protein like laminin and collagen

What is regeneration?

High capacity for cell division

Different surfaces of epithelial cells

Lateral, apical, basal

How do you classify an epithelium with several layer types

Look at outermost layer

What is polarity?

Organelles unevenly distributed to a specific areas of the cell

What are the functional classifications of exocrine glands

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine (M.A.H)

reticular lamina

Mostly collagen secreted from fibroblasts

What is the structural classification of exocrine glands

Mostly multicellular

Responsiveness (irritability)

Organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment

Where can we find mixed glands (exo and endocrine)

POT pancreas ovaries testes

3 Maint functions of the basement meme ran

Preventing movement of large molecules Anchor epithelium to connective tissue Migration of epithelial cells for cell healing

Main function of having several cell layers

Protection

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joint, mineral storage, blood formation

quadrants of the abdomen

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Where is glandular epithelium located?

Secreting portion of glands

Epithelial cells are arranged into

Sheets and layers

Four different arrangements of cell layers

Simple, pseudostratified, stratified and transitional (which is also technically stratified

What is anatomy?

Study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between the parts

What is physiology?

Study of function

how is muscular tissue adapted to perform its function

The tissue also generates heat to warm the body The cells are arranged in a way to help contraction and generation of force

types of cell junctions

Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes, Herhidemosomes, and Gap Junctions

Superficial Anatomy

anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures

addominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Superior vs. Inferior

above (cranial) vs below (caudal)

relationship between structure and function

all specific functions are performed by specific structures (structure determines function)

Hemidesmosomes

attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane most abundant in tissues that undergo constant friction or abrasive forces

Lateral vs. Medial

away from midline vs toward midline

two layers of basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular lamina

What does epithelial tissue cover?

body surfaces and lines body cavities

What does the cranial cavity contain?

brain, vertebral canal (spinal cord)

What is metabolism?

catabolism (large to small molecules) and anabolism(vice verse)

difference between epithelial and connective tissue

connective: few scattered cells surrounded by lots of extracellular matrix epithelial: avascular (cellularity = cells have little to no space in between) little to no extracellular matrix

lympathic system

defends against infection and disease

respiratory system

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Adherents junction function

dense plasma plaque

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

diaphragm

nervous system

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

urinary system

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

Four major families of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

What is the axial skeleton?

everything down the middle axis of the skeleton (spine, skull)

What are the two types of glandular epithelium

exocrine and endocrine

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

gallbladder, liver, transverse colon

endocrine system

hormonal system, directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

4 diagnostic techniques (IPAP)

inspection (look inside mouth), palpation (feel lymph nodes) , auscultation (stethoscope), percussion (tap)

cardiovascular system

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

what name refers to abdominal organs fully surrounded by the peritoneal cavity

intraperitoneal eg: stomach, spleen, liver, gall bl1adder, jejunum, ileum, large intestine)

Muscular System

locomotion, support, heat production

supine

lying face up

stratified cell layer

multiple layers of cells

Two main cell types in the nervous system

neurons and glia: generate electrical signal to activate muscle contract or secretion of glands

simple cell layer

one layer of cells

name of doctor who examines tissues under a microscope

pathologist

space between the heart membrane layers called

pericardial cavity

serous membrane associated with the heart

pericardium

Examples of endocrine glands

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal PAT

serious membrane associated with the lungs

pleura

Examples of serous membranes

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

space between the lung and membrane layers called

pleural cavity (left and right)

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum

digestive system

processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

reproductive system

production of sex cells and hormones

integumentary system

protection from environmental hazards, temperature control. Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

functions of epithelium

protection, secretion , absorption, filtration, excretion (P-safe)

what name refers to abdominal organs fully surrounded by the peritoneal cavity

retroperitoneal (kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, duodenum, small intensities, colons)

what is the peritoneal cavity

space between abdominal cavity and spine

anatomical position

standing up right arms at Side palms facing down feet flat on floor face straight ahead

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

stomach, pancreas, transverse colon

What does connective tissue do?

supports, protects, binds other tissues together, stores energy reserves as fat, provides body immunity to pathogens

Two types of epithelial tissue

surface and glandular

What do exocrine glands secrete?

sweat, ear wax, saliva, and digestive enzymes, mucus oil (MESEOS)

Desmosomes

the desmosome is similar in structure to the adherent junction except that intermediate filaments extend into the cytosol of each cell These junctions help provide stability to tissues and are abundantly found in the epidermis of the skin and between the muscle cells of the heart.

Movement

there's whole body and movement of organelles within the body

serous membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ

proximal vs distal

toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

tight junctions

web likes tips of protection fuse together adjacencies plasma membrane. These junctions protect underlying tissues from harmful substances by restricting the movement of substances like hydrochloric acid in the spaces between cells.