1 2 3 4 5 6

Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1

- factor XII (hageman/glass factor) circulating in blood is activated by contact with exposed subendothelial basement membrane at the time of tissue or blood vessel injury.

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2

-Factor Xa combines with Factor V (labile factor, proaccelerin, AC-globulin), calcium ions and Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) converts prothrombin (factor II) to the active enzyme, thrombin

pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. sickle-cell anemia pernicious anemia polycythemia aplastic anemia

gamma globulins: lipid transport

Which of the following plasma proteins is improperly matched with its function? gamma globulins: lipid transport albumin: osmotic pressure fibrinogen: clotting alpha globulin: transport of metal ions and fat-soluble vitamins

supplemental bilirubin injection

Which of the following would provide no benefit to a person suffering any one of the various types of anemia? supplemental oxygen delivered by mask blood transfusion treatment with synthetic erythropoietin supplemental bilirubin injection

heme group

has its iron removed and recycled

false (its the spleen)

The normal RBC "graveyard" is the liver. (true/false)

hormone production

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? hormone production regulation protection distribution

nutrient level

Which of the following is NOT regulated by the blood? body temperature pH level fluid volume nutrient levels

fibrinolysis

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? fibrinolysis vascular spasm platelet plug formation coagulation

Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels.

Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte? Erythrocytes are cell fragments. Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels. Erythrocytes are larger than other cells in the blood. Erythrocytes are nucleated cells.

hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? decreased tissue demand for oxygen moving to a lower altitude an increased number of RBCs hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

monocytes

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. neutrophils monocytes basophils eosinophils

nutrients

The blood transports _______________ through the body. However, the mechanisms that regulate these ________________ are not a part of the function of the blood.

plasmin

What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis? plasmin plasminogen thrombin fibrin

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample

What is a hematocrit? Hematocrit is the percentage of leukocytes and platelets in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements in a whole blood sample. Hematocrit is the percentage of plasma in a whole blood sample.

reticulocyte

What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called? proerythroblast polychromatic erythroblast hemopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast) reticulocyte

platelets

Which formed element can be described as membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments? platelets lymphocytes erythrocytes monocytes

eosinophil

Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies? eosinophil neutrophil basophil lymphocyte

hemocytoblast

Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? hemocytoblast polymorphonuclear cell normoblast megakaryocyte

One is faster than the other.

Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways? One is triggered by tissue damage, while the other cannot be triggered by tissue damage. One is faster than the other. One involves calcium ions, while the other does not. One leads to the production of prothrombin activator and the other does not.

B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby

Which of the following scenarios could result in HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)? A-positive female pregnant with a B-positive baby AB-negative female pregnant with an AB-negative baby O-positive female pregnant with a B-positive baby B-negative female pregnant with an AB-positive baby

less viscous than water

Which of the following would NOT be a characteristic of normal blood? pH of 7.4 5 million RBC per microliter less viscous than water sticky texture

reticulocyte

are a stage in erythrocyte development when the nucleus has just been lost. These are found in circulating blood, but they are typically only a small percent of total red cells.

Gamma globulins

are also called immunoglobulins and are part of the immune response

thrombin

catalyzes fibrinogen into fibrin

red bone marrow

is the site of blood cell production and is stimulated by erythropoietin.

type B

only has agglutinogen B on their erythrocytes

hemoglobin

other than water makes up almost the entire contents of an erythrocyte. It can bind both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

bilirubin

while the remainder is converted to ______________ and makes its way to the liver, where it is passed to the intestine in bile

Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2

-Prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), and factor XII interact together to activate Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent)

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 6

-XIII crosslinks fibrin strands through the formation of covalent bonds to form a stablized fibrin clot

Extrinsic Pathway

-activated by tissue thromboplastin (factor III) which is released from damaged cells and tissues (outside circulating blood)

Instrinsic Pathway

-all factors in the system are found in the circulating blood

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1

-begins with activation of factor X by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway

Clot Activation

-cascade either initiated by intrinsic or extrinsic -usually both are triggered by the same damaging event and they work together to stop bleeding -pathways join to form a common pathway that ends in the formation of a fibrin clot -all pathways require calcium ions for proper function

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 7

-clot retracts in the presence of activated platelets; serum is released along the edges of the wound are drawn together (scab)

Common Pathway

-common to both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 4

-factor IX combines with factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and calcium ions on the phospholipids layer (PPL) of the platelet surface to active factor X (Stuart-Power factor)

Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3

-factor VII is activated to its VIIa form and in the presence of Ca++ activates factor X

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 4

-fibrin monomers spontaneously aggregate to form a loose fibrin polymer clot

Feedback Mechanisms

-increase efficiency of the cascade reaction -clotting factor is activated and in turn activates the next factor as well as the factor that acted upon it originally -positive feedback loop increases the reaction rate

Coagulation Cascade Pathways

-intrinsic pathway -extrinsic pathway -common pathway

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 5

-prothrombin also activates factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor, fibrinase) in the presence of calcium ions

Common Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3

-thrombin cleaves fibrinogin (factor I) to produce fibrin monomer strands

Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 2

-tissue factors, and calcium ions, binds with factor VII (proconvertin, stable factor)

Extrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 1

-tissue thromboplastin (factor III) is released from cells at the site of injury

B

A person who lacks agglutinogen A but has agglutinogen B would have blood type __________.

four

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

monocyte

Largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections

true

Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes. (true/false)

people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria

People that have a single allele (gene copy) for sickle cell anemia are typically not sick from the disease and are said to be carriers of sickle cell trait. These people will more often live in the malaria belt of sub-Saharan Africa. The most likely explanation for this is ________. malaria is a cause of sickle cell trait sickle cell trait is passed on to the biting mosquitoes as malaria people with sickle cell trait have a better chance of surviving malaria the tropical climate attracts people with sickle cell trait

kidneys

Reduced oxygen delivery to the ________________ will result in the release of erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn promotes the release of more erythrocytes from the bone marrow.

erythrocyte

Transports CO2 and oxygen

platelets

can be referred to as cytoplasmic fragments because they form as packets of cytoplasm are pinched off the megakaryocyte

hemorrhagic anemia

Abnormally low levels of erythrocytes caused by excessive bleeding is called______. polycythemia hemorrhagic anemia thalassemia sickle-cell anemia

false (eosinophil)

Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs. (true/false)

red blood cells

Because of the amount of ______________________, blood is more viscous than water

albumin

Which of the following is NOT a formed element in whole blood? albumin erythrocytes leukocytes platelets

It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups.

Choose the statement that is true concerning hemoglobin. It is composed of four protein chains and four heme groups. It can bind a maximum of three oxygen molecules. It is found in the plasma portion of blood. When hemoglobin is not bound to oxygen, it appears blue.

basophil

Contains a U- or an S-shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin

Instrinsic Pathway Cascade Reaction Step 3

Factor XIa activates factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component, Christmas factor) in the presence of calcium ions

false (protein globin and the red pigment heme)

Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin (true/false)

hematocrit is highest

Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________. hemoglobin levels are lowest plasma levels are highest hematocrit is highest HbA1C levels are lowest

white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________. white blood cells are smaller than red blood cells platelets are larger than red blood cells platelets are larger than white blood cells white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells

platelets

In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should NOT be in the plasma portion of the sample? albumin fibrinogen electrolytes platelets

eosinophil

Nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms and plays complex roles in inflammatory diseases like allergies and asthma.

neutrophil

Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules.

polycythemia

Suppose that an individual injects himself with erythropoietin in order to raise his level of endurance, an act that is usually illegal in competitive sports. Which of the following could result? polycythemia decreased blood viscosity a lower hematocrit reduced tendency for blood to clot

7.35-7.45

What is the average normal pH range of blood? 8.35-8.45 4.65-4.75 7.35-7.45 7.75-7.85

hemoglobin

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that transports respiratory gases? fibrinogen hemoglobin antibodies albumin

kidney

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? kidney pancreas liver brain

bone marrow

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis? bone marrow kidneys liver lungs

a portion of the heme group

What part of the hemoglobin molecule is eventually metabolized to stercobilin in the feces? iron transferrin globin a portion of the heme group

thrombin

What protein involved in coagulation provides the activation for the final step in clotting? fibrin thrombin fibrinogen prothrombin activator

reduced availability of oxygen

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells? a high hematocrit reduced availability of oxygen too many platelets excess oxygen in the bloodstream

neutrophils

When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as bacterial meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number? basophils lymphocytes neutrophils eosinophils

Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of platelets in hemostatic reactions? Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers. Platelets release the only chemical factors that can initiate coagulation. Platelets release chemicals that attract and bind other platelets. Platelets do not stick to intact endothelial cells.

They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma

Which of these is true of the materials making up the buffy coat in centrifuged blood? They are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma. They are denser then plasma and erythrocytes. They are less dense than both erythrocytes and plasma. They are denser than erythrocytes but less dense than plasma.

amino acids of the globin

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport? amino acids of the globin iron spectrin heme group

lymphocytes

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production? lymphocytes basophils eosinophils monocytes

heme group and iron ion

are binding points for oxygen, while carbon dioxide binds to and is carried by the globin polypeptides

platelets

are dense enough that they should be in the buffy coat layer

erythrocytes

are held in shape by flexible proteins that allow the cell to bend, twist, and cup, but that will return it to its normal shape. This facilitates the movement through capillaries that are sometimes smaller than they are.

carbaminohemoglobin

carbon dioxide binded to hemoglobin

erythropoietin

causes an increase in release of erythrocytes, which, unless regulated, can induce polycythemia

erythropoietin

increases the hematocrit and the red cell mass and can lead to increased viscosity of the blood and an increased tendency to form clots.

platelet chemicals

initiate the intrinsic pathway, but tissue factors released from damaged endothelium start the extrinsic pathway for coagulation in motion.

Albumin

is a protein that would be found in the plasma

plasminogen

is activated into plasmin that digests the fibrin in the clot

hemorrhage

leads to anemia because of a reduction of red bloods cells.

bacteria

metabolize the bilirubin into stercobilin

clot retraction process

reduces the size of the clot

centrifugation

separates materials by density. Materials in the buffy coat are intermediate in density between erythrocytes and plasma.

B lymphocytes

which mature in the bone marrow and do not require exposure to thymosin in the thymus at t lymphocytes do, produce antibodies