zoo test 1
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions (superior inferior)
are the serous layers continuous
yes
Histology
study of tissues
thoracic cavity
chest cavity
3 main cavities
cranial, thoracic, abdominopelvic
What is a dissection?
cutting into smaller parts
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
ileum, jejunum
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
ileum, jejunum, duodenum, appendix
prone
laying face down
What is the appendicular skeleton?
limbs
frontal or coronal plane
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
gap junctions
(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells abundant in some types of muscle tissues
How many organ systems are there?
11
how many types of cells are there
200 +
how many types of cell junction are there
5
abdominopelvic regions
9 right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
most important atoms in the body
C, H, O , N ,P
what are the names of the levels of body organization
Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > System > Organismal
What is The term describing if the duct of a gland is branched or not?
Compound if branches simple if not
Where is surface epithelial located
Covers and lines surfaces
Branches of Anatomy
Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy
Reproduction
Formation of new cells for growth/repair/replacement OR production of a new individual
basal lamina (basement membrane)
Formed of protein like laminin and collagen
What is regeneration?
High capacity for cell division
Different surfaces of epithelial cells
Lateral, apical, basal
How do you classify an epithelium with several layer types
Look at outermost layer
What is polarity?
Organelles unevenly distributed to a specific areas of the cell
What are the functional classifications of exocrine glands
Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine (M.A.H)
reticular lamina
Mostly collagen secreted from fibroblasts
What is the structural classification of exocrine glands
Mostly multicellular
Responsiveness (irritability)
Organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment
Where can we find mixed glands (exo and endocrine)
POT pancreas ovaries testes
3 Maint functions of the basement meme ran
Preventing movement of large molecules Anchor epithelium to connective tissue Migration of epithelial cells for cell healing
Main function of having several cell layers
Protection
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joint, mineral storage, blood formation
quadrants of the abdomen
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
Where is glandular epithelium located?
Secreting portion of glands
Epithelial cells are arranged into
Sheets and layers
Four different arrangements of cell layers
Simple, pseudostratified, stratified and transitional (which is also technically stratified
What is anatomy?
Study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between the parts
What is physiology?
Study of function
how is muscular tissue adapted to perform its function
The tissue also generates heat to warm the body The cells are arranged in a way to help contraction and generation of force
types of cell junctions
Tight Junctions, Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes, Herhidemosomes, and Gap Junctions
Superficial Anatomy
anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures
addominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Superior vs. Inferior
above (cranial) vs below (caudal)
relationship between structure and function
all specific functions are performed by specific structures (structure determines function)
Hemidesmosomes
attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane most abundant in tissues that undergo constant friction or abrasive forces
Lateral vs. Medial
away from midline vs toward midline
two layers of basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular lamina
What does epithelial tissue cover?
body surfaces and lines body cavities
What does the cranial cavity contain?
brain, vertebral canal (spinal cord)
What is metabolism?
catabolism (large to small molecules) and anabolism(vice verse)
difference between epithelial and connective tissue
connective: few scattered cells surrounded by lots of extracellular matrix epithelial: avascular (cellularity = cells have little to no space in between) little to no extracellular matrix
lympathic system
defends against infection and disease
respiratory system
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Adherents junction function
dense plasma plaque
what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
diaphragm
nervous system
directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left sides
urinary system
elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
Four major families of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What is the axial skeleton?
everything down the middle axis of the skeleton (spine, skull)
What are the two types of glandular epithelium
exocrine and endocrine
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
gallbladder, liver, transverse colon
endocrine system
hormonal system, directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
4 diagnostic techniques (IPAP)
inspection (look inside mouth), palpation (feel lymph nodes) , auscultation (stethoscope), percussion (tap)
cardiovascular system
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
what name refers to abdominal organs fully surrounded by the peritoneal cavity
intraperitoneal eg: stomach, spleen, liver, gall bl1adder, jejunum, ileum, large intestine)
Muscular System
locomotion, support, heat production
supine
lying face up
stratified cell layer
multiple layers of cells
Two main cell types in the nervous system
neurons and glia: generate electrical signal to activate muscle contract or secretion of glands
simple cell layer
one layer of cells
name of doctor who examines tissues under a microscope
pathologist
space between the heart membrane layers called
pericardial cavity
serous membrane associated with the heart
pericardium
Examples of endocrine glands
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal PAT
serious membrane associated with the lungs
pleura
Examples of serous membranes
pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
space between the lung and membrane layers called
pleural cavity (left and right)
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, mediastinum
digestive system
processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
reproductive system
production of sex cells and hormones
integumentary system
protection from environmental hazards, temperature control. Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
functions of epithelium
protection, secretion , absorption, filtration, excretion (P-safe)
what name refers to abdominal organs fully surrounded by the peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal (kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, duodenum, small intensities, colons)
what is the peritoneal cavity
space between abdominal cavity and spine
anatomical position
standing up right arms at Side palms facing down feet flat on floor face straight ahead
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
stomach, pancreas, transverse colon
What does connective tissue do?
supports, protects, binds other tissues together, stores energy reserves as fat, provides body immunity to pathogens
Two types of epithelial tissue
surface and glandular
What do exocrine glands secrete?
sweat, ear wax, saliva, and digestive enzymes, mucus oil (MESEOS)
Desmosomes
the desmosome is similar in structure to the adherent junction except that intermediate filaments extend into the cytosol of each cell These junctions help provide stability to tissues and are abundantly found in the epidermis of the skin and between the muscle cells of the heart.
Movement
there's whole body and movement of organelles within the body
serous membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
proximal vs distal
toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part
tight junctions
web likes tips of protection fuse together adjacencies plasma membrane. These junctions protect underlying tissues from harmful substances by restricting the movement of substances like hydrochloric acid in the spaces between cells.